GAS
JURUSAN BIOLOGI UIN SGD BANDUNG
2016
People
Yet
How
Figure 22.0_1
Mechanisms of Gas
Exchange
The Human
Respiratory System
Figure 22.0_2
Proses respirasi
Respirasi eksternal
Respirasi internal
Transportasi gas
Pengangkutan O2 dan CO2 melalui sirkulasi darah ke
dan dari sel, sera dari dan ke membran respirasi
Difusi gas
Respiratory Media
Respiratory Surfaces
Hewan membutuhkan permukaan respiratori
yang luas dan lembab untuk pertukaran gas
antar sel-selnya dan media respiratori, baik
air atau udara
Pertukaran gas melewati permukaan
respiratori dilakukan dengan difusi
Permukaan respiratori bermacam-macam,
seperti permukaan luar, kulit, insang, trakea
dan paru-paru
MENGAPA?
Karena
MECHANISMS
OF GAS
EXCHANGE
breathing,
2.
3.
Cellular
Figure 22.1
O2
CO2
Lung
Breathing
Heart
Blood
vessels
2
Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system
Capillary
3
Exchange of
gases with
body cells
Circulatory
System
Mitochondria
O2
CO2
Cell
amphibians,
mammals.
Fig. 42-21a
Fig. 42-21b
Gills
(b) Crayfish
Fig. 42-21c
Coelom
Gills
Tube foot
(c) Sea star
Fig. 42-22
Fluid flow
through
gill filament
Oxygen-poor blood
Anatomy of gills
2/17/2016
Oxygen-rich blood
Gill
arch
Gill
arch
Lamella
Gill filament
organization
Blood
vessels
Water
flow
Operculum
Water flow
between
lamellae
Countercurrent exchange
PO2 (mm Hg) in water
150 120 90 60 30
Gill filaments
Net diffusion of O2
from water
to blood
140 110 80 50 20
PO2 (mm Hg) in blood
Fig. 42-23
Air sacs
Tracheae
External
opening
Tracheoles
Mitochondria
Muscle fiber
Body
cell
Air
sac
Tracheole
Trachea
Air
Body wall
2.5 m
2/17/2016
Paru-paru
Pada
Ukuran
Fig. 42-24
Branch of
pulmonary
vein
(oxygen-rich
blood)
Branch of
pulmonary
artery
(oxygen-poor
blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Alveoli
(Esophagus)
Left
lung
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart
SEM
Colorized
50 m SEM
50 m
Mamalia melakukan pertukaran udara pada paruparunya dengan cara negative pressure
breathing, dimana mendorong udara menuju
paru-paru
Fig. 42-25
Air
inhaled
Air
exhaled
2/17/2016
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
EXHALATION
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)
Burung
Udara
arah
Fig. 42-26
Anterior
air sacs
Posterior
air sacs
Air
2/17/2016
Air
Trachea
Lungs
Lungs
Air tubes
(parabronchi)
in lung
INHALATION
Air sacs fill
EXHALATION
Air sacs empty; lungs fill
1 mm
Cerebrospinal
fluid
2/17/2016
Pengendalian
sistem pernafasan
pada manusia
Pons
Breathing
control
centers
Carotid
arteries
Aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles
Fig. 42-27
Medulla
oblongata
Medulla
Pons
Cerebrospinal
fluid
2/17/2016
Pengendalian
sistem pernafasan
pada manusia
Pons
Breathing
control
centers
Carotid
arteries
Aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles
Fig. 42-27
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebrospinal
fluid
2/17/2016
Pengendalian
sistem pernafasan
pada manusia
Pons
Breathing
control
centers
Medulla
oblongata
Carotid
arteries
Aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles
Fig. 42-27
Ng
Sensor
Sensor
Fig. 42-28
Alveolus
PCO2 = 40 mm Hg
PO2 = 100 mm Hg
PO2 = 40
Alveolus
PO2 = 100
PCO2 = 46
Circulatory
system
PO2 = 40
Circulatory
system
PO2 = 100
PO2 40 mm Hg
Body tissue
(a) Oxygen
PCO2 = 40
PCO2 = 46
PCO2 = 40
PCO2 46 mm Hg
Body tissue
(b) Carbon dioxide
2/17/2016
Respiratory Pigments
iron
-chain
heme
- chain
Hemoglobin
Fig. 42-29b
100
pH 7.4
80
pH 7.2
Hemoglobin
retains less
O2 at lower pH
(higher CO2
concentration)
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Diving Mammals