Leo Sutrisno
2002
Bahan diskusi M.Si UNTAN
Antecedent-consequent relationships
Experimental study
X O Within-subject
comparison
Subject IV /
classification IV/
assigned IV/
predictive IV
Hati-hati: post-hoc fallacy
Sesuatu yang muncul lebih dulu
dinyatakan sebagai penyebab
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Studi kasus
• Benarkah?
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Penelitian
• Antecedent-consequent relationships percobaan
Experimental study:
Independent var. (IV) --> dependent
var. (DV)
0
X
Manipulated IV /
active IV / 0a
causal IV Cause-and-effect trap
Between-
group
comparison
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Assessment on research findings
A. Internal validity (Louis B. External validity (Louis
Cohen & Lawrence Manion, 1980) Cohen & Lawrence Manion, 1980)
• Did in fact the experimental • To what population, settings, treatment
treatments make a difference in variables, and measurement variables
this specific experimental can this effect be generalized?
instance?
• GENERALIZATION
• INTERPRETATION
• Testing • Selection
– Pretest at the beginning of experiments can – Bias may be introduced as a result of
produce effects differences in the selection of subjects
for the comparison groups
• Instrumentation
– unreliable test or instruments can introduce
• Experimental mortality
serious errors into experiments – The loss of subjects through dropout
often occurs in long-running
experiments and may result in
confounding the effects of the
experimental variables
1. - - - -
XO
2. - - - - ? + +
OXO
3. + ? + + + - -
XO
O
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True-experimental designs: internal validity
factors
Designs Histo- Matur Test- Instrumen Regres Select- Mortali-
ry -ation ing -tation -sion ion ty
1 + + + + + + +
R OXO
R O-O
2 + + + + + + +
R OXO
R O-O
R -XO
R - -O
3 + + + + + + +
R -XO
R--O
1. -
XO
2. - -
OXO
3. -
XO
O
1 - ? ?
R OXO
R O-O
2 + ? ?
R OXO
R O-O
R -XO
R - -O
3 + ? ?
R -XO
R--O
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Quasi-experimental designs:
external validity factors
Designs Testing & Selection & X Reactive
X arrangement
1 - ? ?
OOXOO
2
X1O X2O …X1O X2O
- ? -
….
3 - ? ?
M1X1O …M2X2O
…
4 - ? ?
OXO
OXO
5 ? ? ?
X1OX2O
X2OX1O
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Single subject designs
• AB
• ABA
• ABAB
• Multiple baseline
• Changing criterion
• multi-element baseline