Kepekaan Bakteri Pada

Infeksi Gastrointestinal
Terhadap Antibiotik

Zamharira Muslim, M.Farm, Apt

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

INFEKSI SALURAN CERNA

Infeksi pada saluran
pencernaan meliputi infeksi
virus, infeksi bakteri dan
infeksi parasit

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Bacterial gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis memiliki
banyak penyebab dan dapat
dikategorikan dari ringan hingga
berat. Manifstasi klinis yang
dapat timbul diantaranya gejala
mual, muntah, diare dan
ketidaknyamanan pada bagian
abdominal.

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Bakteri Patogen dapat

berhubungan dengan :

Makanan
Air
Hewan
Perjalanan ke negara lain

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Sumber kontaminasi bakteri pada makanan

Makanan

Mikroorganisme

Susu

Campylobacter,Salmonella,Listeria,
andStaphylococcusspecies

Telur

Salmonellaspecies

Daging

C.perfringensandSalmonella,Aero
monas,Campylobacter,
andStaphylococcusspecies

Unggas

Campylobacterspecies

Babi

C perfringensandY enterocolitica

Seafood

Aeromonas,Plesiomonas,Vibriospe
cies, and astrovirus

Tiram

PlesiomonasandVibriospecies and
calicivirus

Sayuran

Aeromonasspecies andC
perfringens

Mayonaise

Staphylococcusspecies

Daging
giling

EnterohemorrhagicE coli

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Etiology
Salmonella,
Shigella,andCampylobacterSp
merupakan 3 bakteri yang sering
menyebabkan diare diseluruh dunia
diikuti olehAeromonasspecies.
Infeksi AeromonasandShigella memiliki
prevalensi insiden yang tinggi pada
musim panas dan musim gugur .
Infeksi Campylobacterbiasanya terjadi
pada bulan dimusim panas .
Infeksi Yersinia terjadi meningkat
frekuensinya pada musim dingin dan
pada daerah beriklim dingin.

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Gejala dan Karakteristik Bakteri

Mikroganism

Incubatio
Duration
n

Aeromonasspecies

None

Bacillusspecies

1-16 hours 1-2 days

Vomiting Fever

0-2 weeks +/-

Abdomin
al Pain

+/-

No

Yes

No

Yes

Campylobacterspecie
2-4 days
s

5-7 days

No

Yes

Yes

C difficile

Variable

Variable

No

Few

Few

C perfringens

0-1

1 day

Mild

No

Yes

EnterohemorrhagicE
coli

1-8 days

3-6 days

No

+/-

Yes

EnterotoxigenicE coli 1-3 days

3-5 days

Yes

Low

Yes

Listeriaspecies

20 hours

2 days

Few

Yes

+/-

Plesiomonasspecies

None

0-2 weeks +/-

+/-

+/-

Salmonellaspecies

0-3 days

2-7 days

Yes

Yes

Yes

Shigellaspecies

0-2 days

2-7 days

No

High

Yes

S aureus

2-6 hours

1 day

Yes

No

Yes

Vibriospecies

0-1 days

5-7 days

Yes

No

Yes

Y enterocolitica

0-6

1-46 days

Yes

Yes

Yes

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Standar terapi antimikroba untuk Bacterial

Bastroenteritis:

Mikroorganisme

Antibiotik

Aeromonas Sp

Cefixime and most thirdand fourth-generation

cephalosporins

BacillusSp

Vancomycin and
clindamycin for severe
disease

Campylobacter Sp

Erythromycin

C difficile:

Metronidazole or (in
seriously ill patients who
do not respond to
metronidazole)
vancomycin

Listeriaspecies

ampicillin and
trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMPSMX) for invasive disease

Plesiomonasspecies:

TMP-SMX or any
cephalosporin

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Standar terapi antimikroba untuk Bacterial

Bastroenteritis:

Mikroorganis
me

Antibiotik

Yersinia. Sp

TMP-SMX, fluoroquinolones, or
aminoglycosides; reserved for
complicated cases

E coli

TMP-SMX if diarrhea is moderate or

severe; for systemic complications,
a parenteral second-generation or
third-generation cephalosporin

Salmonella.Sp

for drug-sensitive strains,

ampicillin or, alternatively, TMPSMX, fluoroquinolones, or thirdgeneration cephalosporins

Shigella Sp

ampicillin for drug-sensitive strains

and TMP-SMX for ampicillinresistant strains or in cases of
penicillin allergy; fluoroquinolones
may be considered in patients with
highly resistant organisms

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

Salmonellaspecies: None necessary for

nontyphoid, uncomplicated diarrhea but
may be considered for infants younger
than 3 months and for high-risk patients
(eg, those who are immunocompromised
or have sickle cell disease); for drugsensitive strains, ampicillin or,
alternatively, TMP-SMX, fluoroquinolones,
or third-generation cephalosporins
Shigellaspecies: None necessary for most
mild infections; for moderate-to-severe
cases, ampicillin for drug-sensitive strains
and TMP-SMX for ampicillin-resistant
strains or in cases of penicillin allergy;
fluoroquinolones may be considered in
patients with highly resistant organisms

Zamharira Muslim,
M.Farm, Apt

SEKIAN