DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. ii
DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................... iii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................................. 1
BAB II LENSA
2.1 Anatomi dan Histologi Lensa ............................................................................. 4
BAB III Refraksi
3.1 Refraksi .............................................................................................................. 4
3.1.1 indeks refraksi ............................................................................................ 4
3.1.2 Transmittance Cahaya ................................................................................ 5
3.1.3 Hukum Refleksi dan Refraksi .................................................................... 5
BAB IV KELAINAN REFRAKSI ......................................................................... 7
4.1 Kelainan Eefraksi ................................................................................................ 7
4.1.1 Definisi ....................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Presbiopia ........................................................................................................... 7
4.2.1 Definisi ....................................................................................................... 7
4.2.2 Etiologi ....................................................................................................... 8
4.2.3 Klasifikasi .................................................................................................. 8
4.2.4 Patofisiologi ............................................................................................... 8
4.2.5 Tanda dan gejala ...................................................................................... 8
4.2.6 Penatalaksanaan presbiopi ........................................................................ 9
4.3 hipermetropia ..................................................................................................... 10
4.3.1 Definisi ...................................................................................................... 10
4.3.2 Etiologi ...................................................................................................... 10
4.3.3 Klasifikasi ................................................................................................ 10
4.3.4 Tanda dan Gejala ..................................................................................... 12
 4.3.5 Penatalaksanaan Hipermetropi ................................................................. 12
4.4 Miopia ............................................................................................................... 14
4.4.1 Definisi ...................................................................................................... 14
4.4.2 Etiologi ...................................................................................................... 14
4.4.3 Klasifikasi ................................................................................................. 14
4.4.4 Gejala klinis .............................................................................................. 19
4.4.5 Diagnosis................................................................................................... 19
4.4.6 Penatalaksanaan miopi ............................................................................. 20
4.5 Astigmatisme. .................................................................................................... 21
4.5.1 Definisi ...................................................................................................... 21
4.5.2 Etiologi ...................................................................................................... 21
4.5.3 Klasifikasi ................................................................................................. 21
4.5.4 Patofisiolog ............................................................................................... 23
4.5.5 Manifestasi klinis ...................................................................................... 25
4.5.6 Diagnosis................................................................................................... 25
4.5.7 Penatalaksanaan astigmatisme .................................................................. 27
4.6 Ambliopia .......................................................................................................... 28
4.6.1 Definisi ...................................................................................................... 28
4.6.2 Gejala klinis .............................................................................................. 28
4.6.3 Klasifikasi amblyopia ............................................................................... 28
4.6.4 Penatalaksanaan ambliopia ....................................................................... 29
BAB V PEMERIKSAAN VISUS .......................................................................... 32
5.1 Pemeriksaan Visus ............................................................................................. 32
5.2 Streak Retinoskopi ............................................................................................. 34
5.3 Pemeriksaan refraksi, tes pinhole, dan batas toleransi kacamata ...................... 35
5.4 Tes douchrome ................................................................................................... 36
5.5 Kegunaan pinhole disc ....................................................................................... 57
5.6 Teknik astigmatic dial ........................................................................................ 58
5.7 Teknik cross-cylinder......................................................................................... 41
5.8 Keseimbangan binocular .................................................................................... 41
5.8.1 Fogging ..................................................................................................... 41
 5.8.2 Disosiasi prisma ........................................................................................ 42
5.9 Retinoskopi ........................................................................................................ 42
5.10 Autorefraktometer ............................................................................................ 45
5.11 Biometri .......................................................................................................... 46
5.12 Tes Plasido ....................................................................................................... 48
5.13 Keratometri ...................................................................................................... 50
5.14 Pemeriksaan Visus Bayi ................................................................................. 52
BAB VI KESIMPULAN ........................................................................................ 53
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..54