Dasar Bioteknologi Tanaman

VARIASI SOMAKLONAL
Dr.Ir. Sukendah, MSc
Variasi somaklonal
Fenomena umum dalam regenerasi tanaman in vitro
Keragaman somaklonal adalah keragaman genetik
yang dihasilkan melalui kultur jaringan

Keragaman genetik eksplan mutasi

Keragaman genetik yang terjadi di dalam
kultur jaringan

Fase tak berdiferensiasi

yang relatif panjang
Pembentukan kalus
Massa sel parenkim yang terjadi karena proliferasi
jaringan awal

Somaclonal variation
Material utk mempelajari perkembangan
Dieksploitasi utk produksi bahan alam

Kumpulan sel amorphous dari sel-sel yang membelah

diri terus menerus
Keuntungan utama Somaclonal variation dapat
menciptakan tambahan
Plant improvement
variabilitas genetik
 gamma

mahkota bunga 500 dan 1000 rad

In vitro

tunas

Pengakaran

Tanam di pot
Variasi Somaklonal Tujuan Khusus
Komersial/
Crop Improvement Program

1. Perubahan harus stabil

2. Perubahan harus merupakan sifat-sifat penting

seperti vigor, hasil, kemasakan, tipe tanaman,
fertilitas, dan lain-lain

3. Variasi somaklonal yang menarik pada umumnya

meliputi sifat-sifat positif yang belum ada pada
nomor-nomor galur yang dihasilkan oleh para
pemulia tanaman
Terjadinya Variasi Somaklonal
1. Genetic (Heritable Variations)
Pre-existing variations in the somatic cells of
explant (sudah ada variasi pada sel somatik
sebelumnya)
Caused by mutations and other DNA changes
Occur at high frequency

2. Epigenetic (Non-heritable Variations)

Variations generated during tissue culture
(variasi yang diinduksi oleh kondisi kuljar)
Caused by temporary phenotypic changes
Occur at low frequency
Somaclonal Variation
Possible causes
the dedifferentiation redifferentiation process
axillary shoot proliferation vs. organogenesis &
embryogenesis
hypothesis of D'Amato
somaclonal variants are rare in micropropagated
plants (when multiplication is by axillary branching
of shoot tips/buds)
more common during shoot organogenesis &
somatic embryogenesis (esp. w/a callus phase)
Somaclonal Variation
Possible causes
the "culture environment"
the hypothesis that tissue culture is inherently
stressful to cultured plant cells
environmental stress is known to cause:
DNA methylation the methylation of cytosine
is known to cause gene inactivation; this may
occur during the redifferentiation process
gene amplification can result in incr. gene
expression
Somaclonal Variation
Possible causes
the "culture environment"
environmental stress is known to cause:
transpositional changes

inadequate control of the cell cycle (errors in

microtubule synthesis, spindle formation)
importance of PGRs

scant evidence of direct mutagenic action

more evidence for transient modifications of

phenotype (e.g., dwarfing)