SSP Lengkap
SSP Lengkap
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH
SEMARANG
Dasar pengendalian tubuh manusia
Saraf sadar
Saraf pusat Otak kecil
Sumsum lanjutan
Sumsum tulang belakang
tak sadar
Saraf simpatetik
Saraf
Saraf otonom
Saraf parasimpatetik
SUSUNAN SARAF PUSAT
OTAK
Medula Spinalis
– Cervical
– Cerebral hemisphere
– Thoracal
(cortex)
– Lumbal
– Diencephalon
– Sacral
– Cerebellum
– Batang otak
Fungsi Cortex Cerebri
Belajar dan berpikir
Kreativitas
Panca indera
Ingatan dan emosi
Pemecahan masalah
Pengambilan keputusan
Otak (cerebral hemisphere)
Pembagian anatomi
– Lobus frontalis
– Lobus centralis
– Lobus parietalis
– Lobus temporalis
– Lobus occipitalis
Pembagian Fungsi
– Cortex motoris
– Cortex sensoris
– Cortex visualis
– Cortex auditori
– Cortex olfaktori
Fungsi Cortex Cerebri
Cortex motoris
– Primer (untuk kendalikan gerakan otot)
Bila terkena iritasi –» Kejang-kejang, Parese
Kerusakan –» Paralysa
– Assosiasi motorik (untuk penilaian gerakan)
Cortex sensoris
– Primer
Bila terkena iritasi —» sebabkan paraestesia
Kerusakan —» sebabkan gangguan raba/ anaestesia
– Assosiasi sensorik (untuk penilaian rangsang somatis)
Cortex visualis (untuk interpretasi penglihatan)
Cortex auditori (untuk interpretasi pendengaran)
Cortex Olfaktori (untuk interpretasi pembau)
Fungsi bag. otak
Diencephalon : (Tempat jalur dan integrasi dari
informasi sensoris dan motoris)
– Thalamus Peranan utama adalah untuk meng
hubungkan ingatan jangka pendek
– Subthalamus ke ingatan jangka panjang.
Bag. Ini menerima rangsang dari
– Epithalamus seluruh bagian kortek serebri untuk
memproses rangsang sensoris men-
– Hypothalamus jadi ingatan jangka panjang
Reseptor Mekanoreseptor
– Kulit
Energi :
Termoreseptor Mekanik
Ujung saraf bebas
Ujung Rufini
Nosiceptor Suhu
Diskus Merkeli
Kimia
Kemoreseptor Elektro maknetik
Korpuskulum Meisneri
Korpuskulum Krause
– Pengecapan
Korpuskulum Pacini
Korpuskulum Pacini
– Osmolalitas Muscle spindle
– Pendengaran
– Penglihatan
– Keseimbangan
– Tekanan arteri
Sensoris transduction
Adalah mekanisme perubahan enersi , menjadi rangsang yang dapat
disalurkan oleh saraf, berupa sinyal listrik yang dibangkitkan oleh reseptor
berupa potensial aksi. Rangsang akan diteruskan saraf dalam bentuk kode
potensial aksi yang berurutan. Tiap jenis rangsang dan tiap jenis reseptor
akan membentuk kode tersendiri yang akan diterjemahkan oleh otak, dengan
cara mencocokkan dengan memori yang telah ada sehingga rangsang
tersebut dipahami jenis dan asalnya.
Reseptor
Energi :
Mekanik
Suhu
Kimia
Elektro maknetik
Adaptasi reseptor
Proprioseptif
berhubungan dengan sensasi
anggota tubuh, gerakan
Reseptor kulit corpusculum Rufini
ikut berperanan dalam sistem
proprioseptiv.
Muscle spindle
The spinal cord is comprised of an outer zone of white matter and a butterfly-shaped central component
of cells and fibers (grey [or gray] matter). The peripherally located white matter consists of three funiculi
or columns (funiculus = L., little cord) dorsal, lateral and ventral. I want to focus now on the ascending
sensory pathways within the dorsal funiculus, called the dorsal column system. Don't worry about
anything else in the diagram below at this time, like abbreviations associated with other pathways!!
All incoming (afferent) information to the spinal cord is conveyed via the dorsal root fibers. Cells in dorsal
root ganglia (DRG) possess two processes, one that passes peripherally to pick up information from a
sensory receptor and one that passes centrally into the spinal cord. In the case of the dorsal column
system, these axons are called alpha-beta fibers
Alpha-beta axons are myelinated and measure from 6-12um in diameter. Their peripheral processes
possess specialized receptors such as Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's (tactile) discs and Pacinian
corpuscles. Meissner's corpuscles are primarily velocity detectors (movement across the skin) while
Merkel's discs are primarily touch pressure receptors (how close the two points of a caliper are). Pacinian
corpuscles are velocity detectors and sense vibration. The above three receptors lie in the skin and can
account for two point discrimination and vibration. Conscious proprioception (L. proprius = one's own;
ceptor = a receiver) is the ability to tell the position of one's limb (is the arm bent or straight??) with the
eyes closed. Ruffini corpuscles within joint capsules might convey such information
The Dorsal Column - Medial Lemniscal (DC-
ML) System
Komponen
dari sistem
DC-ML
berada pada
tingkat
spinal, batang
otak dan
cerebral
hemisphere
Antero lateral system
In the discussion of the dorsal column system, I mentioned that the entering alpha-beta
fibers course within the medial division of the dorsal root. As I hope you recall, alpha-
betas are relatively large, myelinated and fast-conducting. In contrast, the fibers in the
lateral portion of the dorsal root are thinner and consist of both myelinated and
unmyelinated axons.
There are two types of dorsal root processes in the lateral division. One is called a delta
fiber. This axon measures 1-5um in diameter (compare with 6-12um for alpha-betas) and
conveys information regarding the sense of cooling and what is referred to as pricking or
first pain. Delta fibers also convey what is referred to as crude touch. This contrasts with
discriminative touch carried in the dorsal columns and is the sense of contact. You know
that you are being contacted by something but have difficulty localizing the stimulus.
The thinner of the two fibers in the lateral division of the dorsal root is called a C fiber.
This fiber is unmyelinated (slower conducting than a delta) and measures 0.2-1.5um in
diameter. C fibers carry information regarding the sense of warming and slow or burning
pain. The difference between first and second pain can be felt when you touch a hot pan.
At first (no pun intended!!) there is a shooting pain (delta fibers which conduct faster than
Cs) and then a slow agonizing, burning, lasting pain (C fibers). Most of the receptors for
pain, temperature and crude touch are naked nerve endings (compare with the elaborate
receptors associated with alpha-betas).
Antero lateral system
(Tractus Spinothalamicus)
Tractus Spinothalamicus
The Spinothalamic tract divides into two divisions before reaching the thalamus :
•Medial Division (paleospinothalamic tract). Project into medial thalamus, brain stem reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus.
Mediates general arousal, autonomic response, affective and emotional aspects of pain response
•Lateral Division (neospinothalamic Tract). Small receptive fields. Synapse in lateral thalamus which then projects to somatosensory cortex.
Functions to localize and characterize nociceptive stimulus
Nyeri
Komponen nyeri
– Rangsang nyeri
Mekanik
Kimia (bradikinin dll)
Merupakan alat untuk proteksi
Iskhemia
tubuh terhadap rangsang yang Spasme otot
merusak jaringan Peregangan
Reseptor: – Kesan nyeri (sensation)
– Tersebar di kulit Tertusuk
– Periosteum Terbakar
– Sendi
Nyeri dalam
– Reaksi Nyeri (Behavior)
– Selaput otak
Menangis
– Organ dalam (sedikit) Berteriak
Geli & Gatal : Mual/muntah
– Rangsang bawah ambang pada Cemas
nociceptor Depresi
Reflek motorik
Nyeri alat dalam
Nyeri perut tergantung pada :
Kuatnya rangsang
Jumlah saraf yang dirangsang
Ambang nyeri
Saraf Splanknik
Serabut aferen dalam (n.Vagus)
– Reseptor regang di
– Reseptor regang di :
Lambung
Oesophagus
Usus
Lambung
Mesenterium
Usus
Kandung kemih
– Dirangsang oleh : Colon
Regangan Pasif Ureter
Kontraksi aktif
– Reaksi reflek
Bahan kimia dalam mukosa
Sekeresi enzim
Peningkatan motilitas
Nyeri kepala
Dari dalam : Dari luar
– Tarikan sinus venosus
– Spasme otot kepala
– Tarikan duramater
– Iritasi / radang hidung/
– Kerusakan tentorium
– Peregangan pembuluh darah
sinus
– Radang meningen – Gangguan mata
– Kerusakan meningen – Gangguan gigi
– Kenaikan tekanan intra kranial
– Penurunan tekanan intra kranial
– Vaso spasme
– Hipoksia
– Konstipasi
Nyeri alih
Adalah rangsang pada nosiseptor organ dalam dialihkan kepermukaan tubuh
Penekanan rasa nyeri
Mengalihkan rasa sakit
Merangsang lintasan kolumna dorsalis
Menekan rangsang kortikofugal otak
Perangsangan reseptor bukan nyeri
Naik-kan nilai ambang nyeri
Dermatomes
Brown-Sequard syndrom
Kortek sensoris
Gambar
disamping
menunjukkan
pusat dari
sistem somatik
di korteks
cerebri
Proyeksi Somatis di hemisfer cerebri
Gangguan klinik sensoris
Kepekaan terhadap sensibilitas berkurang
(Analgesia atau hypoalgesia)
Kepekaan terhadap suhu berkurang
Kepekaan terhadap sensibilitas meningkat
(hyperalgesia atau hyperpathia)
Pengobatan
Tentukan penyebabnya dengan pemahaman
tentang anatomi dan fisiologinya
Sistem neuro muskuler
Pembagian I Pembagian II
– Sentral – Uper moto-neuron
otak Pyramidalis
medulla spinalis Extra pyramidalis
– Perifer (saraf & otot) – Lower moto-neuron
Flaccid Spasticity
Decreased tone Increased tone
Decreased muscle stretch reflexes Increased muscle stretch reflexes
Profound muscle atrophy Minimal muscle atrophy
Fasciculations present Fasciculations absent
May have sensory disturbances May have associated sensory
disturbances
Kortex Motoris
Primer
Hasilkan impuls gerakan otot
tangkas
Sumber sinyal dari
– Sensoris somatik didekatnya
– Serabut subkortek dari kontra
lateral
– Nukleus lateralis thalamus
– Jaringan ekstra pyramidal
Asosiasi
– Interpretasi jenis gerakan
Proyeksi Motoris di hemisfer cerebri
System pyramidalis
Daerah pyramidalis Traktus pyramidalis
– Pada daerah motorik primer (Traktus kortikospinal)
+daerah asosiasi • T.a serabut saraf
– Ciri : Diameter besar & sedang 16μ
Mudah dirangsang Bermyelin & tak bermyelin 4μ
Kerusakan epilepsi Berjalan kebawah melalui capsula
– Terdiri atas sel raksasa Betz interna, btg otak, medulla
oblongata, menyilang
Grs Tengah Traktus kortikospinalis lat.
Ipsilateral Traktus kortikospinal ventr
System pyramidalis
Traktus pyramidalis
(Traktus kortikospinal)
• T.a serabut saraf
Diameter besar & sedang 16μ
Bermyelin & tak bermyelin 4μ
Berjalan kebawah melalui capsula
interna, btg otak, medulla oblongata,
menyilang
Grs Tengah Traktus kortikospinalis lat.
Ipsilateral Traktus kortikospinal ventr
Tractus pyramidalis
Capsula interna
Medulla spinalis
Lower motoneuron
Sistem Extra pyramidalis
Ganglia Basalis
– Nukleus caudatus
– Putamen
– Globus palidus
– Substantia nigra
– Corpus subthalamus
Fungsi :
Proses penyusunan gerakan yaitu
mengubah pikiran/kehendak
menjadi gerakan volunter. Cara :
– Atur gerakan awal kasar disengaja
– Inhibisi tonus motorik
– Atur tonus dasar untuk gerakan
disengaja (t.u gerakan halus)
Nucleus Rubra
Cerebellum
Cortex cerebri
Pengaturan sikap dan gerakan
Hemiballismus
nicotinic autonomic activates SNS post-ganglionic fibers then blocks activation of SNS pos-t ganglionic
ganglia PNS post-ganglionic fibers (uses?) fibers then PNS fibers (treat hypertension)
muscarinic GI smooth muscle increases GI tone/motility (treat constipation) decreases GI tone and motility (treat
diarrhea)
urinary bladder increases urinary bladder tone and motility (treat
urine retention)
smooth muscle decrease urinary tone and motility
decreases heart rate
heart increases heart rate (treat bradycardia)
decreases blood pressure
blood vessels
increases sweating
increases blood pressure
sweat glands
increases salivation decreases sweating
salivary glands
decreases salivation
Sympathetic (Cholinergic) synaps
1. synthesis of norepinephrine (NE - not
pictured)
2. storage of NE in vesicles
3. release of NE: fusion of synaptic vesicles with
presysnaptic membrane and release of NE into
the synapse
4. action of NE through binding to and activating
receptors ( presynaptic and and post
synaptic)
5. inactivation by presynaptic re-uptake
transporters (also presynaptic receptors shut
off further NE release)
Sympathetic (Adrenergic) Drugs
Adrenergic agonists are sub-divided into 3
classes; direct-acting, indirect-acting and dual-
acting agonists.
Direct-acting agonists bind to and activate a1, a2,
b1 and b2 receptors. Fig 3 indicates pre-synaptic
a2 receptors and site 4 has a1, a2, b1 and b2
receptors. Naturally -occurring molecules which
bind to these receptors include norepinephrine
(NE; a neurotransmitter which binds to a1,a2 and
b1 receptors), epinephrine (EPI; a hormone
produced in and secreted from the adrenal medulla
which binds to a1,a2,b1 and b2 receptors -- EPI is
a non-selective adrenergic agonist) and dopamine
(DA; also a neurotransmitter which binds to DA
receptors as well as a1, a2 and b1 receptors ). In
addition, the synthetic catecholamine isoproterenol
binds to b1 and b2 receptors (it is a non-selective
b agonist), but has virtually no effect on a
receptors.
Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists (i.e.
amphetamines and cocaine) produce NE-like
actions by stimulating NE release (Fig 3 site 3) and
preventing its re-uptake (Fig 3 site 5) and thus its
inactivation . By preventing NE inactivation, these
drugs allow NE to linger in adrenergic synpases.
Notice that this is different from the way indirect-
acting cholinergic agonists work as they inhibit the
activity of AChE, preventing ACh breakdown and
allowing it to linger at cholinergic sysnapse.
Dual-acting adrenergic agonists (i.e. ephedrine) act
as a direct- and an indirect-adrenergic agonists
(hence dual-acting) - they bind to adrenergic
receptors and stimulate NE release.
SUMMARY OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ACTION
heart increases heart rate and force (treat slows heart rate (treat hypertentsion,
heart failure) angina, arrhythmia)
Lapar
Haus
Penuh pada
• Kandung kencing
• Rectum
Seksual
Berkeringat
Lintasan eferen saraf otonom
Aktivasi simpatis Aktivasi parasimpatis
Melebarkan pupil Kecilkan pupil
Naikkan frek.jantung Turunkan frek.jantung
Vasokonstriksi vasa kulit Vasodilatasi vasa kulit dan
dan viscera viscera
Vasodilatasi koroner Konstriksi bronchioli
Hambatan pada Sekresi air liur&air mata
Peristaltik Memberi pacuan pada
Otot-otot detrusor Peristaltik
Otot-otot detrusor
Pusat asosiasi
Daerah assosiasi
Daerah untuk analisa rangsang, kemudian di
interpretasi dengan mencocokan pada memori yang
ada, agar rangsang dapat ditafsirkan dan dimengerti
Jenis :
– Asosiasi motorik
– Asosiasi sensorik/somatik
– Asosiasi visual
– Asosiasi pendengaran
Bila disatukan menjadi daerah penafsiran umum
Kerusakan daerah asosiasi
Perubahan Glia
Rangsang berulang-ulang akan merubah komposisi kimia
sel sinap
Proses konsolidasi ingatan
Pemindahan ingatan jangka pendek
ke ingatan jangka panjang perlu
adanya pengulangan rangsang
informasi
Dilakukan oleh Hippocampus
Verbal Sensoris
Tertulis Motorik
Gangguan komunikasi
Sensoris Motorik
– Afasia sintaksis
– Afasia reseptif auditoris (tuli
Gangguan pada
kata) – Pemilihan kata
– Afasia reseptif visual (buta – Pemilihan vokalisasi
kata (Aleksia)) Sehingga waktu bicara, tak dapat pilih
kata yang tepat untuk komunikasi.
– Lebih rumit : Dapat – Afasia motorik
menangkap kata tertulis atau Tidak bisa bicara :
– Pelo
diucapkan tetapi tak dapat – Tak dapat keluarkan suara
jelaskan artinya Sampaikan kehendak dengan tertulis
Cerebral Hemisphere
Broca's area:
Broca's Area is located just in front of the
Voice Control Area of the Left Motor Cortex.
This region assembles the Motor Programs of
Speech and Writing.
Patients with lesions in Broca's Area:
1.Not understand language perfectly
2.May be able to write perfectly
3.Seldom speak spontaneously
•When they do, they utter
only Monosyllabic sounds
Wernick's Area:
Wernick's Area is a part of the Auditory
And Visual Association Cortex. This region is
responsible for the Analysis and
Formation of Language Content.
Patients with lesions in Wernick's Area:
• Are unable to name objects
• Are unable to understand the meaning of words
• Articulate Speech readily, but usually NonSensically.
Speech Disorders
•Aphasia
Absent or defective Speech or Language Comprehension, results from a
lesion in the Language Area of the Cortex. The several types of Aphasia
depend on the site of the lesion.
•Receptive Aphasia (Afasia reseptif auditoris)
With defective Auditory and Visual Comprehension of Language and Defective
Naming of objects and Repetition of spoken sentences, is caused by a lesion
in Wernicke's Area.
•Jargon Aphasia (Afasia sintaksis)
A person may speak fluently but unintelligibly, usually from a lesion in the
Nerve Tract (Arcuate Fasciculus), between Wernicke's and Broca's Areas.
•Conduction Aphasia
Is when a person has Poor Repetition but relatively Good Comprehension, it
can result from a lesion in the tracts between Wernicke's and Broca's Areas.
•Anomic Aphasia
Caused by the isolation of Wernicke's Area from the Parietal or Temporal
Association Areas, it is characterized by Fluent but Circular Speech resulting
from poor word finding ability.
•Expressive Aphasia (Broca's Aphasia)
Caused by a lesion in Broca's Area, normally characterized by Hesitant and
Distorted Speech.
Kesadaran
Karena perangsangan pada sistem
aktivasi retikularis
{Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)}
Bag. Batang otak
Berperan untuk kesadaran dan kewaspadaan
Tidur berjalan
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Behaviour (tingkah laku)
Menggambarkan fungsi seluruh sistem saraf
– Kegiatan motorik bawah sadar
– Reflek bawah sadar
– Emosi, kesenangan, ketakutan, cemas
– Atur fungsi vegetatif
Kardiovaskuler,suhu tubuh,
Rangsang
Proses belajar/ ingatan
Hormon
-Tiroid Kard. Vaskuler Pencernaan Otak
-Adrenokortikal -Frekwensi -Lambung –» sekresi -cemas
-Tek. Darah -Usus besar –»konstipasi -sukar tidur
Penyakit psychosomatik
Behaviour disorder
Anxiety
– phobias,
– panic attacks
– obsessions and compulsions.
Depression
– Sadness
– loss of pleasure or interest
Test Neurologi
Biceps
(kekuatan otot)
Gastrocnemius
(kekuatan otot)
Deep tendon reflek
Untuk menilai fungsi medula spinalis
Fingger flexor
Getaran
Posisi sendi
(proprioceptive)
Test fungsi cerrebellum
Babinski
Chaddock
Oppenheim
Gordon
Clonus
Stereognosis
Test Gangguan ganglia basalis
Terima kasih