PENGARUH EKSTRAK KULIT MANGGIS (Garcinia Mangostana L.

)
TERHADAP KADAR MALONDIALDEHID SERUM PADA TIKUS (Rattus
norvegicus) GALUR WISTAR JANTAN DENGAN DIET TINGGI LEMAK

TUGAS AKHIR

Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan

Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Kedokteran Umum

Oleh:
Puspita Widyasari
115070100111018

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2014

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
Judul ........................................................................................................

Lembar Pengesahan ...............................................................................

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Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................

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Abstrak ....................................................................................................

Abstract ...................................................................................................

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Daftar Isi ..................................................................................................

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Daftar Tabel .............................................................................................

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Daftar Gambar .........................................................................................

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Daftar Lampiran .......................................................................................

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Daftar Singkatan ......................................................................................

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BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang...................................................................................

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ...............................................................................

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ...............................................................

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ..............................................................

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................

1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ........................................................

1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis .............................................................

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Aterosklerosis ....................................................................................

10

2.1.1 Prevalensi ..............................................................................

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2.1.2 Definisi ...................................................................................

12

2.1.3 Etiologi dan Faktor Risiko ......................................................

12

2.1.4 Komplikasi dan Manifestasi....................................................

17

2.1.5 Patogenesa ...........................................................................

18

2.1.5.1 Stress Oksidasi ............................................................

22

2.2 Radikal Bebas....................................................................................

26

2.2.1 Definisi ...................................................................................

26

2.2.2 Struktur Kimia ........................................................................

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2.2.3 Tipe Radikal Bebas dalam Tubuh ..........................................

28

2.2.4 Sumber Radikal Bebas ..........................................................

30

2.2.4.1 Dari dalam Tubuh ........................................................

30

2.2.4.2 Dari luar Tubuh ............................................................

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2.2.5 Reaksi Radikal Bebas dalam Tubuh ......................................

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2.2.6 Produk Oksidasi oleh Radikal Bebas .....................................

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2.2.6.1 Produk Oksidasi pada Senyawa Lipid ..........................

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2.2.6.2 Produk Oksidasi pada Protein ......................................

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2.2.6.3 Produk Oksidasi pada DNA..........................................

32

2.2.6.4 Produk Oksidasi pada Karbohidrat ...............................

33

2.3 MDA sebagai Marker Petanda Aterosklerosis ....................................

33

2.3.1 Definisi MDA ............................................................................

33

2.3.2 Pembentukan MDA ..................................................................

35

2.4 Antioksidan ........................................................................................

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2.4.1 Gambaran Umum ..................................................................

37

2.4.2 Klasifikasi...............................................................................

38

2.4.2.1 Berdasar mekanisme kerja...........................................

38

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2.4.2.2 Berdasar sumber atau asal terbentuknya .....................

38

2.4.3 Mekanisme Umum Antioksidan terhadap Radikal Bebas .......

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2.5 Manggis .............................................................................................

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2.5.1 Klasifikasi Tumbuhan Manggis ..............................................

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2.5.2 Kandungan Kulit Manggis ......................................................

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2.5.3 Aktifitas Biologis Kulit Manggis ..............................................

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2.6 Model Aterosklerosis..........................................................................

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2.6.1 Penggunaan Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar sebagai Model In Vitro

Aterosklerosis ........................................................................

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2.6.2 Cara Pembuatan Model Aterosklerosis ..................................

47

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN

3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ..............................................................

52

3.2 Deskripsi Kerangka Konsep ...............................................................

53

3.3 Hipotesis Penelitian ...........................................................................

54

BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN

4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ........................................................................

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4.2 Sampel ..............................................................................................

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4.2.1 Pemilihan Sampel ..................................................................

55

4.2.2 Jumlah Sampel ......................................................................

55

4.3 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................

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4.3.1 Variabel Independen ..............................................................

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4.3.2 Variabel Dependen ................................................................

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4.3.3 Variabel Luar .........................................................................

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4.4 Waktu dan Lokasi Penelitian ..............................................................

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4.4.1 Tempat Penelitian ..................................................................

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4.4.2 Waktu Penelitian ....................................................................

57

4.5 Bahan dan Alat/Instrumen Penelitian ................................................

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4.5.1 Bahan Penelitian ...................................................................

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4.5.2 Alat/Instrumen Penelitian .......................................................

58

4.6 Definisi Istilah/Operasional.................................................................

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4.7 Metode Pengumpulan Data ..............................................................

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4.7.1 Pembuatan Ekstrak Kulit Manggis .........................................

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4.7.2 Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Kulit Manggis.................................

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4.7.3 Proses Perlakuan pada Tikus Percobaan ..............................

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4.7.4 Pembedahan Tikus ................................................................

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4.7.5 Pengukuran Spektrofotometer ...............................................

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4.7.6 Analisa Statistik .....................................................................

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4.8 Pengolahan dan Analisa Data ............................................................

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4.9 Alur Penelitian....................................................................................

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4.10 Jadwal Kegiatan ..............................................................................

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BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA

5.1 Hasil Penelitian .................................................................................

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5.2 Hasil Analisa Data.............................................................................

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BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN
6.1 Hasil Penelitian .................................................................................

84

6.1.1 Kadar MDA Serum Kelompok yang Diberi Pakan Diet Normal .

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6.1.2 Kadar MDA Serum Kelompok yang Diberi Pakan Diet Tinggi Lemak
selama 4 Minggu .....................................................................

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6.1.3 Kadar MDA Serum Kelompok yang Diberi Pakan Diet Tinggi Lemak
selama 12 Minggu ...................................................................

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6.1.4 Kadar MDA Serum Kelompok yang Pemberian EKM Bersamaan

dengan Pemberian HFD ..........................................................

91

6.1.5 Kadar MDA Serum Kelompok yang Pemberian EKM 4 minggu setelah
Pemberian HFD .......................................................................

93

6.1.6 Perbedaan Kadar MDA Serum pada Semua Kelompok ...........

94

BAB 7 PENUTUP
7.1

Kesimpulan ...................................................................................

105

7.2

Saran ............................................................................................

106

Daftar Pustaka .........................................................................................

107

Lampiran .................................................................................................

118

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