Fakultas Farmasi

Universitas Sanata Dharma

Yogyakarta

Definisi
Analisis berasal dari kata analusis Yunani

Diserap dalam bahasa Latin analuein

Ana = mengangkat kembali; Lusis = melepas menjadi bagian

kecil

Dictionary definition: The resolution of a chemical compound

into its proximate parts; the determination of its elements or of

the foreign substance it may contain

Analytical chemistry is a scientific discipline used to study the

chemical composition, structure and behavior of matter.

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Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry involves the application of a range of techniques and

methodologies to obtain and assess qualitative, quantitative and structural

information on the nature of matter.
1. Qualitative analysis
2. Quantitative analysis
3. Structural analysis

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Analytical Chemistry
1

Analisis Kualitatif

identifikasi suatu senyawa (bahan aktif maupun bahan tambahan)

untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya senyawa tersebut dalam
suatu sampel.
2

Analisis Kuantitatif

penentuan jumlah/kadar suatu senyawa dalam sampel

3

Analisis Struktur

penentuan letak dan penataan atom dlm struktur molekul, serta

identifikasi gugus-gugus fungsional dlm struktur molekul.

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Analyte vs Matrix
An element, species or compound that is the

subject of analysis is known as an analyte.

The remainder of the material or sample of which
the analyte(s) form(s) a part is known as the
matrix.

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Peran Kimia Analisis

Kimia analisis berperan dalam
pengumpulan dan interpretasi informasi
meliputi data

kualitatif, kuantitatif, maupun struktur kimiawi

aspek kehidupan manusia
terkait perawatan dan peningkatan kualitas hidup
bagi diri dan sumber daya lingkungannya

yang esensial dalam berbagai

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Ruang Lingkup dan Aplikasi

1

Quality control (QC)

Contoh: untuk kepentingan industri obat dan makanan

Monitoring and control of pollutants

Contoh: identifikasi logam toksik (cadmium, merkuri)

Clinical and biological studies

Contoh: identifikasi obat dalam cairan biologis, cek kesehatan
(kolesterol, kadar gula darah, dll.)

Geological assays

Contoh: uji kandungan logam dan mineral pada tanah

5

Fundamental and applied research

Contoh: kombinasi antar bidang ilmu (sintesis senyawa dianalisis)

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Prosedur Analisis

Preparation of
report or

certificate of
Quantitative
Qualitative analysis
analysis
Sampling and sample pretreatment or conditioning

Choice of technique
and method
Definition of the
problem
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analysis

Review of the
original problem

Kealey and Haines, 2002

Analytical Chemistry, the Instant Note Series,
Section A2

Analisis Senyawa Obat

Analisis obat

Analisis kualitatif

An. Konvensional :
1. Titrasi redoks
2. Titrasi asidi/alkalimetri
3. Gravimetri
4. dll.

Analisis kuantitatif

An. Instrumental :
1. Spektrofotometri UV Vis
2. Spektrofluorometri
3. Kromatografi : KLT, GC, KCKT
4. AAS
5. dll

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Instrumen Analisis

Spektrofluorometer Perkin Elmer

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Instrumen Analisis

Spektrofotometer Perkin Elmer

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Instrumen Analisis

Spektrofotometer Shimadzu 1240

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Significant Figure
Significant figures may be defined as
All digits that are certain plus one which contains
some uncertainty are said to be significant figures
Burette reading?
Measuring weights?

Kar, 2005, Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis,

New Age International Publisher
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Significant Figures
Burette Reading
Burettes are mostly graduated with the smallest graduation as
0.1 ml; hence, while taking the burette reading the figures 6.3
ml can be read off with ample certainty.
However, the second place of the decimal is normally estimated
by arbitrarily sub-dividing the smallest division into 10 equal
parts. Consequently, the final burette reading of 6.32 ml
essentially contains three significant figures, of which two
are certain, and one with some uncertainty.

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Significant Figure
Measuring Weights
In the two measured quantities : 4.7350 g and 4.0082 g the
zero is a significant figure;
whereas, in the quantity 0.0065 kg the zeros are not
significant figures.
Thus, in the latter instance the zeros only serve to locate the
decimal point and, therefore, may be eliminated completely by
proper choice of units, e.g., 6.5 g. Moreover, the first two
numbers do have five significant figures, whilst 0.0065 only
has two significant figures.

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Significant Figures
Addition and subtraction
In addition and subtraction, retain only as many decimal
places as appear in the number that has the fewest decimals.
+ 16.48
+ 16.48
+ 9.375
+
9.38
3.5450

3.55
+ 118.9
+ 118.9
141.21

141.2

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Significant Figures
Multiplication and division
In multiplication and division, retain in each term one more significant
figure than is contained in the term with the largest uncertainty.
2.64 3.126 0.8524 32.9453
must be accomplished using the values
2.64 3.126 0.8524 32.95
which is equal to 231.7884336

Three significant figures 232

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Menimbang (Weighing)
Jenis Neraca
[Type of Balance]

Analytical
Semimicro
Micro
Ultramicro

Kepekaan (mg)
[Sensitivity]

0,1
0,01
0,001
0,0001

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Digit dblkg koma (g)

[Decimal places]

4
5
6
7

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Menimbang (Weighing)
Istilah yang sering muncul saat penimbangan

Timbang saksama
Timbang kurang lebih
Apa maknanya?
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Menimbang (Weighing)
Timbang saksama:

penimbangan harus dilakukan dgn menggunakan

alat timbangan yang ketidakpastian pengukurannya
tidak lebih dari 0,1%.
Timbang kurang lebih:

untuk bobot zat yang digunakan untuk pengujian

atau penetapan kadar, mempunyai makna dalam
batas 10% dari bobot yang ditetapkan
Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV, 1995
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Teknik Menimbang
Weighing by difference:
Wadah + zat

Wadah + sisa

Berat zat

P-Q

Wadah ditimbang =

Wadah + zat

Berat zat

= S-R

Weighing by addition:

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Kesalahan dalam analisis

Experimental scientists make a fundamental
distinction between three types of error:

1. Gross errors
2. Random errors
3. Systematic errors
Miller and Miller, 2005
Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical
Chemistry, Fifth Edition, Chapter 1
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Kesalahan dalam analisis

1

Gross errors
Defined as errors that are so serious that there is no
real alternative to abandoning the experiment and
making a completely fresh start.

Random errors
These cause replicate results to differ from one another,
so that the individual results fall on both sides of the
average value. Random errors affect the precision or
repeatability.

Systematics errors
These cause all the results to be in error in the same
sense. The total systematic error is called the bias of
the measurement. Systematics errors affect the
accuracy of the experiment.

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Kesalahan dalam analisis

Miller and Miller, 2005

Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical
Chemistry, Fifth Edition, Chapter 1
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Kesalahan dalam analisis

Precise, biased

Imprecise, unbiased

Imprecise, biased

Precise, unbiased

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Presisi (Precision)

Gonzalez, A., and Herrador, M.,

2007, A practical guide to
analytical method validation,
including measurement uncertainty
and accuracy profiles, Trends in
Analytical Chemistry, 26(3), 227238

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Akurasi (Accuracy)

Gonzalez, A., and Herrador, M.,

2007, A practical guide to
analytical method validation,
including measurement uncertainty
and accuracy profiles, Trends in
Analytical Chemistry, 26(3), 227238

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