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BIOLOGI MOLEKULAR
Tim Pengajar Biologi Molekular
PSF FKUB
2012

Kode / SKS : DEF 4120 / 2 SKS

Dosen Pengampu :
1.Dra. Diana Lyrawati, Apt. MS. PhD
2.Valentina Yurina, M.Si.
3.Ferri Widodo, S.Si. Apt.

Semester : 3 (tiga)
Status MK : Wajib
Deskripsi singkat : Dalam MK ini akan dibahas mengenai
mekanisme genetik secara molekuler
termasuk sistem kontrol gen. Selain itu
akan dibahas pula struktur sel, serta
proses-proses yang terjadi di dalam sel
(siklus sel, cell signaling, & transport
molekul) serta interaksi sel dg
lingkungannya. Sbg tambahan diberikan
juga pemahaman konsep penyakit
genetik termasuk kanker & aplikasi
bioteknologi dl bidang Farmasi.

Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mempelajari mata kuliah ini mahasiswa
diharapkan:
.Dpt memahami mekanisme genetik secara molekuler
dl sel, termasuk mekanisme kontrolnya.
.Dpt memahami proses-proses yg terjadi dl sel meliputi
siklus sel, transport molekul, & cell signaling.
.Dpt memahami konsep mutasi genetik & pengaruhnya,
termasuk dl penyakit kanker.
.Diajarkan mengenai penyakit genetik pd manusia serta
penerapan Biologi Molekular dl bid Farmasi.

Tanggal
Pokok bahasan
Sub pokok bahasan
Strategi
Dosen
1
Pendahuluan
-Tujuan perkuliahan
-Aturan perkuliahan dan sistem penilaian
-Konsep dasar biologi molekular
-Tatap muka yang diisi
dengan ceramah dan
diskusi
-Tugas untuk mahasiswa,
dikerjakan secara
perorangan atau
perkelompok, dapat
berupa tugas tertulis
atau lisan (presentasi)
-Fasilitas: LCD viewer,
whiteboard, laptop
Ferri Widodo
S.Si. Apt.
2
Mekanisme
genetika
molekular
-Struktur asam nukleat
-Gen, kromosom dan genom
-Organisasi struktur kromosom manusia
-Replikasi dan ekspresi gen
Sda.
Ferri Widodo
S.Si. Apt.
3
Mekanisme
kontrol gen
-Kontrol ekspresi gen dalam proses
transkripsi

-Kontrol gen post-transkripsi

Sda.
Valentina Yurina,
M.Si
4
Biomembran
dan struktur sel
-Komponen penyusun biomembran: lipid
dan protein
-Organel sel
-Komponen dan struktur sitoskeleton
Sda.
Dra. Diana
Lyrawati,
Apt.MS.PhD
5
Sel dan
lingkungannya
-Matriks ekstraseluler
-Integrin sebagai reseptor pada matriks
ekstraseluler
-Adhesi antar sel
-Sel junction
Sda.
Dra. Diana
Lyrawati,
Apt.MS.PhD

6
Transport
ion dan
molekul
kecil
melalui
membran
sel
-Prinsip transport melalui
membran sel
-Protein carier dan transport
aktif
-Ion channel dan potensial
elektrik pada membran
Sda.
Dra. Diana
Lyrawati,
Apt.MS.PhD
7
Transport
protein,
mekanisme
sekresi dan
endositosis
Prinsip protein targeting
Mekanisme endositosis
Mekanisme eksositosis
Sda.
Dra. Diana
Lyrawati,
Apt.MS.PhD
8
UTS
Ujian tertulis
9
Cell
signaling
-Prinsip cell signaling
-Signaling melalui reseptor
terkait G-protein
-Signaling melalui reseptor

terkait enzim
-Target cell adaptation
Sda.
Ferri
Widodo
S.Si. Apt.
10
Siklus sel
dan
apoptosis
-overview siklus sel
-M phase
-Mitosis
-Kematian sel dan regulasinya
Valentina
Yurina, M.Si

11
Mutasi gen -Prinsip mutasi
-Klasifikasi jenis mutasi yang dapat
terjadi
-Implikasi positif dan negatif
terjadinya mutasi dalam bidang
farmasi
Sda.
Valentina
Yurina, M.Si
12
Sel kanker
-Sel tumor dan onset kanker
-Mekanisme genetik pada kanker
-Karsinogenik dan mekanisme DNA
repairing pada sel kanker
Dra. Diana
Lyrawati,
Apt.MS.PhD
13
Penyakit
genetik pada
manusia
-Penyebab terjadinya penyakit genetik
-Klasifikasi penyakit genetik
-Beberapa penyakit genetik yang
umum dijumpai di masyarakat dan
terapinya
Sda.
Ferri Widodo
S.Si. Apt.
14
Penerapan
biologi
molekular
dalam bidang
farmasi
-Prinsip Teknologi DNA rekombinan
-Prinsipdasar PCR dan aplikasinya
-Rekayasa genetik pada bidang
farmasi

Sda.
Valentina
Yurina, M.Si
15
Presentasi dan
diskusi
kelompok
Tim Dosen
16
UAS
Ujian tertulis

Penilaian
Penilaian mahasiswa didasarkan nilai ujian, tugas, &
partisipasi dg persentase sbb:
UTS, bobot 35%
UAS, bobot 35%
Tugas, bobot 20%
Aktivitas perkuliahan, bobot 10%

PUSTAKA
1.Lodish, H. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. New York:
W H Freeman
2.Bruce Albert. Molecular Biology of the Cell.
3.Robinson , TR. 2005. Genetic for dummies. Canada:
Wiley Publishing Inc.

Peraturan Perkuliahan
1.Pakaian sopan & mengenakan sepatu.
2.Tdk diperbolehkan mengenakan celana jeans/denim.
3.Maksimum ketidakhadiran 3 kali pertemuan, > 3 kali perkuliahan
mahasiswa dianggap mengundurkan diri dari MK Biologi
Molekular & wajib mengulang mata kuliah yg sama.
4.Maksimum keterlambatan kehadiran dl kuliah 15 menit, > 15 mnt
mahasiswa tdk boleh mengikuti perkuliahan & dianggap tdk hadir.
5.Apabila mahasiswa tdk hadir, wajib memberikan pernyataan izin
tertulis.
6.Mahasiswa wajib mempersiapkan diri mengikuti perkuliahan yg
akan diuji dg tanya jawab yg harus dijawab oleh mahasiswa di
setiap perkuliahan.
7.Mahasiswa wajib membawa buku/sumber referensi lain yg
diperlukan dl mengerjakan tugas-tugasnya.

Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology

Contents:
1. Life
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Molecular Genetics (mechanisms).
5. How the Genome is studied
6. Sequence Databases

1. Life
Living organism: due to complex array of chemical reactions,
exchanges constantly matter and energy with its surroundings,
no deadlock.

The main actors in the chemistry of life (biochemistry) are

molecules called proteins ("we are our proteins") and nucleic
acids.

Molecular biology research: basically devoted to the

understanding of the structure and functions of proteins and
nucleic acids.

Basic differences between eukaryotes and

prokaryotes
Attribute
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Organisms
Plants, animals and fungi
bacteria and cyanobacteria
Cell wall
No (animals); Yes (plants)
yes
Chromosome
segregation
Mitotic spindle
Cell membrane
meiosis
+
_
Ribosome size
80 s
70 s
Cell organelle
Nuclear membrane
+
Absent
Endoplasmic
reticulum
+
Golgi apparatus
+

Mitochondria
+
Chloroplast
+
-

Molecular biology: definition

Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of
the process of replication, transcription and translation of the
genetic material.

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Components involve in molecular

biology
DNA

RNA

Protein
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http://andersonlab.qb3.berkeley.edu/Tutorials/Basic_Molecular_Biology_files/imag
e002.jpg
Basic players in molecular biology: DNA, RNA, and
proteins. What they do is this :

Cell Types
Prokaryotes:
bactcell
Eukaryote:
ANIMALCELL

Cell Types
A.Prokaryotes:
bacteria, have no
nucleus or
membrane-bound
organelles.
Earth s oldest
fossils.
prokaryote diagram
bacteria salmonella
Bacteria anthrax

Cell Types

2. Eukaryotes:
contains membrane
bound nucleus and
organelles. Two
types: plant and
animal
Cell Diagram
plant cell

Purple mesh
allcell
Organelle

PROKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
+
Endomembrane
Nuclear membrane
+
Mitochondria
+
+
+
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES fuchia
-

Eukaryotic Cell Types :

Animal vs. Plant
Anatomy of the Animal Cell
Anatomy of the Plant Cell

Cell Types : Animal vs. Plant

1.Plant cells have chloroplasts
2.Plant cells have a cell wall
3.Plant cells have a large central
vacuole
4.Animal cells have more lysosomes

2. Protein
Most substances in our bodies are proteins:
-structural proteins act as tissue building blocks
-enzymes: act as catalyst of chemical reactions

A protein is a chain of amino acids. It has a central carbon to

which is attached :
- a H
-an amino group NH2
- a carboxy group COOH
-a side chain particular to each amino acid

%img036

img038

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Protein
Proteins (also known as polypeptides)
are made of amino acids arranged in a
linear chain and folded into a globular
form.
The sequence of amino acids in a protein
is defined by the sequence of a gene,
which is encoded in the genetic code.
genetic code specifies 20 standard amino
acids.

%img039

Structures:

The primary structure is the sequence of the residues.

The secondary structure takes in account local interactions
between atoms of the backbone (a_helix, -sheet, loops).
The tertiary structure expresses the folding in 3D.
Quaternary structure: group of different proteins packed
together.

%img040

Protein structure
protein structure

Gene expression regulation

gene expression control

Nucleic Acids
Living organisms contains two kinds of nucleic acids:
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

DNA
- double chain with two strands.
- backbone is formed by a sugar molecule (2'-deoxyribose)
attached to a phosphate residue.
- orientation: carbon atoms are labeled 1' to 5'. The basic bond
of the backbone is : 3' carbon -phosphate residue- 5' carbon. By
convention, a strand begins at the 5' end and finishes at the 5'
end.

Struktur Asam nukleat

.Asam nukleat adalah suatu senyawa yang merupaka asam inti yang terdiri
dari DNA dan RNA

.Merupakan rantai POLINUKLEOTIDA

yaitu : Makromolekul yang tersusun oleh molekul yang lebih sederhana
yang disebut Nukleotida

.Nukleotida merupakan molekul yang tersusun atas

.satu gula,
.satu basa, dan
.satu fosfat.

.Nukleosida adalah kombinasi suatu gula pentosa yang dihubungkan

dengan basa purin atau pirimidin melalui ikatan C - N

Nukleotida
.Protein yang bergabung dengan asam nukleat .
.Nukleotida dalam sitoplasma dan dalam inti adalah sama tetapi
jenis asam nukleatnya berbeda.
.Nukleotida tersusun atas :
1 Basa DNA
1 Gula Komponen yang essential
1 Fosfat RNA
.Gula . Ribosa & Deoksiribosa
.Basa . Adenin, Guanin, Timin, Sitosin
.Polinukleotida
adalah. Ikatan antara 2 nukleotida dari 2 gugus fosfat yang terikat
pada 2 pentosa . ikatan Fosfodiester
.Tiap struktur DNA / RNA merupakan suatu polinukleotida yang
ujung-ujungnya C3 & C5

%img037

- To each 1' carbon is attached a base: adenine A, guanine

G,(they are purines), cytosine C, thymine T (they are
pyrimidines).
- A nucleotide is a set sugar + phosphate + base
- An oligonucleotide is a DNA molecule having a few (ten of)
nucleotides.

%img041

%img042

- DNA molecules are double strands which are tied together in a

helix structure (James Watson and Francis Crick, 1953).
- A (resp. C) is the complement of T(resp. G). Unit of length: bp
(base pair)
- The two strands are antiparallel. one can be deuced from the
other by reverse complementation
Example: s = AGACGT,
s' = TGCAGA (reverse)
s = AGACGT (reverse complement)

img043

RNA
Differences with DNA
- Sugar is ribose instead of 2'deoxyribose.
- Instead of T, one finds U (uracil) which binds also with adenine.
- RNA does not form a double helix. It may have a far more
varied three dimensional structure.
- They are different kinds of RNA which perform different
functions.

Genes and the genetic code

- Chromosome: long DNA molecule which contains coding
parts which contains genes which code for proteins.
- Each amino acid is specified by a codon, a triplet of
nucleotide. The correspondence between each triplet
(using RNA) and each amino acid is given by the genetic
code :
- There are 64 possible triplets, but only 20 amino acids.
- Several codons can code for one amino acid (ie. AAG and
AAA for lysine)
- Three codons STOP are used to signal the end of a gene.

Future of molecular biology

Personalised medicine
Target-specific drugs (e.g. adipose tissue)
Gene therapy
Comparative genomics

ReferencesMolecular biology information Biology , Campbell and Reece (6thEd.), Very r

eadable general biology textbook www.ebi.ac.uk/2can, good introduction to bioinfor
matics and molecular biology http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio
BookTOC.html-online biology book
http://biology-pages.info, good glossary/information site http://www.genomicglossar
ies.com/
http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/guidelines.html, defines the nomenclature
for
human genesDatabases www.ebi.uniprot.org, excellent protein sequence database www.nc
bi.nih.gov, numerous protein/genome databases www.ensembl.org, information on gene
s/proteins/exons of completed genomes http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/, European gene se
quence databank Michael Y. Galperin, The Molecular Biology Database Collection: 20
05 update, NAR www.bioinfo.no/links, list of useful biological linksGene/Protein n
aming conventions Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 15;21(2):248-56. Epub 2004 Aug 27. Gene
name ambiguity of
eukaryotic nomenclatures.Chen L, Liu H, Friedman C.

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