KARBOHIDRAT

RIJANTI RAHAJU MAULANI

Carbohydrate
Apa yang ada di benak anda?
 Functions and Sources of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the most

abundant class of biological
molecules in nature.

Dedi Fardiaz UI Carbohydrate 150507 3

 Photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O Carbohydrates + O2

(CH2O)n
manis, dapat dikristalkan
gula sederhana, n = 4 - 10
Dalam larutan mempunyai
gaya rotasi optik dan dalam
strukturnya terkandung semua
bentuk isomernya

Cn (H2O) x
x = n atau x = n-1,
tidak manis,
tidak volatil,
tidak mempunyai karakteristik
stereokimia yang khusus
Carbohydrates are composed of the polyhydroxy
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, and their simple
derivatives, and their polymers, that have polymeric
linkages of the acetal types
 TURUNAN KARBOHIDRAT
Name Functional Group Example
Glycose Aldehyde or Ketone D-glucose
D-fructose
Glycitol or Alditol Alcohol D-glucitol
Glyconic or Aldonic Acid Carboxylic Acid D-gluconic acid
Glycaric or Aldaric Acid Dicarboxylic Acid D-glycaric acid
Uronic Acid Carbocylic Acid, D-glucuronic acid
Aldehyde
 MONOSAKARIDA

Berdasarkan lokasi gugus karbonil: aldosa, ketosa

 MONOSAKARIDA

Berdasarkan jumlah atom karbon : triosa, tetrosa,

pentosa, dll.
 MONOSAKARIDA

Berdasarkan bentuk cincin : piranosa, furanosa

CONTOH MONOSAKARIDA
KARBOHIDRAT : MOLEKUL KIRAL
KARBOHIDRAT : MOLEKUL KIRAL
 STEREOISOMER

Enantiomers = Pairs of Stereoisomers (mirror images, cant be overlapped)

 STEREOISOMER

Senyawa dengan n karbon kiral memiliki bentuk

stereoisomer sebanyak 2n dan setengahnya merupakan
enantiomer (mirror images)
Aldotetrosa: memiliki 2 karbol kiral, dan memiliki total 4
stereoisomer (termasuk 2 bentuk enantiomer)
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
 OLIGOSAKARIDA

Homogenous di- to decasaccharides

Heterogenous di- to decasaccharides
Bersifat larut dalam air
Dikelompokkan berdasarkan jumlah monosakarida:
disakarida (maltosa, sukrosa, laktosa), trisakarida
(rafinosa), tetrasakarida (stakiosa), pentasakarida
(verbascosa), dll
Dihubungkan oleh ikatan glikosida (glycosidic
bond)
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
verbascose
 POLYSACCHARIDE

Plants store glucose as amylose or amylopectin, glucose

polymers collectively called starch.
Amylose is a glucose polymer with a(14) linkages
Amylopectin is a glucose polymer with mainly a(14)
linkages, but it also has branches formed by a(16)
linkages. Branches are generally longer than shown
above.
Cellulose, a major constituent of plant cell walls, consists
of long linear chains of glucose with b(14) linkages.
The end of the polysaccharide with an anomeric C1 not
involved in a glycosidic bond is called the reducing end.
 CH 2OH 6CH OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH
2
O 5 O H O H O H H O H
H H H H H
H H H H H
OH H 1 4 OH H 1 OH H OH H OH H
O O O O OH
OH 2
3
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
amylose

CH2OH CH2OH
H O H H O H amylopectin
H H
OH H OH H 1
O
OH
O
H OH H OH

CH2OH CH2OH 6 CH2 CH2OH CH2OH

H O H H O H H 5 O H H O H H O H
H H H H H
OH H OH H OH H 1 4 OH H OH H
4 O O
O O OH
OH
3 2
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH

CH 2OH 6CH OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH

2
O 5 O O H O H O OH
H H H
H H H H H
OH H 1 O 4 OH H 1 O OH H O OH H O OH H
OH H H H
H 2 H
3
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
cellulose
STRUKTUR AMILOSA
STRUKTUR AMILOPEKTIN
STARCH GRANULE STRUCTURE