Geometri

Prodi S2 Pendidikan Matematika

Universitas Pasundan
Semester I 2016-2017
Kuliah 1
2 September 2016

Administrasi kelas
Waktu kelas
Buku Teks
Evaluasi

Overview
Latar belakang dan sejarah
Sistem aksioma
Sistem aksioma geometri
Geometri netral
Geometri Euclid
Luas-area
Lingkaran

Euclids Elements
Geometri pra-Euclid
Struktur alur logika Elements
Signifikansi historis
Buku I
Kritik
Observasi

Geometri Pra-Euclid
Seni visual: pattern, gambar lukisan (pra sejarah)
Kebutuhan: desain dan konstruksi bangunan, pertanian, navigasi
Geometri sendiri belum menjadi suatu ilmu dalam pengertian sekarang
(metode, sistematika), lebih seperti pengetahuan praktis, wisdom,
resep, dan lain-lain

Geometri pra-Euclid
500 SM Matematikawan Yunani memasukkan logika ke dalam studi
geometri, berpendapat bahwa geometri harus berbasiskan logika agar
hasilnya lebih kuat geometri sebagai abstraksi logis
Geometri Euclid (mungkin bukan berasal dari Euclid sendiri)
merupakan sistematisasi geometri yang dikenal pada saat itu sebagai
suatu abstraksi/system logika

Logical structure of Elements

13 buku Elements
Dimulai dengan pernyataan sederhana, trivial, tak terbantahkan tanpa
pembuktian tentang ruang/geometri postulat dan konsep umum
(common notions)
Misalnya:
(1) Diberikan 2 titik, dapat dibuat garis yang melalui kedua titik itu
(2) Segmen garis dapat diperpanjang
(3) Lingkaran dapat dibuat dengan titik pusat dan jejari yang
diberikan

 (4) Semua sudut siku-siku adalah kongruen

(5) Kesejajaran

The Elements Book 1

Beberapa definisi:
1. A point is that which has no part (definition 1)
2. A line is breadthless length (definition 2)
3. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself
(definition 4)
4. When a straight line set up on a straight line makes the adjacent angles
equal to one another, each of the equal angles is right, and the straight
line standing on the other is called a perpendicular to that on which it
stands (definition 10)
5. An obtuse angle is an angle greater than a right angle (definition 11)
6. An acute angle is an angle less than a right angle (definition 12)

Postulat Euclid
Postulate I. To draw a straight line from any point to any point.
Postulate II. To produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight
line.
Postulate III. To describe a circle with any center and distance.
Postulate IV. That all right angles are equal to one another.
Postulate V. That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes
the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the
two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which
are the angles less than the two right angles.

Konsep umum Euclid

Common Notion I. Things which equal the same thing are also equal
to one another.
Common Notion II. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are
equal.
Common Notion III. If equals be subtracted from equals, the
remainders are equal.
Common Notion IV. Things which coincide with one another are equal
to one another.
Common Notion V. The whole is greater than the part.

Beberapa proposisi
Proposition 1. On a given finite straight line to construct an equilateral triangle.
Proof.
Let AB be the given finite straight line. Thus it is required to construct an equilateral
triangle on the straight line AB. With center A and distance AB let the circle BCD be
described [Post. III]; again, with center B and distance BA let the circle ACE be described
[Post. III]; and from the point C, in which the circles cut one another, to the points A, B let
the straight lines CA, CB be joined [Post. I].
Now, since the point A is the center of the circle CDB, AC is equal to AB [Def. 15]. Again,
since the point B is the center of the circle CAE, BC is equal to BA [Def. 15]. But CA was also
proved equal to AB; therefore each of the straight lines CA, CB is equal to AB. And things
which are equal to the same thing also equal one another [C.N. I]; therefore CA is also
equal to CB. Therefore the three straight lines CA, AB, BC are equal to one another.
Therefore the triangle ABC is equilateral; and it has been constructed on the given finite
straight line AB.
Being what it was required to do.

Diagram Euclid dari bukti Proposisi 1

Proposition 4. If two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides
respectively, and have the angles contained by the equal straight lines
equal, they will also have the base equal to the base, the triangle will
be equal to the triangle, and the remaining angles will be equal to the
remaining angles respectively, namely those which the equal sides
subtend.

Proposition 16. In any triangle, if one of the sides be produced, the

exterior angle is greater than either of the interior and opposite angles.

Beberapa komentar
Perbedaan sense untuk beberapa definisi
Beberapa asumsi implisit Euclid

PR 1 kumpulkan paling lambat tanggal 17

September 2016
Exercises: # 2, 7
Kirim ke email ysoeharyadi@gmail.com
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