Penuaan Kulit

Penuaan atau aging ada dua

berkurangnya kepadatan tulang

tipe yang berbeda:

dan menjadikan kulit sagging

- penuaan intrinsik

- penuaan ekstrinsik
Penuaan Intrinsik

Kulit kering yang dapat

menimbulkan gatal-gatal

Kurang kemampuan

Penuaan intrinsik / proses

mengeluarkan keringat yang

penuaan alami

cukup untuk mendinginkan kulit

Karena penuaan maka produksi

Rambut menjadi abu-abu yang

kolagen dalam kulit melambat

selanjutnya berubah menjadi

dan menjadikan elastin

putih

berkurang elastisitasnya.

Rambut rontok

Sel-sel kulit mati dalam stratum

Pertumbuhan rambut yang tidak

korneum mengalami

dikehendaki pada bagian

perlambatan lepas dan

tertentu

timbulnya sel-sel kulit baru juga

Tulang menjauh dari kulit akibat

Kuku menjadi tipis, hilangnya

sedikit berkurang.

bulan terbit pada pangkal

Perubahan-perubahan ini

kuku, dan kuku menjadi tidak

biasanya mulai terjadi pada

rata.

umur 20-an tahun, tanda-tanda

penuaan intrinsik ini tidak

Penuaan Ekstrinsik

Sejumlah faktor ekstrinsik atau

begitu kelihatan untuk

eksternal secara bersama-sama

beberapa dasawarsa.

dengan proses penuaan

Tanda-tanda penuaan intrinsik

intrinsik dapat mengakibatkan

meliputi:

penuaan kulit dini.

Keriput lembut

Penuaan dini pada kulit disebabkan

Kulit transparan dan tipis

oleh:

Hilangnya lemak bawah kulit

yang menimbulkan pipi kempis

Ekspresi wajah berulang-ulang,

dan mata cekung serta

Gravitasi,

berkurangnya kekencangan

Posisi tidur, dan

kulit pada tangan dan leher

Paparan sinar matahari,

Merokok.

Ekspresi Wajah

Gerakan-gerakan wajah

dahinya karena pria biasa

berulang-ulang menimbulkan

menaruh wajah pada bantal.

garis-garis dan keriput lembut.

Dengan kulit semakin menua

atau punggung di bawah tidak

dan kehilangan elastisitasnya,

menyebabkan timbulnya

kulit menjadi berlekuk.

keriput.

Lekukan ini seterusnya menjadi

Merokok

permanen pada wajah sebagai

tubuh yang mempercepat

Gravitasi

penuaan.

Gravitasi menarik ke bawah

tubuh kita.

batang atau lebih setiap harinya

sewaktu elastisitas kulit turun

(selama 10 tahun) secara

drastis, efek gravitasi semakin

statistik mempunyai keriput

nyata.

yang lebih dalam.

Gravitasi menyebabkan ujung

dapat sangat berkurang dengan

kelopak mata melorot,

berhenti merokok.

Perokok yang telah merokok

semakin tidak kelihatan

bertahun-tahun, keriput wajah

sedangkan bibir bawah menjadi

menjadi berkurang dan kulit

lebih menonjol.

menjadi lebih kencang bila

Tidur dengan meletakkan wajah

pada bantal akan menimbulkan
keriput yang disebut garis
tidur
Wanita yang suka tidur miring
akan mendapatkan garis
tidurnya pada pipi dan dagu.

Tanda-tanda keriput wajah

hidung melengkung ke bawah,

merokok ditinggalkan.

Posisi Tidur

Perokok yang merokok 10

Pada umur 50-an tahun,

melorotnya kulit dagu, bibir atas

Merokok menyebabkan
perubahan biokimia dalam

garis-garis dan keriput.

Orang yang tidurnya terlentang

Pria berkecenderungan
memperoleh garis tidur pada

Sinar Matahari

Paparan sinar matahari

perubahan pada kulit seperti
freckles, age spots, spider veins
on the face, rough and leathery
skin, keriput lembut, kulit
mengendor, a blotchy
complexion, actinic keratoses,
dan kanker kulit.

Tipe penuaan akibat paparan

tidak mempengaruhi kulit karena tidak

sinar matahari adalah

sampai pada permukaan bumi.

photoaging. Photoaging

tergantung:

- Sinar UV B mempengaruhi lapisan

1) warna kulit seseorang dan

terluar kulit, epidermis, dan penyebab

2) riwayat paparan sinar, seperti

utama terjadinya kulit terbakar atau

lama atau intensitas paparan.

sunburns.

Photoaging timbul perlahan-

- Sinar ini paling intens pada sekitar

lahan selama bertahun-tahun.

pukul 10.00 pagi sampai pukul 2.00

Paparan sinar yang berulang-

siang.

ulang mengakibatkan kulit

- Sinar UV B tidak menembus kaca.

kehilangan kemampuan untuk

Sinar UV B

Sinar UV A

memperbaiki diri dan kerusakan

- Sinar UV A semula diperkirakan

menjadi terakumulasi.

mempunyai efek kecil terhadap

Paparan sinar UV secara

kerusakan kulit.

berulang-ulang akan

- Sinar UV A merupakan kontributor

mengakibatkan rusaknya

utama terjadinya kerusakan kulit.

kolagen dan mengganggu

- Sinar UV A masuk lebih dalam dan

sintesis kolagen baru.

bekerja lebih efisien dalam merusak

Sinar UV juga menyerang

kulit.

elastin dan merusaknya.

- Intensitas sinar UV A lebih konstan

dibanding sinar UV B.

Apa sinar UV itu?

- Sinar UV A mempunyai intensitas

Matahari memancarkan radiasi

sama baik pagi hari maupun sore hari

ultraviolet:

- Sinar UV A ini dapat menembus kaca.

- Sinar UV C, panjang gelombang 100

290 nm

Efek Merusak Sinar UV A dan UV

B
- Kerusakan kulit berupa:

- Sinar UV B, panjang gelombang 290

320 nm - Sinar UV A, panjang

keriput, imunitas rendah, gangguan

gelombang 320 400 nm (UVA2 =

kulit (penuaan dini), dan terbentuknya

320-340 nm; UVA1 = 340-400 nm)

kanker.

Sinar UV C
Sinar UV C hampir semuanya

diabsorpsi oleh lapisan ozone dan

- Kemungkinan mekanisme:
kerusakan kolagen, pembentuan
radikal bebas,

mempengaruhi perbaikan DNA, dan

cara mengubah material

menginhibisi sistem imun.

genetik, RNA, dan DNA dari sel.

Kerusakan Kolagen Karena Sinar

Perbaikan DNA

UV
- Sinar UV merusak serat kolagen

relatif cepat

Sinar UV dapat mempengaruhi

enzim yang membantu

- Akumulasi elastin abnormal

perbaikan DNA. Beberapa studi

- Enzim metalloproteinase

mempelajari peranan enzim

diproduksi dalam jumlah besar

spesifik {T4 endonuclease 5

- Sebagian metalloproteinase

(T4N5)} dalam perbaikan DNA.

merusak kolagen, timbulkan solar

scars.
- Pembentukan kolagen tidak

Efek Sistem Imun karena Sinar UV

Tubuh mempunyai sistem

normal terus menerus, timbullah

pertahanan untuk menyerang

keriput.

sel-sel kanker yang sedang

berkembang.

Radikal Bebas Karena Sinar UV

Sistem imun tubuh meliputi sel-

Sinar UV merupakan salah satu

sel darah putih yang disebut

pembentuk radikal bebas.

limfosit T dan sel-sel kulit

Radikal bebas mempunyai

terspesialisasi dalam dermis

energi tinggi karenanya dia

yang disebut sel-sel

sangat reaktif.

Langerhans.

Radikal bebas berreaksi dengan

Bila kulit terpapar pada sinar

molekul-molekul dalam sel dan

matahari maka senyawa-

merusak fungsi sel dan

senyawa kimia tertentu

mengubah material genetik.

dilepaskan dan senyawa-

Kerusakan oleh radikal bebas

senyawa ini menekan sistem

menimbulkan keriput akibat

imun.

aktivasi enzim
metalloproteinase untuk
merusak kolagen.

Kematian Sel karena Sinar UV

imun yaitu proses apoptosis.

Radikal bebas dapat

menyebabkan kanker dengan

Pertahanan terakhir sistem

Apoptosis: suatu proses sel

bunuh diri, yaitu proses

membunuh sel-sel yang

mengalami kerusakan walau

mengalami kerusakan berat

hanya terkena trauma kecil.

sehingga sel-sel itu tidak

Paparan sinar UV menyebabkan

menjadi sel-sel kanker.

telangiectasia (pelebaran

Berbagai faktor dapat

pembuluh darah kapiler dan

mencegah terjadinya apoptosis,

vena kecil yang permanen)

termasuk paparan sinar UV,

pada kulit khususnya pada

sehingga sel-sel yang rusak

wajah.

terus berkembang dan

Perubahan Pigmen Kulit karena Sinar

memungkinkan timbulnya

UV

kanker.

Perubahan pigmen kulit

timbul freckle atau solar lentigo

Perubahan Tekstur Kulit karena Sinar

UV

(spot coklat atau warna gelap).

Paparan sinar UV menyebabkan

diakibatkan oleh sel melanosit

perubahan ketebalan kulit.

rusak dan sel menjadi

Kulit menebal dan berkeriput

bertambah besar.

kasar (terutama pada leher

Freckle besar, dikenal sebagai

bagian belakang).

age spots atau liver spots,

Solar elastosis, yaitu akibat

dapat terjadi pada kulit bagian

paparan sinar UV kulit menjadi

tangan, bahu, dan punggung

menebal, berkeriput kasar, dan

atas.

warna kulit berubah menjadi

Timbulnya freckle ini

Bila paparan sinar

kuning.

mengakibatkan melanosit

Paparan sinar UV menjadikan

hancur maka kerusakan pada

kulit semakin tipis, akibatnya

kulit terlihat timbulnya spot

kulit berkeriput lembut, mudah

putih.

rusak, dan mudah sobek.

Mekanisme Aksi Nutrikosmesetika
Perubahan Pembuluh Darah karena

Meningkatkan fungsi barier kulit

Sinar UV

Memberika perlindungan dari

Sinar UV menyebabkan dinding

pembuluh darah menipis
sehingga kulit ini mudah

sinar matahari

Mengurangi pigmentasi

Aktivasi reseptor

Antioksidan

kurang dari 1% memberikan

Anti-inflamasi

efek signifikan.

Peptide cellular messengers

Retinoid sangat poten; dosis

Penelitian dengan retinol (dosis

0,15%) dan retinil propionat

PAPARAN NUTRIKOSMESETIKA

(dosis 0,30%) selama 12

INDIVIDUAL

minggu memberikan

VITAMIN A

pengurangan keriput wajah dan

Beberapa bentuk vitamin A

hiperpigmentasi secara

yang sering digunakan adalah

signifikan.

retinol, retinil ester (sebagai

0,05% secara klinis efektif;

ester asetat, propionate, dan

palmitate), dan retinaldehid.

rendah tetapi iritatifnya rendah

sering disebut sebagai retinoid.

sehingga dapat diberikan

peningkatan proliferasi dan

diferensiasi epidermal

sampai dosis 2%.

Problema retinoid ada 2 hal,
yaitu iritasi kulit dan stabilitas.

Retinoid mempunyai sifat iritatif

sehingga pemilihan senyawa di

yang mengikat air sehingga

antara retinoid diperlukan.

Retinol lebih dapat ditoleransi

ketebalan epidermal)

oleh kulit daripada asam trans-

meningkatkan produksi

retinoat,

komponen extracellular dermal

Retinaldehid mempunyai

matrix seperti kolagen

potensi iritasi sepadan dengan

(sehingga meningkatkan

retinol,

ketebalan dermal)

(glycosaminoglycans [GAG]
meningkatkan hidrasi dan

Problema Produk dan Formulasi

peningkatan produksi epidermal

ground substance

Retinil palmitat efektivitas lebih

Berbagai bentuk vitamin A itu

Mekanisme

Retinaldehid dengan dosis

Retinil ester lebih dapat

mengurangi produksi

ditoleransi kulit. Efek iritasi ini

kolagenase

dapat dimitigasi dengan

mengurangi ekspresi tyrosinase

menambahkan ke dalam

Efektivitas

formulasi bahan anti inflamasi.

Molekul retinoid dapat

penggunaan secara topikal

mengalami degradasi oleh

menggunakan dosis 1% s.d. 5%.

oksigen dan sinar. Karenanya,

proses produksi dan wadah

Problema utama nicotinamide

diusahakan agar paparan

dan ester nikotinat terjadinya

terhadap oksigen dan sinar

hidrolisis menjadi asam

seminimal mungkin. Wadah

nikotinat.

impermeable dan tidak tembus

Problema Produk dan Formulasi

Asam nikotinat menyebabkan

sinar.

kulit menjadi merah yang intens

Strategi lain dalam produksi

bahkan terjadi pada dosis kecil.

kosmesetika retinoid adalah

Kulit merah ini disebut flushing

menggunakan sistem

response.

penghantaran enkapsulasi dan

Pengatasannya, sediaan dibuat

penambahan antioksidan dalam

pada pH 4 - 7 agar hidrolisis

formulasi.

diperlambat.

Untuk mengurangi flushing

Berbagai bentuk vitamin B3 :

response, nikotinat ester

niacinamide (nicotinamide), asam

digunakan karena ester

nikotinat, dan nikotinat ester seperti

mempunyai flush response

tokoferil nikotinat, miristoil nikotinat,

relatif kecil.

dan bensil nikotinat.

Efektivitas

Vitamin C yang biasa digunakan

adalah asam askorbat, askorbil

Penggunaan niacinamide

fosfat (sebagai garam

memperbaiki warna kulit secara

magnesium atau natrium),

signifikan, seperti mengurangi

askorbil palmitate, dan askorbil

timbulnya spot hiperpigmentasi

glukosid.

dan spot merah (red

blotchiness).

Vitamin B3 dengan dosis 2% s.d.

Mekanisme

Vitamin C digunakan sebagai

5% diperlukan untuk

pemutih kulit karena aktivitas

memperoleh efek yang

antioksidan dan inhibisi

dikehendaki.

tyrosinase.

Senyawa miristoil nikotinat

memberikan efek jika

Vitamin C juga sebagai anti-

wajah, memperbaiki tekstur

inflamasi karena mengurangi

kulit, dan meningkatkan kolagen

eritema pasca operasi laser

dan elastin.

resurfacing.

Problema Produk dan Formulasi

Vitamin C merupakan kofaktor

esensial bagi enzim lisil

turunannya adalah

hidroksilase dan enzim prolil

stabilitasnya, khususnya

hidroksilase; kedua enzim ini

degradasi oksidasi.

diperlukan dalam proses

degradasi hampir 50% setelah

Dengan stimulasi sintesis

satu bulan dan diikuti

kolagen, vitamin C berpotensi

perubahan warna menjadi

meningkatkan produksi kolagen

menguning.

Efektivitas

Strategi solusi problema:

eksklusi oksigen selama proses

Senyawa askorbat mempunyai

produksi, penggunaan wadah tidak

efek antiaging pada kulit.

tembus oksigen, enkapsulasi, pH

Dosis topikal vitamin C berkisar

rendah, meminimalkan jumlah air

3% sampai dengan 17%.

dalam formulasi, dan penambahan

Penggunaan topikal vitamin C

antioksidan.

dengan konsentrasi 3% selama

Penggunaan turunan vitamin C

satu minggu menghasilkan

yang lebih stabil, seperti garam

pengurangan secara signifikan

magnesium dan natrium dari

oksidasi yang diakibatkan oleh

askorbil fosfat, dapat

sinar UV A dan ditoleransi

memperbaiki stabilitas.

dengan baik oleh kulit,

Sediaan vitamin C mengalami

biosintesis kolagen tipe I dan III.

dan mengurangi keriput.

Problema utama vitamin C dan

Banyak garam dalam produk

Penggunaan natrium askorbil

mempunyai efek menurunkan

fosfat 3% memberikan hasil

fungsi bahan peningkat

yang relatif lebih rendah.

kekentalan seperti karbomer

Penggunaan dosis yang lebih

dan polimer poliakrilamid;

tinggi, yaitu 5% sampai dengan

bahan peningkat kekentalan

17% selama 12 minggu sampai

harus ditambah jumlahnya.

6 bulan memberikan hasil

mengurangi photoaging pada

Turunan vitamin C non garam

yang dapat digunakan adalah

askorbil glukosid; hanya saja

askorbil glukosid harganya lebih

Mekanisme

mahal.

Problem lain, vitamin C secara

antioksidan larut lipid.

Mekanisme aksi vitamin E

topikal sulit menembus kulit,

adalah kemapuannya untuk

kurang dari 1% dari dosis yang

mengambil oksigen radikal yang

digunakan secara topikal

ada dalam kulit.

mengalami penetrasi masuk

Vitamin E merupakan senyawa

Vitamin E berpotensi untuk

kulit.

mencegah dan memperbaiki

Senyawa mempunyai gugus

problema kulit akibat radikal

fosfat memberikan problema

bebas yang disebabkan oleh

penetrasi yang lebih besar;

paparan sinar UV.

perlu penambahan bahan

peningkat penetrasi (enhancer).

Senyawa turunan vitamin C

mengalami biotransformasi
menjadi vitamin C sebelum

Efektivitas

Penggunaan vitamin E secara

memberikan efek; kecepatan

topikal umumnya dengan dosis

biotransformasi perlu

yang relatif besar, yaitu sekitar

dipertimbangkan dalam

2% - 5%.

pemilihan bahan.

Penggunaan vitamin E sebesar

5% secara topikal selama 4

Vitamin E mempunyai berbagai bentuk

bulan pada wajah memberikan

seperti tokoferol, tokoferil asetat, dan

hasil dengan perbaikan keriput

bentuk ester lainya yang meliputi

di sekitar mata dan mengurangi

ester suksinat, nikotinat, linoleat, dan

inflamasi akibat paparan sinar

fosfat.

UV.

Tokoferol alami mempunyai beberapa

Vitamin E dengan dosis 5%

isomer (alfa, beta, gama, dan delta)

digunakan pada kulit

dan isomer-isomer itu mempunyai

memberikan sun protection

perbedaan pada rantai samping dan

factor (SPF) > 3.

potensi. Di antara isomer itu dengan

cost-effective paling besar adalah
alfa-tokoferol.

Problema Produk dan Formulasi

Problema produk dengan

tokoferol dan tokoferil asetat

yang larut lipid dalam dosis

of the field of vision and may

besar adalah membuat formula

develop problems seeing in

yang nongreasy.

bright or dark conditions.

Problema lain berupa stabilitas

Factors have been identified as

terhadap oksidasi; untuk

risk factors for ARMD:

mengatasi stabilitas, tokoferil

1. sunlight exposure 6. genetic

asetat digunakan.

2. age

Tokoferil asetat kurang efektif

3. smoking

dibandingkan tokoferol akibat

8. high saturated

fat

hidrolisis menjadi tokoferol yang

relatif lambat.

7. female

4. diet 9. low macular pigment

density
5. low antioxidant level 10.

Sunlight exposure has been

hypertension

linked to premature vision loss,

development of cataracts, and

A cataract is a clouding of the

increased risk of age-related

crystalline lens (clear tissue behind

macular degeneration (ARMD)

the pupil) that causes a gradual loss of

leading cause of blindness in

vision.

people over sixty-five years of

Etiology

age.

Aging is the most common

With regard to cataract

cause of cataracts; in fact, most

development, with age, virtually

patients over 50 years of age

everybody will develop some

demonstrate cataractous

degree of oxidative damage to

changes. However, cataracts

the lenses of their eyes (the first

may also be congenital,

step in cataract development)

hereditary, or associated with

The macula is a specialized

systemic, metabolic, or ocular

region in the back of the eye

diseases, trauma, radiation,

(retina) that allows you to see

maternal infection during

fine details.

pregnancy, electrical injuries,

As cells in the macula region

and drug use.

begin to break down, the eyes

begin to lose sight in the center

Risk Factors

Age over 50 years

Genetic diseases (e.g.,

cataract; however, most of the

myotonic dystrophy,

evidence is speculative.

neurofibromatosis type 2, Lowe

[Neo- Synephrine, 2.5%],

Drug therapy (e.g., miotics,

homatropine, 2%), to dilate the

steroids, phenothiazines)

pupil to provide better vision in

Maternal infection (e.g., rubella,

patients with nuclear sclerotic

cytomegalovirus), drug

or posterior subcapsular

ingestion, or radiation therapy

cataract

prevent conversion of sugars to

diabetes mellitus, galactosemia,

polyols in galactosemic or

hypocalcemia)

diabetic patients, thereby

Ocular disorders (e.g.,

preventing or delaying cataract

glaucoma, uveitis, retinal

formation

Decreased or blurred vision

Prophylactic antibiotics for three

weeks following cataract

High-voltage electrical injury

extraction

Signs and Symptoms

Aldose reductase inhibitors, to

Metabolic disorders (e.g.,

detachment, trauma)

Eye drops (e.g., phenylephrine

syndrome, Down syndrome)

during pregnancy

Steroid eye drops three to six

(often described as a "fog")

weeks following cataract

Double vision

extraction

Colored halo around lights

Increased refractive power of

lens, allowing patients to read

Increase dietary antioxidants which

without glasses (i.e., second

may protect against free radical

sight)

damage to the eye, especially dark

Brown spots in the visual field

leafy greens and orange and yellow

Drug Therapies

Nutrition /Nutraceuticals

Some studies have suggested

that high-dose aspirin therapy
given for other causes (e.g.,
arthritis) is associated with a
decreased incidence of senile

vegetables. Dark berries, particularly

blueberries, are rich in flavonoids,
which may be protective to the lens.
Vitamin C (500 to 1,000 mg bid to
tid) is found at high concentrations in

the lens of the eye and has

the greatest benefit two

antioxidant activity.

carotenoids in particulars, lutein

Glutathione is highly concentrated

in the lens and protects against UV
light. Supplementing with
glutathionine (200 mg bid) or its

and zeaxanthin seem to be

the most effective
LUTEIN and ZEAXANTHIN
Lutein and zeaxanthin are yellow

amino acid precursors (L-cysteine 200

pigments found in high concentration

mg bid, L- glycine 100 mg bid, and L-

in yellow fruits and vegetables as well

glutamine 100 mg bid) may be

as in dark green, leafy vegetables

beneficial.

such as spinach, broccoli, kale, and

Selenium (200 mcg/day) is a co-

collard greens. Egg yolk, corn, orange

factor for glutathionine peroxidase

juice, honey dew melon and orange

which helps keep glutathionine in its

pepper are also good sources of lutein

active state.

and zeaxanthin.

Vitamin E (400 IU/day) protects

against free radical damage.
Zinc (15 to 30 mg/day) deficiency

Individuals who consume a lot of

spinach reduce their risk of developing
ARMD by almost 90%.

may contribute to cataract formation,

especially with impaired glucose

Lutein and zeaxanthin end up

metabolism occurring with diabetes or

concentrated specifically in the eye (in

age.

the macular region of the retina).

Vitamin A (10,000 IU/day) and

High levels of these carotenoids in

beta-carotene (50,000 IU daily) are

the eye serve to protect tissues by

antioxidants that protect against light-

minimizing free radical damage and by

induced damage to the eye.

absorbing damaging blue light rays.

Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only

In terms of diet, individuals who

carotenoids in the lens.

consume fruits and vegetables

at least once per day have

UV light is filtered by the cornea and

significantly reduced risk of

lens in the anterior aspect of the eye

developing ARMD and cataracts.

but visible light reaches the retina.

Among the dietary antioxidants,

carotenoids appear to provide

Visible light in the blue spectrum is the

most damaging.

The short wavelength (400-500 nm) is

alpha-lipoic acid, beta-carotene,

30 times more damaging than long

and vitamin C and E, can

wavelength light (510-749 nm).

provide additional support

Macular pigment absorbs blue light as

Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only

it enters the inner retinal layers,

carotenoids that concentrate

reducing the amount reaching the

specifically in the eye tissue

fovea. This reduces the potential for

In the macula region of the eye,

photo-oxidation of reactive saturated

lutein and zeaxanthin serve to protect

lipids of photoreceptors.

eye tissues from free radical damage

and from photo-oxidizing damage of

ARMD is the leading cause of

light rays

blindness in people over age 65

ARMD affects 25-40% of all

prone to several kinds of stress

people over 65, in the USA

and stress-induced diseases.

Females have higher risk of

ARMD than males
People with light-colored eyes
have an increased risk of ARMD
ARMD and cataract risk are both

In modern society, people are

Stress is classified into

physicochemical stress, physiological
stress, and psychological stress.

Physicochemical stresses are

related to total sunlight

caused by cold, heat, injury,

exposure, cigarette smoking,

buzz, exhaust fumes, and so on.

and dietary intake of

result of starvation, infection,

antioxidants

overwork, and so on.

Antioxidant-rich fruits and

vegetables are linked with lower

Psychological stresses arise

from anxiety, strain,

rates of ARMD and cataracts

dissatisfaction, disappointment,

Among antioxidant nutrients,

anger, and other emotions.

the carotenoids lutein and

zeaxanthin, appear to be the

Physiological stresses are the

Stressful events induce both

most effective in directly

psychological and physical

protecting eye health, while

hypertension, which can lead to

other antioxidant-nutrients,

diseases such as duodenal

such as bioflavonoids, cysteine,

ulcer, depression,

sleeplessness, and autonomic

The electroencephalogram

imbalance.

(EEG) demonstrates an increase

The significance of the

in the intensity of slow -waves

correlation between health and

occasionally some -waves

stress is increasing, and

activity.

therefore, relaxation techniques

These changes are consistent

for stress reduction are

with generalized decreased

important.

sympathetic nervous system

Relaxation methods can calm down

activity and are distinctly

the overly tensed organism and

different from the physiological

prevent stress-induced diseases.

changes noted when a person is

Mental and physical health is

maintained and promoted by

Relaxation methods should be

effective to induce the above

relaxation, which induces two

conditions for proper relaxation.

Food factors help relieve stress

and psychological relaxed

and induce a feeling of

states.

relaxation. For example,

Mental state of relaxation can

drinking tea for relaxation is

be recognized by observing

common in many parts of the

such parameters as oxygen

world. In Japan, the tradition of

consumption, carbon dioxide

drinking green tea is considered

elimination, heart rate,

beneficial for stress relief and

respiratory rate, minute

general well being.

ventilation, and arterial blood

acquiring the habit of

essential elements, physical

sitting quietly or sleeping.

The functional substance in

lactate.

green tea that promotes

In the relaxed state, blood

relaxation is L-theanine, an

pressure (systolic, diastolic, and

amino acid abundant in green

mean blood pressure) and renal

tea leaves (1 to 2% in dry

temperature do not change,

weight),

while skin resistance markedly

It has been recognized that L-

increases and skeletal muscle

theanine is as being responsible

blood flow slightly increases.

for creating a feeling of

relaxation and for promoting

to induce both psychological

brain health.

and physiological relaxation.

L-Theanine exists in free (non-

Suntheanine induces strong

protein) form, and it is the

-waves in the brain, which

predominant amino acid (about

clearly indicates its

50%) of the total free amino

psychological relaxation effects

acids in green tea leaves.

in humans. Suntheanine has

also been found to alleviate the
symptoms of PMS and reduce
caffeine-induced excitation as
well as blood pressure in
hyperactivity by suppressing
the central nervous system.
The cruciferae are the family of plants

In modern times, stress has

become the root cause of many
abnormalities in our metal and
physical conditions.

The state of relaxation is a basic

requirement not only to relieve
stress but also its side effects.
In Japan, drinking green tea for
relaxation has been customary
from ancient times.

Research on green tea has

revealed that L-theanine, an
abundant amino acid found in
green tea leaves, can bring
about a state of relaxation.

L-Theanine commercially sold as

Suntheanine has been shown

that include the various familiar

members of the species Brassica
oleracea.
Examples include: Broccoli, cabbage,
cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts in
the US.
A striking and characteristic chemical
property of cruciferous plants is their
high content of glucosinolates.
Glucosinolates and their
isothiocyanate hydrolysis (breakdown)
products are well-known protectors
against carcinogenesis, suggesting
that greater intakes of these
vegetables may lower the risk of
several types of cancer.
The Unusual Phytochemistry of
Crucifers

 Glucosinolates are the

humans have the ability to

precursors of isothiocyanates

efficiently convert

(mustard oils).

glucosinolates to isothiocynates

Glucosinolates play protective

and evolutionarily important

through the action of microflora

in the GI tract.

roles in plants, including:

Allelopathy
Suppression of

In the Health Professionals Follow-up

Study, bladder cancer was only weakly

growth of

associated with low intake of fruits and

neighboring plants

vegetables, but high intake (5 or more

Specific positive and

negative feeding cues
For some insects
Broad antibiotic
properties
Including
nematocidal,
antimicrobial,
antifungal,
antiprotozoal,
and insecticidal
activities
When food is prepared or
chewed, or in response to plant
injury by predators, the enzyme
myrosinase which accompanies
the glucosinolates is released.
This is the enzyme responsible
for hydrolyzing glucosinolates to
isothiocynates.
In the absence of myrosinase
(when food is cooked and
myrosinase is heat inactivated),

servings/week versus 1 or less

servings/week) of cruciferous
vegetables was associated with a
statistically significant 51% decrease
in bladder cancer.
prostate cancer risk was found to be
reduced by cruciferous vegetable
consumption in a population-based
case-control study carried out in
western Washington state.
Three or more servings per week,
compared to less than one serving of
cruciferous vegetables per week
resulted in a statistically significant
41% decrease in prostate cancer risk.
A case-controlled study in China found
that intake of cruciferous vegetables,
measured by urinary secretion of
isothiocyanates, was inversely related
to the risk of breast cancer.

The quartile with the highest intake

had only 50% of the risk of the lowest

intake group

foods

In the Nurses Health Study, a high

intake of cruciferous vegetables (5 or

Present in both plant and animal

Stored in the liver and fatty
tissues

Daily intake not required

more servings/week versus less than

two servings/week) was associated
with a 33% lower risk of non-Hodgkins

Vitamin A

lymphoma.

Required for growth and

development of bones and
teeth

The isothiocyanates have already

Necessary for other processes

been established as playing a role in

Reproduction

modulating the activities of enzymes

Integrity of mucosal and

involved in the metabolism of

epithelial surfaces

carcinogens, especially by the

induction of phase 2 detoxification

synthesis

enzymes.

Vitamin K and vitamin B complex

Essential for night vision

Dietary supplement

vitamins obtained by synthesis in the

small intestine

Cholesterol and steroid

Infants and pregnant and

nursing women

Deficiency states

Vitamin D can be synthesized by the

Hyperkeratosis of the skin

skin when exposed to sunlight

Night blindness

Other conditions

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN

B-complex group and vitamin C

Can be dissolved in water

Cannot be stored by the body in

large amounts

Daily intake required to prevent

Skin conditions

Acne, psoriasis, keratosis

follicularis

Ingestion of excessive amounts

causes toxicity

deficiencies

Irritability, drowsiness,
vertigo, delirium, other
symptoms

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Increased intracranial
pressure in infants

Generalized peeling of

the skin and erythema

over several weeks

Treatment of vitamin D
deficiency

Treatment and correction of

conditions related to long-term

Vitamin D

deficiency: rickets, tetany,

Fat soluble

Sunshine vitamin

Prevention of osteoporosis

Responsible for proper

Long-term ingestion of

utilization of calcium and

excessive amounts causes

phosphorus

toxicity

Actually a group of analog

fatigue, headache, many

Different chemicals, produce

others

same effect

GI tract effects

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

CNS effects

Plant vitamin D

Obtained through dietary

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Produced in the skin by

Vitamin E

Fat soluble

Tocopherols

Dietary plant sources

ultraviolet irradiation

(sunshine)

Fish oils, salmon,

germ

sardines, herring

Fortified milk, breads,

Animal livers, tuna fish,

Exact biologic function of

Believed to act as an
antioxidant

Endogenous synthesis in the

Dietary supplement

skin

Antioxidant

Necessary for normal

Treatment of deficiency

calcification of bone and teeth

Eggs, chicken, meats, fish

vitamin E is unknown

eggs, butter

Animal sources

cereals

Fruits, grains, cereals,

vegetables, oils, wheat

Vitamin D2-containing foods

Hypertension, weakness,

steroid chemicals

sources

osteomalacia

Dietary supplement

Highest risk of deficiency

in premature infants

Very few acute side effects

Calcium requirements high for

GI tract

Growing children

CNS effects

Women who are pregnant

or breast-feeding

Vitamin K

Fat soluble

Three types: K1, K2, K3

Dietary sources of K1:

Essential for normal

maintenance and function of:

skeletal systems

Green leafy vegetables

(cabbage, spinach), meats, milk

Vitamin K2 synthesized by
Essential for synthesis of blood

Catalyst in many enzymatic

reactions

coagulation factors in the liver

Cell membrane and

capillary permeability

intestinal flora

Nervous, muscular,

Essential in many physiologic

processes

Vitamin Kdependent clotting

factors:

Transmission of nerve
impulses

II, VII, IX, X

Contraction of cardiac,

Dietary supplementation

smooth, and skeletal

Treatment of deficiency states

muscles

(rare)

Antibiotic therapy

respiration, and blood

Newborn infants

coagulation

Malabsorption

Reverse the effects of certain

anticoagulants (warfarin)

Several other functions

Calcium deficiency:
hypocalcemia

Infantile rickets

Adult osteomalacia

Most abundant mineral element

Osteoporosis

in the body

Many other conditions

Calcium

Renal function,

Accounts for 2% of body weight

associated with calcium

Highest concentration in bones

deficiency

and teeth

Efficient absorption requires

adequate amounts of vitamin D

Inadequate intake of
calcium or vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism

Malabsorption syndrome

Alcoholism

Many other causes

Long-term IV feedings

Used to treat various deficiency

Diuretics

states

Metabolic disorders

Dietary supplement for women

(hyperthyroidism,

during pregnancy and lactation

diabetic ketoacidosis)

Hypercalcemia may occur with

therapy

Anorexia, nausea,

Indications:

Nutritional supplement

Treatment of magnesium

vomiting, constipation
Chelation

deficiency

Calcium salts will bind (chelate)

Anticonvulsant in magnesium
deficiency

with tetracyclines to produce an

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

insoluble complex

Tocolytic agent for inhibition of

uterine contractions in

Magnesium

premature labor

One of the principal cations of

intracellular fluid

Adverse effects are due to

Essential for enzyme systems

hypermagnesia:

associated with energy

Tendon reflex loss

metabolism

Difficult bowel

Required for:
Nerve physiology

CNS depression

Muscle contraction

Respiratory distress

Heart block

Hypothermia

Dietary sources
Vegetables and other
foods
Required in higher amounts in
those with diets high in proteinrich foods, calcium, and
phosphorus

Causes of Deficiency:

movements

Many other uses

Hypomagnesemia

Malabsorption