GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X

Tugas Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Semester Genap Kelas XI Tahun Pelajara
2014-2015
Oleh
Ferdiansyah Adi Permana
Dwi ariska setianingrum
Syafira dwi astuti
Yuni fadhila
Agnes iswandari
Karisma tria azmi

DINAS PENDIDIKAN KABUPATEN JEMBER

SMA NEGERI AMBULU
APRIL 2015

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 1

 BAB I
Tentang Grammar bahasa Inggris
Grammar adalah himpunan dari aturan-aturan yang terstruktur yang mengatur susunan
kalimat, frase, dan kata dalam bahasa apapun.

Di dalam tata bahasa Inggris ada tiga dasar tata bahasa, yaitu (1). etimologi, (2). orthographi,
dan (3) Sintaks.

1. Etimologi, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang cara penyusunan huruf-huruf bahasa
inggris yang tepat ke dalam sebuah kata bahasa Inggris.

Dalam Etimologi, kata-kata bahasa inggris dikelompokkan ke dalam 8 bagian atau yang
disebut dengan the Eight Parts of Speech. Ke delapan bagian tersebut adalah noun, adjective,
verb, pronoun,adverb,preposition, conjuction, dan interjection

2. Orthographi, merupakan sistem ejaan suatu bahasa atau gambaran bunyi bahasa yang
berupa tulisan atau lambang. Ortografi antara lain meliputi masalah ejaan, kapitalisasi,
pemenggalan kata, serta tanda baca. Materi yang dibahas dalam orthography, yaitu:

a. Letter (huruf), merupakan lambang dari bunyi atau dalam arti yang lain disebutkan bahwa
letter adalah tanda goresan yang diucapkan atau dibunyikan.

b. Word, merupakan rangkaian dari huruf-huruf yang membentuk sebuah arti, misalnya : take
(mendapatkan), year (tahun).

c. Syllable (suku kata), merupakan bagian-bagian dari sebuah kata yang dapat langsung
diucapkan, misalnya glass, book, clever. Syllable dapat dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa
jenis, yaitu

- Monosyllable, adalah kata kata yang terdiri dari satu suku kata saja, misalnya : book, bring,
think, broom, clean, make, etc.

- Disyllable, adalah kata kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata, misalnya crazy,lazy,
happy,like,etc

- Trisyllable, kata kata yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata, misalnya: remember, happiness, etc

- Polysyllable, adalah kata kata yang terdiri dari empat suku kata atau lebih,misalnya :
determined, alocation, responsible, etc

3. Sintaks, adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang cara penyusunan kata kata bahasa Inggris
menjadi sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris yang tepat dan sesuai atau dapat juga dikatakan
bahwa syntax merupakan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mempelajari tentang proses
pembentukan sebuah kalimat.
GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 2
Suatu bahasa dilakukan dengan menggunakan suatu notasi tata bahasa bebas konteks
(context-free grammar) atau untuk memudahkan disebut tata bahasa saja. Suatu tata bahasa
secara alamiah menerangkan struktur hirarki dari banyak bentuk bahasa pemrograman.

BAB II
TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present adalah suatu grammer ( susunan kalimat ) yang menjelaskan
keterangan saat ini atau nanti.

Contoh : ( dalam kalimat positive )

Saya makan nasi pagi ini => I eat rice this morning
saya berangkat sekolah => I go to school

Coba perhatikan susunan kalimat nya:

Saya makan nasi pagi ini => I eat rice this morning
S V1 O adv S V1 O adverb
Saya berangkat sekolah => I go to school
S V1 O S V1 O

S=(subject), V=(kata kerja), O=(object), adv=(keterangan)/ tambahan

RUMUS SIMPLE PRESENT

* Positive: S + V1 + O

V1 = kata kerja bentuk ke satu.

Jika subject He , She , It maka V1 + s / es { go = goes, eat = eats }

Contoh :
Saya berangkat sekolah => I go to school
Dia berangkat sekolah => He goes to school
Saya makan nasi pagi ini => I eat rice this morning
Dia berangkat sekolah => He eats rice this morning

* Negative ( tidak ) : S + dont / doesnt + V1 + O

Dont = untuk subject : I , You , they , we. Doesnt = untuk subject : He , She, it

Jika sudah menggunakan doesnt, maka V1 tidak perlu ditambahi s / es !

Contoh :

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 3

Saya tidak berangkat sekolah => I dont go to school
Dia tidak berangkat sekolah => He doesnt go to school
Saya tidak makan nasi pagi ini => I dont eat rice this morning
Dia tidak makan nasi pagi ini => He doesnt eat rice this morning

* interogative ( pertanyaan ) : do / does + S + V1 + O

Do = untuk subject : I , You , They , We. Does = untuk subject : He , She , it

Jika sudah menggunakan Does, maka V1 tidak perlu ditambahi s / es !

Contoh:
Apakah saya berangkat sekolah?. => Do I go to school ?
Apakah dia berangkat sekolah ?. => Does He go to school ?
Apakah saya makan nasi tadi pagi ?. => Do I eat rice this morning?
Apakah dia makan nasi tadi pagi ? => Does He eat rice this morning?

PRESENT PERFECT
Present perfect adalah suatu grammer ( susunan kalimat ) yang menjelaskan
keterangan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja lewat ( telah lewat baru saja ).

Kata kerja present perfect menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ketiga ( V3 ).

Jika kata kerjanya adalah reguler verb ( kata kerja beraturan ) maka, kata kerja bentuk
ketiga ( V3 ) adalah kata kerja bentuk kesatu ( V1 ) yang ditambahi d / ed.

Contoh:
Change : merubah => Changed : merubah
Open : membuka => Opened : membuka
Close : menutup => Closed : menutup
Search : mencari => Searched : mencari

Tapi Jika kata kerjanya adalah ireguler verb ( kata kerja tidak beraturan ). Maka,
pelajarilah dan hafalkanlah dahulu kata kerja ireguler. Untuk memudahkan anda menguasai
grammer.

Contoh kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) :

Go = V1 Went = V2 Gone = V3 => pergi
Eat = V1 Ate = V2 Eaten = V3 => makan
Take = V1 Took = V2 Taken = V3 => mengambil

Biar lebih paham, kami disini akan memberi contoh hanya memakai kata kerja reguler
( beraturan )
Untuk kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) bisa kalian pelajari pada postingan kami
selanjutnya.

Perbedaan simple present dengan present perfect

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 4

Coba temukan perbedaannya!

Simple present:
Saya merubah gaya saya => I change my style
Kamu merubah gaya saya => You change my style
Dia merubah gaya saya => He changes my style
Ani merubah gaya saya => Ani changes my style

Present perfect:
Saya telah merubah gaya saya => I have changed my style
Kamu telah merubah gaya saya => You have changed my style
Dia telah merubah gaya saya => He has changed my style
Ani telah merubah gaya saya => Ani has changed my style

Setelah anda mengetahui dimana perbedaannya, coba perhatikan rumus dari present perfect
berikut :

RUMUS PRESENT PERFECT

* POSITIVE: S + have / has + V3 + O

Have = digunakan untuk subject : I , You , They , We. ( ayu dewi )

Has = di gunakan untuk subject : He , She , It.

Contoh:
Saya telah merubah gaya saya => I have changed my style
Kamu telah merubah gaya saya => You have changed my style
Ani telah merubah gaya saya => Ani has changed my style

Saya telah menutup pintu itu => I have closed the door
Kamu telah menutup pintu itu => You have closed the door
Ani telah menutup pintu itu => Ani has closed the door

* NEGATIVE ( tidak ): S + have / has + not + V3 + O

Have + not = have not / bisa disingkat havent

Has + not = has not / bisa di singkat hasnt

Contoh:
Saya tidak telah merubah gaya saya => I havent changed my style
Kamu tidak telah merubah gaya saya => You havent changed my style
Ani tidak telah merubah gaya saya => Ani hasnt changed my style

Saya tidak telah menutup pintu itu => I havent closed the door
Kamu tidak telah menutup pintu itu => You havent closed the door
Ani tidak telah menutup pintu itu => Ani hasnt closed the door

Lihat dan perhatikan perbedaan antara kalimat positive dengan negative!.

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 5

Hanya terdapat sedikit perbedaan. Yaitu: Penambahan not setelah have / has.

* INTEROGATIVE ( pertanyaan ): have / has + S + V3 + O

Contoh:
Apakah Saya telah merubah gaya saya? => Have I changed my style ?
Apakah Kamu telah merubah gaya saya? => Have You changed my style ?
Apakah Ani telah merubah gaya saya? => Has Ani changed my style ?

Apakah Saya telah menutup pintu itu? => Have I closed the door ?
Apakah Kamu telah menutup pintu itu? => Have You closed the door ?
Apakah Ani telah menutup pintu itu? => Has Ani closed the door ?

SIMPLE PAST
Simple past adalah suatu grammer ( susunan kalimat ) yang menjelaskan suatu
perbuatan di masa lalu / yang sudah lewat.

Contoh:
Saya tertabrak mobil tadi pagi.
Artinya: saya tertabrak mobil ( tapi sudah lewat / di masa lalu ) yaitu : tadi pagi.

Kata kerja simple past menggunakan kata kerja bentuk kedua ( V2 ).

Jika kata kerjanya adalah kata kerja reguler verb ( kata kerja beraturan ) maka, kata
kerja bentuk kedua ( V2 ) adalah kata kerja bentuk kesatu ( V1 ) yang di tambahi d / ed. (
sama dengan V3 ).

Contoh:
Change : merubah => Changed : merubah
Open : membuka => Opened : membuka
Close : menutup => Closed : menutup
Search : mencari => Searched : mencari

Tapi Jika kata kerjanya adalah ireguler verb ( kata kerja tidak beraturan ). Maka,
pelajarilah dan hafalkanlah dahulu kata kerja ireguler. Untuk memudahkan anda menguasai
grammer.

Contoh kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) :

Go = V1 Went = V2 Gone = V3 => pergi
Eat = V1 Ate = V2 Eaten = V3 => makan
Take = V1 Took = V2 Taken = V3 => mengambil

Biar lebih paham, kami disini akan memberi contoh hanya memakai kata kerja reguler
( beraturan )
Untuk kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) bisa kalian pelajari pada postingan kami
selanjutnya.

Perbedaan simple present dengan simple past.

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 6
Coba temukan perbedaannya!

Simple present
Saya mencari sebuah buku => I search a book
Saya tidak mencari sebuah buku => I dont search a book
Apakah saya mencari sebuah buku? => Do I search a book

Simple past
Saya mencari sebuah buku tadi pagi => I searched a book last morning
Saya tidak mencari sebuah buku tadi pagi => I didnt search a book last morning
Apakah saya mencari sebuah buku tadi pagi? => Did I search a book last morning?

Perbedaannya ada di kata kerja dan keterangan waktunya saja.

-
simple present kata kerjanya menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ke-satu ( V1 )
Tetapi simple past kata kerja nya menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ke-dua ( V2 )
-
simple present dalam kalimat negative menggunakan do not (dont) / does not (doesnt)
Tapi simple past dalam kalimat negativenya menggunakan did not / disingkat didnt
-
simple present dalam kalimat interogative (tanya) menggunakan do / does
Tapi simple past dalam kalimat interogative ( tanya ) menggunakan did

Setelah anda mengetahui dimana perbedaannya. Coba perhatikan rumus dari simple past
berikut :

RUMUS SIMPLE PAST

* POSITIVE: S + V2 + O

Contoh:
Saya cinta padamu (di masa lalu) => I loved You
Dia cinta padamu (di masa lalu) => He loved you

12 tahun yang lalu, Saya cinta padamu => 12 years ago, I loved you
12 tahun yang lalu, Dia cinta padamu => 12 years ago, He loved you

* NEGATIVE: ( tidak ) S + did + not + V1 + O

INGAT! jika ada did maka, kata kerja simple past yang tadinya bentuk ke-dua ( V2 )
berubah menjadi kata kerja bentuk ke-satu ( V1 ).

Did + not = Did not / bisa disingkat Didnt

Saya tidak cinta padamu (di masa lalu) => I didnt love you
Dia tidak cinta padamu (di masa lalu) => He didnt love you

12 tahun yang lalu, Saya tidak cinta padamu => 12 years ago, I didnt love you

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 7

12 tahun yang lalu, Dia tidak cinta padamu => 12 years ago, He didnt love you

Lihat dan perhatikan perbedaan antara kalimat positive dengan kalimat negative!
Hanya terdapat sedikit perbedaan. Yaitu: penambahan Didnt setelah subject. Dan
perubahan V2 menjadi V1

* INTEROGATIVE: (pertanyaan) Did + S + V1 + O ?

INGAT! Jika ada Did. Maka, kata kerja simple past yang tadi nya bentuk ke-dua ( V2 )
berubah menjadi kata kerja bentuk ke-satu ( V1 )

Contoh:
Apakah Saya cinta padamu? (di masa lalu) => Did I love you ?
Apakah Dia cinta padamu? (di masa lalu) => Did he love you ?

12 tahun yang lalu, apakah Saya cinta padamu? =>12 years ago, did I love you?
12 tahun yang lalu, apakah Dia cinta padamu? =>12 years ago, did he love you?

Lihat dan perhatikan perbedaan antara kalimat positive dengan kalimat interogative!
Hanya terdapat sedikit perbedaan. Yaitu: penambahan Did sebelum subject. Dan
perubahan V2 menjadi V1.

PAST PERFECT
Past perfect adalah suatu grammer ( susunan kalimat ) yang menjelaskan suatu
perbuatan yang telah selesai ( baru saja ) tapi di masa lalu.

Contoh:
- Saya telah menjual mobil saya, 2 hari yang lalu
Artinya: Saya telah ( baru saja ) menjual mobil saya. ( tapi di masa lalu ) yaitu: 2 hari yang
lalu
- Dia telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan ku, tadi pagi .
Artinya: Dia telah ( baru saja ) menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya. ( tapi di masa lalu ) yaitu: tadi
pagi.

Kata kerja past perfect menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ketiga ( V3 ) dengan di dahului
had sebelum kata kerja nya.

Jika kata kerjanya adalah reguler verb ( kata kerja beraturan ) maka, kata kerja bentuk
ketiga ( V3 ) adalah kata kerja bentuk kesatu ( V1 ) yang ditambahi d / ed.

Contoh:
Change : merubah => Changed : merubah
Open : membuka => Opened : membuka
Close : menutup => Closed : menutup
Search : mencari => Searched : mencari

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 8

Tapi Jika kata kerjanya adalah ireguler verb ( kata kerja tidak beraturan ). Maka,
pelajarilah dan hafalkanlah dahulu kata kerja ireguler. Untuk memudahkan anda menguasai
grammer.

Contoh kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) :

Go = V1 Went = V2 Gone = V3 => pergi
Eat = V1 Ate = V2 Eaten = V3 => makan
Take = V1 Took = V2 Taken = V3 => mengambil

Biar lebih paham, kami disini akan memberi contoh hanya memakai kata kerja reguler
( beraturan )
Untuk kata kerja ireguler ( tidak beraturan ) bisa kalian pelajari pada postingan kami
selanjutnya.

Perbedaan simple past dengan past perfect.

Coba temukan perbedaannya!

Simple past:
+ Saya mencuci mobil saya, kemarin => I washed my car, yesterday
- Saya tidak mencuci mobil saya, kemarin => I didnt wash my car, yesterday
? Apakah saya mencuci mobil saya kemarin? => did I wash my car, yesterday ?

Past perfect:
+ Saya telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin
=> I had washed my car, yesterday
- Saya tidak telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin
=>I hadnt washed my car, yesterday
? Apakah saya telah mencuci mobil saya kemarin ?
=> Had I washed my car, yesterday ?

Perbedaan nya ada pada kata kerja dan penambahan had sebelum kata kerjanya

-
Simple past kata kerjanya menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ke-dua ( V2 )
Tapi Past perfect kata kerjanya menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ke-tiga ( V3 )
-
Simple past dalam kalimat negative, sebelum kata kerja ditambahi Did not ( didnt )
Past perfect dalam kalimat negative, sebelum kata kerja ditambahi had not ( hadnt )
-
Simple past dalam kalimat interogative ( tanya ) menggunakan did
Past perfect dalam kalimat interogative ( tanya ) menggunakan Had
-
Simple past dalam kalimat negative dan interogative, kata kerjanya berubah menjadi V1
Past perfect dalam kalimat positive, negative, interogative, kata kerjanya masih tetap V3

Setelah anda mengetahui dimana perbedaannya. Coba perhatikan rumus dari past perfect
berikut:

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 9

RUMUS PAST PERFECT

* POSITIVE: S + Had + V3 + O

Contoh:
Saya telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin => I had washed my car, yesterday
Mereka telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin =>They had washed my car, yesterday

Dia telah menerima hadiah saya, tadi malam =>She had accepted my gift, last night
Ani telah menerima hadiah saya, tadi malam =>Ani had accepted my gift, last night

* NEGATIVE ( tidak ) S + had + not + V3 + O

Had + not = had not / bisa disingkat hadnt

Contoh:
Saya tidak telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin
=> I hadnt washed my car, yesterday
Mereka tidak telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin
=> They hadnt washed my car, yesterday

Dia tidak telah menerima hadiah saya, tadi malam

=> She hadnt accepted my gift, last night
Ani tidak telah menerima hadiah saya tadi malam
=> Ani hadnt accepted my gift, last night

Lihat dan perhatikan perbedaan antara kalimat positive dengan kalimat negative.
Hanya terdapat sedikit perbedaan. Yaitu: penambahan not setelah had

* INTEROGATIVE ( pertanyaan ) had + S + V3 + O ?

Contoh:
Apakah saya telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin ?
=> had I washed my car, yesterday ?
Apakah mereka telah mencuci mobil saya, kemarin ?
=> had They washed my car, yesterday ?

Apakah dia telah menerima hadiah saya, tadi malam ?

=> had She accepted my gift, last night ?
Apakah Ani telah menerima hadiah saya, tadi malam ?
=> had Ani accepted my gift, last night ?

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 10

 PAST CONTINOUS

Past continous adalah suatu grammer ( susunan kalimat ) yang menjelaskan suatu
perbuatan yang sedang dilakukan, tapi di masa lalu.

Contoh:
Saya sedang tidur di kamar saya, kemarin
Artinya: saya sedang tidur di kamar saya. ( tapi itu terjadi di masa lalu ) yaitu: kemarin

Kata kerja past continous menggunakan kata kerja Ving ( menunjukan arti sedang / continous
) dengan di dahului to be ( was/ were ) yang menunjukan past ( masa lalu ).

Perbedaan simple past dengan past continous .

Coba temukan perbedaan nya!

Simple past
Saya mencari sebuah buku, kemarin => I searched a book, yesterday
Mereka mencari sebuah buku, kemarin => They searched a book, yesterday
Dia membuka pintu itu, tadi malam => He opened the door, last night

Past continous
Saya sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin => I was searching a book, yesterday
Mereka sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin =>They were searching a book,yesterday
Dia sedang membuka pintu itu, tadi malam =>He was opening the door, last night

Setelah anda mengetahui dimana perbedaannya . Coba perhatikan rumus past continous
berikut:

RUMUS PAST CONTINOUS

* POSITIVE: S + to be ( was / were ) + Ving + O

To be:
Was = digunakan untuk subject : I , He , She , It
Were = di gunakan untuk subject : You , They , We

Contoh:
Saya sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin => I was searching a book, yesterday
Kami sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin =>We were searching a book,yesterday

Dia sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam => He was closing the door, last night
Kamu sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam =>You were closing the door,last night

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 11

* NEGATIVE: (tidak) S + to be ( was / were ) + not + Ving + O

Was + not = Was not / bisa disingkat Wasnt

Were + not = Were not / bisa disingkat Werent

Contoh:
Saya tidak sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin
=> I wasnt searching a book, yesterday
Kami tidak sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin
=> We werent searching a book, yesterday

Dia tidak sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam

=> He wasnt closing the door, last night
Kamu tidak sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam
=> You werent closing the door, last night

Lihat dan perhatikan perbedaan antara kalimat positive dengan kalimat negative!
Hanya terdapat sedikit perbedaan. Yaitu: penambahan Not setelah to be ( was / were )

* INTEROGATIVE: (pertanyaan) to be ( was / were ) + S + Ving + O

Contoh:
Apakah saya sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin?
=> was I searching a book, yesterday ?
Apakah kami sedang mencari sebuah buku, kemarin?
=> were we searching a book, yesterday ?

Apakah dia sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam?

=> was He closing the door, last night ?
Apakah kamu sedang menutup pintu itu, tadi malam?
=> were you closing the door, last night ?

BAB III
GRAMMAR IN ACTION
TO BE AND TO HAVE
The verb to be acts as a linking verb, joining the sentense subject with a subject complement
or complement. A linking verb provides no action to a sentence.

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 12

 The subject complement re-identifies the subject; the complement modifies it.
Professor Moriber is the the Director of Online Learning.
Dini, Stella and Jody are the students of SMA 5 Semarang.

Present Tense

As a main verb to have implies the meaning of possession.

For example : - I have a good job.
- I have a car
- I dont have any time.

Present Tense
I am we are
You are you are
he/she/it is they are

As a main verb to have implies the meaning of possession.

For example:
- I have a good job
- I have a car
- I dont have any time

Question positive statements negative statements

Singular
do I have . . . ?
does he/she/it have . . . ?
do you have . . . ?
Plural
do we/you/they have . . . ?
I have . . . I don't have . . .
he/she/it has . . . he/she/it doesn't have . . .
you have . . . you don't have . . .
we/you/they have we/you/they don't have

QUESTION WORD
WH-QUESTION WORD
We use question word to ask certain types of questions.we often refer to them as WH-words
because they include the latters WH(what,who,why,when,where,how)

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 13

 Question Words Functions Examples
What Asking for information about something What is your name?
When Asking about time When were you born?
Where Asking in or at what place or position Where do you live?
Which Asking about choice Which house is yours?

PRONOUNS
1. The subjective pronouns (he, she, I, it, they, you, we) are used for the subject
of a clause.
E.g. - Shall we help those people?
- Where did you go last week?
2. The objective pronouns (him, her, me, it, them, you, us) are used for the object
of a verb or a preposition.
E.g. - Mary saw him onthe street.
- john talked to her for a while
3. The possesive before a noun (my, his, her, our, their, its, your) is used to show
possesion.
E.g. - this is my book. Where is your book ?
4. The possesive after a noun (mine, his, hers, theirs, yours, ours) is also used to
show possesion.
E.g. -This book is mine, but than one on the table is yours.

RISING AND FALLING INTONATION

The sentence is pronounced with a rising intonation. Rising intonation is used
for interrogative question.
E.g. - Are they students ?
- Are you Mr.Smith

INTERROGATIVE WORDS AND

SENTENCES
Iinterrogative words
-What ? -Who ? -Really ? -How ?

EXCLAMATORY WORDS, PHRASES AND

SENTENCES
o EXCLAMATORY WORDS
Wow!
Brilliant !

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 14

 Fantastic!
Nice!
Awesome!
Amazing!

o EXCLAMATORY WORDS
How + adjective + !
How terrible!
How interesting!

o EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
What + adjective + noun ( these + to be) + !
If the noun in your sentence is plural, the correct choise is what, not how.
What is the acceptable with singular as well as plural nouns.
what fantastic dresses these are is correct
how fantastic dresses there are is incorrect
what a fantastic dress this is!

MODAL MUST (PAST PROBABILITY)

Past

S + must + verb 2 + ...

S + must + be + adjective + ...

It must feel terrible to lose your favorite uncle.

It must be very hard to see your cousins lost their mother.

Past
S + must + have + verb2 +...
S + must + have + been + adjective +...

That must have hurt ( so much )

It must have been very scary (for you)

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech Indirect speech with in the introductory verb in
the past tense
Imperative (positive)
Go away He told me go away
Bring me a book She asked her to bring him a book

Impertive (negative)
Dont do that He asked me (her,us,etc) not to do it

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 15

Dont clean it yourself He told me not to clean it my self
Statement
I am very sorry He said that he was very sorry
I lost my temper yesterday He told me that he had lost his temper the day
before
wh question
Where are you going? He asked her where she was going
How did you do this ? I wanted to know how you had done that

Yes/no question
Are you enjoying yourself? He asked me if/whether i was enjoying my self
Can you hear me? She wanted to know if/whether i could hear her

LINKING VERBS
A linking verb connects a noun or pronoun with words that identify or discribe the noun or
pronoun.
many linking verbs are form of the verb be.
e.g.:
I am a student
His paws are strong
Volovo is pomeranian dog
The house was on the hill
The books were o the table

Beside to be, there are other linking verbs.

e.g.:
Volovo appears happy when he sees his master
The doberman dog seems fierce
The dgs barking sounds very noisy
The cat is becoming fatter and fatter
The horse looked really tired
The milk tasted so sweet

THINKING VERBS
Thinking verbs are processes of sensing: feeling, thinking, and perceiving
Feeling : like,dislike,hate, love, please
Thinking : think, agree, assume, puzzle
Perceiving : see, watch, hear, notice, smell

Study the following sentences.

Mark Likes His new car
I Dont understand This question
I Smell The roses in the garden
Nice clothes pleases jack

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 16

 ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Sometimes we use more than one adjective to describe something. We can use both fact
adjectives and opinion adjectives.
Opinion adjective go before fact adjectives.

Opinion Fact
A Beautiful Silky Dress
An Interesting Young lady
An Expensive Large round wooden table

Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives. We put fact adjectives in this order.

determiner opinion Fact

size age shape Color origin material purpose noun
A beautiful small old rectangular Yellow german wooden dining table
the

RELATING VERBS
Relating verbs involve states of being and having. They are used to indentify something
(indentifying) or to assign a quality to something (attributive).

Attributive Identifying
Be Become Go Be Become Equal
Get Turn Grow Add up to Play Act as
Keep Stay Remain Call Mean Define
Look Appear Seem Represent Spell Express
Smell Taste Feel Form Give Constitute
Sound End up Turn out Imply Stand for Symbolize
Last Weigh Concern Realize Indicate Signify
Cost Has Belong to Be taken Take up Span
Need Require Resemble Occupy Own
Include Involve Contain
Comprise Provide Cause

Pay attention to the italic words :

My school has five canteens
The canteen is beside the music room
The parking area for students looks very clean

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1) The same as and the same they have the same meaning but the same as is used
between the two nouns being compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or
plural noun.

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 17

 Examples : - bogor is the same as ungaran
- bogor and ungaran are the same
2) Similar to and similar ( they have the same meaning but, similar to is used between
the two nouns or a plurar noun).
Examples : - surabaya is similar to medan
- surabaya and medan are similar
3) Like and alike (they have the same meaning, but like is used between the two nouns
compared and alike is used after the two nouns).
Examples : - the weather feels like spring
- the weather and spring are alike
4) Specific similary
a) The same...as for quality nouns (age, color, height, lenght, prize, size, syle,
weight)
Example : ujung pandang is almost the same size as semarantg
b) As... as for quality adjectives (big, cheap,clear, cold, easy, expensive, hard,etc)
Example : mitas house is as big as mine
5) Different and different from (they have the same meaning, but different from is
used between the two nouns being compared, and different is used after the two
nouns)
Examples : - my sister is different from you
- my sister and i are different
6) To differ from (it is a verb)
Examples : - jogyakarta is differ from jakarta
7) Comparrative estimates
a. Multiple numbers (half, twice, three times, four times, ten times, etc)
Example : semarang is three times as big as ungaran
b. More than and less than
Example : palembang has more than a hundred good buildings
c. As many as
Example : my town should have as many as a hundred public telephones
8) Comparative adjectives
Examples : - this room is more spacious than the other one
- the climate here is milder than that of my town
9) Superlaive adjectives
Examples : - new york is the largest of all american cities.
- denpasar is the prettiest of all cities on bali island

PARTICIPLE PHRASES
The present participle can be used to replace a relative clause in the active voice.
e.g. :
The house which is standing at the foot of the hill belongs the royal family
The house standing at the foot of the hill belongs to the royal family
The past prticiple can be used to replace a relative clause in the passive voice.
e.g. :
The thames river, which is situated between east london and west london
flows into the sea
The thames river, situated between east london and west london flows into the
sea

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 18

 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Read and study the following sentences:
The building oppsite to the bank is a two-story shop.
It means: the shop has two floors.
The five-bedroom bungalow has been mortgaged to the bank
It means: the bungalow that has five bedroom
The passengers are allowed to smoke only in the smoking compartment.
It means: a compartment for people to smoke.

PUNCTUATION
I. Capitalize nouns that name specific geographical locations.
e.g :
o Glacier national park but a park in the west
o Great smoky mountains but a mountain in tennessee
o New york city but a city in america
II. Compass direction that name a definite section of the country or the world should be
capitalize.
e.g :
o The middle east but jim is treveling east
o The northwest but she is facing northwest
o Note : the modern trend is to write nouns and adjectives derived from east,
west, north, and south with small letters.
e.g : - a northener
- southern hospitality
o Exceptions : these adjectives are generally capitalized when they refer to
political religion.
e.g : -easten europe
-southeast asia
III. Capitalize the names of specific streets, highways, buildings, and organization,
significant events, and holidays.
E.g :
o Forty-sixth street
o Fourth of july, memorial day, new years day

PASSIVE SENTENCE
To change active sentence to passive sentences we follow this pattern:

Active sentences: passive sentences

Subject + verb + object subject + to be + past participle

See the changes in this table:

tenses Active Passive

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 19

Simple present He writes a letter A letter is written
Simple past He wrote a letter A letter was written
Present perfect He has written a letter A letter has been written
Past perfect He had written a letter A letter had been written
Present future He will write a letter A letter will be written

GRAMMAR FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE X 20