“I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life”
Ronald Reagan
Alzheimer Disease:
suatu sindrom demensia yang ditandai
dgn penurunan ingatan dan
kemampuan kognitif pasien secara
progresif
Dr. Alois Alzheimer
In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an
unusual mental illness. He found abnormal clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and
tangled bundles of fibers (now called neurofibrillary tangles). Today, these plaques and
tangles in the brain are considered hallmarks of AD.
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Etiologi
| Belum diketahui secara pasti
| Kemungkinan faktor genetik dan lingkungan sedang diteliti (gen
itu ApoE atau β-secretase)
Faktor resiko
•Usia
•Riwayat keluarga
•Abnormalitas pada gen ApolipoproteinE (ApoE) terutama pada ras
Kaukasian
4
3.5
Normal,
3
75 years old
2.5
Stable
2
Decliner
1.5
1
0.5
0
Control MCI AD
Alzheimer’s disease,
Jack CR, et al, Neurology 55: 484-489, 2000
75 years old
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De Leon MJ, 1999
PET Imaging of Amyloid Deposits in
Alzheimer’s Disease vs Normal Controls
Primary Secondary
Prevention Prevention Treatment
Pre- Mild
Normal symptomatic Cognitive AD
AD Impairment
No Disease, Early Brain Mild Memory Mild, Moderate
No Symptoms Changes, Loss and Severe
No Symptoms Impairment
Disease Progression
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Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease
in Persons with MCI
Survival curve of persons characterized as having a mild cognitive impairment for 6 years.
Approximately 80% have converted to dementia during this time.
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Moderate-severe Mild
ChE inhibitor, memantin, ChE inhibitor atau
Atau kombinasi ChEI dan memantin Memantin + Vit E
+ vit E
MMSE memburuk
(penurunan ≥ 4 poin per tahun)
MMSE stabil
Berikan alternatif ChE inhibitor
(penurunan < 4 poin per tahun)
atau memantin + Vit E
Teruskan regimen pengobatan
Asesmen psikiatrik
Amati komorbiditas medis
Amati potensi efek samping penggunaan obat
Olanzapin atau
Citalopram atau Olanzapin atau
risperidon
sertralin risperidon
alternatif
alternatif
alternatif
Citalopram atau
Quetiapin karbamazepin
Fluoksetin, aproksetin,
Venlafaksin atau
mirtazapin Haloperidol Oksazepam, buspiron,
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trazodon, atau selegilin1/2/2009
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Pemantauan