H

F-XC A N GE

H
F-XC A N GE

to

bu

N
o

c u-tr a c k

.c

Metode Elemen Hingga untuk disain penyangga Terowongan:

Perbandingan
dengan Metoda Empiris (Q)
(Finite element analysis result for the tunnel support design: comparison
with empirical design method (Q)
Wilham G. Louhenapessy 1*
1

UPDATE NOW at:

SIGNTEGRA NOW Sr. Geotechnical Engineer, Royal HaskoningDHV - Jakarta 12430, Indonesia

Sari
Sistim Penyangga batuan dari Klasifikasi Institut Geoteknik Norwegia (NGI) atau Q memiliki kekurangan-kekurangan a/l sbb:
(a) kurang diperhitungkannya arah kekar terhadap permukaan galian terowongan; (b) tidak diperhatikan pengaruh waktu;
dan (c) terlalu sederhana dalam menganalisa pengaruh air didalam masa kekar batuan. Paper ini menawarkan suatu metode
yang lebih rasional dengan mempertimbangkan pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut diatas berdasarkan Metode Elemen Hingga
Multilaminate untuk masa kekar batuan/joint rock (Zienkiewicz-Pande 1977). Akan ditampilkan diagram-diagram bunga
(Rose Diagrams), tabel-tabel disain, Indeks Keruntuhan dan kurva-kurva yang berguna untuk praktek rekayasa pembuatan
terowongan, tanpa shotcrecte lining. Dalam hal ini dipostulasikan keruntuhan batuan disebabkan oleh dua pilihan runtuh:
(1) runtuhnya batuan intak (intact rock) atau, (2) runtuhnya batuan berkekar (joint rock). Studi numerik terfokus pada
terowongan lingkaran, dengan sebuah kedalaman, berbagai tekanan lateral, berbagai arah kekar dan dua kriteria runtuh:
kriteria runtuh Mohr-Coulomb dan Papaliangas (Brittle-Ductile).
Kata-kata kunci: model Multilaminate, penyangga terowongan, Diagram Bunga, Indeks Keruntuhan, Bobot Q, kriteria runtuh
Papaliangas dan Mohr-Coulomb
Abstract
The Q-system also called the NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institution) Classification system does not take into account (a) the
orientation of rock joints with respect to the exposed surface of the tunnel excavation and (b) the effect of the time in its tunnel
support equation; includes (c) too simple approach in the influence of water for joint rock. This paper propose a rational
methodology by taking into consideration those parameters by using the Element Method -Multilaminate Model- for jointed
rock masses (Zienkiewicz-Pande 1977). The results will show Rose Diagrams, design tables, failure indices and curves in the
case of no 'shotcrecte lining'. In this case, the failure of rock are due to (1) intact rock or, (2) joint rock. Numerical parametric
studies focused on the circular tunnel, with a depth, insitu stress, the orientation of rock joints and two failure criteria
(Mohr-Coulomb criterion and Papaliangas/Brittle-Ductile).
Keywords: Multilaminate Model, tunnel support, Rose Diagrams, Failure Indices, Q-value, Mohr-Coulomb and Papaliangas
criterion.
*Penulis untuk korespondensi (corresponding author):
E-mail (update 2016): wilham@signtegra.com :Wilham.Pessy@rhdhv.com or wilham.george@gmail.com

.d o

m
o

.d o

lic

lic
C

WSNG III
16-17Februari 2015, Jakarta

to

bu

Workshop & Seminar Nasional Geomekanika III

O
W
!

PD

O
W
!

PD

c u-tr a c k

.c

H
F-XC A N GE

H
F-XC A N GE

c u-tr a c k

lic

to

bu

N
.c

REFERENCES
1. Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., 1974.
Engineering classification of rock masses for
the design of tunnel
support.
Rock
Mechanics, Vol 6, pp. 189-236.
2. Bieniawski, Z.T., 1990.
Engineering rock
mass classification, Wiley, Chichester.
3. Brady, B.H.G., 1992. A chapter from
Engineering in rock masses: Stress analysis for
rock masses. Edited by F.G. Bell, Butterworth
& Heinemann, Oxford.
4. Cundal, P.A., 1980. A generalized distinct
element program for modeling joint rock.
Report PCAR-180. Peter Cundal Associates.
5. Deere,D.U.,
Hendron,A.J.,Patton,
F.D.&
Cording,E.J., 1967. Design of surface and near
surface constructions in rock, Proc. 8th U.S.
Symp. Rock Mechanics, ed. Fairhurst, publ. AIME,
New York, pp. 237-302.

6. Hoek, E, KaiserP.K., and Bawden, W.F., 1995.

Support of Underground Excavations in Hard
Rock. A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam.
7. Honisch, K., 1988. Rockmass modelling for
large underground powerhouse. Numerical
Methods in Geomechanics, pp. 1517-1522.
A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam.
8. Hori,
Muneo.,
2006. Introduction
to
Computational
Earthquake
Engineering.
Imperial College Press. London UK.
9. Koesnaryo, S. dan Rai, M. A., 1998. Peran
kuantifikasi sifat-sifat massa batuan dan struktur
geologis pada rancangan terowongan dalam
batuan saat ini dan masa mendatang. Prosiding:
Geoteknik di Indonesia Menjelang Millenium
ke-3, Januari 1998, ITB, Bandung.
10. Louhenapessy, Wilham G., 1995 Undrained
Analysis of Rock Structures. M.Sc. thesis. Univ.
Wales Swansea, UK.
11. Louhenapessy, Wilham G., 1998. A Rational
Finite Element Analysis Based Procedure for
The Analysis of Pressure on Tunnel Supports.
Proc. Canadian Soc. Mech. Eng. F.98.
Ryerson Polytechnic Univ., Toronto.
12. Louhenapessy, Wilham G., 2000. Analysis of
Tunnel Supports using the Finite Element
Method. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Wales Swansea,
Swansea, UK.
13. Louhenapessy, Wilham G., 2003. Finite
Element Method in Rock Tunnel Engineering.
Konperensi
Geoteknik
Indonesia
VI.
Perkembangan Permasalahan Geoteknik dan
Pemecahannya di Millenium Baru. Himpunan Ahli
Teknik Tanah Indonesia (HATTI), pp.289-298.
Jakarta, Agustus 2003. ISBN 979-96668-2-1.

14. Louhenapessy, Wilham G., 2008. Draft kajian

Geologi/AMDAL: Jembatan Poka-Galala di
Ambon.

15. Louhenapessy, W. and Pande, G.N., 1998. On

a rational method of analysis and design of
tunnel supports based on the finite element
technique. J.of Rock Mech. & Tunneling
Tech., 4 (2), pp. 97-124.
16. Louhenapessy, W.G. and Pande, G. N., 1999.
Finite element analysis for design of tunnel
support. Proc. 7th Assoc. of Computational
Mechanics in Engineering (ACME) Conf.99.
Durham Univ. 1999. England, UK.
17. Louhenapessy, W.G. and Pande, G.N., 2000.

Newmo3962_2000: User's Instruction Manual,

Rep No.CR/1022/00. Civil Eng. Dept., Univ.of
Wales Swansea,
Swansea.
18. Lu, M., Kjoholt, H. and Ruistuen, H., 1995.
Numerical study of Gjovik ice-hokey cavern.
Computer Methods and Advances in
Geomechanics,pp. 2609-2614. A.A.Balkema,
Rotterdam.
19. Mangkusubroto, K., 2002. Terowongan
Nusantara Penyatu Selat Sunda. Kompas.
Minggu, 3 Nov. 2002, pp. 22.
20. Milne, D., Germain, P., Grant, D. and Noble, P.,
1991. Systematic rock mass characterization for
underground mine design. Proc.- 7th Int.
Congress on Rock Mechanics, Vol. 1 pp.
293-298. A.A. Balkema, Aachen.
21. Natau, O, Buhler, M, Keller, S, and Mutschler,
T., 1995.
Large-scale triaxial test in
combination with a FEM analysis for the
determination of the properties of a transversal
isotropic rock mass. 8th Int. Cong. on Rock
Mechanics, pp. 635-643, ISRM, Tokyo.
22. Palmstrom, A., 1995, RMi - a system for
characterizing rock mass strength for use in
rock
engineering. J. of Rock Mech. &
Tunneling Tech., 1(2),pp. 69-108.
23. Pande,
G.N.
1995
Personal
Communication: based on Prof. G.N. Pandes
visitation-lecture at The Central Soil and Material
Research Station - Ministry of Water Resources, New
Delhi, India; in late 1995: Internal Report to the
Sponsor, pp. 20.

24. Pande, G.N., and Williams, J.R. (1990).

Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics. John
Willey, Chichester.
25. Papaliangas, T.T., Lumsden, A. and Hencher,
S., 1996. Prediction of in situ shear strength of
rock joints. EUROC96. Barla (ed.), p.143-149,
A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam.
26. Riedmuller, G., 1997. Rock characterization
for tunneling Engineering geologists point of
view. Felsbau, Vol. 16 No. 1, p. 284-288.
27. Seraphim, J.L. & Pereira, J.P., 1983.
Consideration
of
the
Geomechancis
Classification of Bieniawski. Proc. Int. Symp.
On
Engng.
Geol.
And
Underground
Construction, LNEC, Lisbon.
28. Terzaghi, K., 1946. Rock defects and loads on
tunnel supports (Chapter 1), In Rock Tunneling
With Steel Supports. Proctor, R.V & White, T.L.
(Editors), CSSC, Ohio.

29. Zienkiewicz, O.C., & Pande, G.N., 1977.

Time dependent multi-laminate model of rocks a numerical study of deformation and failure of
rock masses. Int. J. Numerical and Analytical
Meth. in Geomech, Vol 1, No. 1, pp. 219-247.

.d o

m
o

.d o

WSNG III
16-17Februari 2015, Jakarta

lic

to

bu

Workshop & Seminar Nasional Geomekanika III

O
W
!

PD

O
W
!

PD

c u-tr a c k

.c