ENERGI:
MEMPERTAHANKAN BERBAGAI FUNGSI TUBUH
ENERGY EXPENDITURE:
Usia, Ukuran tubuh, Aktivitas fisik
ZAT PENGHASIL ENERGI:
KH
Prot
Fat
Alkohol
Kcal/g
4
4
9
7
RQ
1,0
0,84
0,7
0,67
NUTRIEN
Protein
Karbohidrat
Enteral
Parenteral
Lemak
4,0 Kcal / g
4,0 Kcal / g
3,4 Kcal / g
9,0 Kcal / g
Vitamin
Larut dalam air: Bcomplex, C, dll
Larut dalam lemak: A, D, E, K
Mineral
Elektrolit
Trace elemen
Asosiasi Dietisien Indonesia DPC Jabar 2012
fed
postabsorptive
gluconeogenic
prolonged
Exogenous
(glucose
from diet)
40
Glucose
Used 30
g/hr
glucose from
gluconeogenesis
glucose from (lactate + amino acids)
liver glycogen
20
glucose from
gluconeogenesis
(mostly lactate)
10
8 12 16
HOURS
7
DAYS
42
PUASA AWAL
Muscle
Alanine / Pyruvate
Brain
Glucose
Glutamine
Glycerol
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
AGL
Ketones
Liver
Ureagenesis
Ketones
Urea
NH3
Intestine
Kidney
PUASA LANJUTAN
Muscle
Alanine / Pyruvate
Brain
Glucose
Glutamine
Glycerol
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Fat
AGL
Ketones
Liver
Ureagenesis
Ketones
Urea
NH3
Intestine
Kidney
Glucose Metabolism
Glucose
CYTOPLASM
Glucose
Cori
Cycle
MITOCHONDRIA
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
AcetylCoA
Lactate
Lactate
Krebs
Cycle
ATP
CYTOPLASM
Fatty Acids
Carnitine MITOCHONDRIA
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids
+
Glycerol
Krebs ATP
Cycle
Oxidation
Triglycerides
AcetylCoA
CO2
CYTOPLASM
Lipogenesis
Glucose Acetyl CoA
Triglycerides
MITOCHONDRIA
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Max glucose
oxygen rate
5mg/kg/min
Krebs
Cycle
ATP
Ketones
MITOCHONDRIA
Fatty Acids
low insulin
high insulin
Triglycerides
Oxidation Krebs
Cycle
Acetyl CoA
ATP
14
ASAM AMINO
ESENSIAL
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Lysine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Phenylalanine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Tryptophan
KONDISIONAL ESENSIAL
- Glutamin
- Arginine
NON ESENSIAL
Alanine
Tyrosine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Cysteine
Glycine
Serine
Proline
15
ASUPAN
MAKAN
SINTESIS
NON ESENSIAL
ASAM AMINO
BEBAS
TURNOVER PROTEIN
degradasi
sintesis
PROTEIN
JARINGAN
PROTEIN
TERBUANG
PATHWAYS
NON PROTEIN
EKSKRESI
OKSIDASI
TURNOVER PROTEIN
16
KULIT
RAMBUT
TINJA
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT ( RQ )
RQ =
Oksidasi Glukosa
1 glukosa + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
RQ
6 / 6 = 1,0
Oksidasi Lemak
1 palmitate + 23 O2 = 16 CO2 + 16 H2O
16 / 23 = 0,7
Oksidasi Protein
1 Asam Amino + 5,1 O2 = 4,1 CO2 + 2,8 H2O
Lipogenesis
17
KONDISI STRES
Muscle
Alanine / Pyruvate
Brain
Glucose
Glutamine
Glycerol
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Fat
AGL
Ketones
Liver
Ureagenesis
Ketones
Urea
NH3
Intestine
Kidney
RESPONS INFLAMASI
Glukosa
SITOPLASMA
Glukosa
Siklus
Cori
MITOKONDRIA
Piruvat
Piruvat
Asetil
CoA
Laktat
Laktat
BLOKADE
19
Siklus
Krebs
ATP
RESPONS INFLAMASI
Kapiler
SITOPLASMA
Trigliserid
TNF, IL-1
Asam Lemak
karnitin
Asam
Lemak
+
Gliserol
Trigliserid
20
MITOKONDRIA
Siklus
Asam Lemak Krebs
Oksidasi
ATP
RESPONSE METABOLIK
NORMAL STARVATION - STRESS
21
Energy
Expenditure in Starvation
12
Normal Range
Partial Starvation
Total Starvation
10
20
Days
Long CL et al. JPEN 1979;3:452-456
30
40
Energy Expenditure
Ebb Phase
Time
24
Katekolamin
Glucocorticoids
Glukagon
Pelepasan sitokin, mediator lemak
Produksi Acute phase protein (App)
Cuthbertson DP, et al. Adv Clin Chem 1969;12:1-55
Asosiasi
Dietisien
Indonesia
Jabar 2012
Welborn
MB.
In:DPC
Rombeau
JL, Rolandelli RH,25eds. Enteral and Tube Feeding. 3rd ed. 1997
Respon endokrin
Cadangan
lemak
Asam lemak
Glukosa
otot
(asam amino)
Asam amino
26
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
10
Asosiasi Dietisien Indonesia DPC Jabar 2012
20
Days
27
30
40
STRESS
E TUBUH
CONSERVED
WASTED
PROTEIN TUBUH
CONSERVED
WASTED
NITROGEN URIN
HILANG BERAT BADAN
SLOW
RAPID
28
Major
Ciruga
mayor
Surgery
Quemadura
Moderate
to Severe
moderadaBurn
a grave
Infeccin
Infection
Sepsis
Severe
grave
Sepsis
Ciruga
Elective
electiva
Surgery
29
No Stress
Moderate Stress
Severe Stress
Calorie:Nitrogen Ratio
> 150:1
150-100:1
< 100:1
< 15%
protein
15-20%
protein
0.8
g/kg/day
1.0-1.2 g/kg/day
Stress Level
> 20%
protein
1.5-2.0
g/kg/day
TERIMA KASIH
31