RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Create by :

MAWARNI CITRA P

RIZKY ERNANDA

STUDY PROGRAM NURSE DIPLOMA IV

SEMARANG NURSE DEPARTMENT

HEALTH POLITEKNIK OF SEMARANG

2015
Title : Respiratory System

Abstract :

Mawarni CitraPratiwi (P.17420613063)

Rizky Ernanda (P.1742061307 )

Respiratory system

Setiap hari kita bernafas tentu sajauntuk bernafas kita memerlukan organ
pernafasan , untuk itu penting bagi kita un kita kita juga dapat mengetahui untuk
mengetahui apa saja organ pernafasan kita dan apa saja fungsinya. Selain kita
harus mengetahui apa saja organ pernafasan kita uga dapat mengethaui penyakit-
penyakita apa saya yang dapat menyerang organ pernafasan kita. Hakikatnya
bernafas adalah menghirup oksigen dan mengeluarkan kabon dioksida. Namun
ternyata fungsi juga untuk menyaring udara bersih dan mengedarkan oksigen
keseluruh tubuh kita.organ pernafasan kita terdiri dari hidung,faring
,laring,bronkus,dan alveoli. Masing- masing oragan mempunyai fungsinya
masing-masing. Selain itu organ pernafasan di bagi benjadi 2 yairu saluran
pernafasan atas dan saluran pernafasan atas.setelah udara kita hirup dan melalui
setiap organ atau saluran nafas kita udara kemudian disaring lalu terjadilah proses
difusi proses ini terjadi di alveoli . prose difusi adalah proses pertukaran anata
oksigen bersih yang siap edar keseluruh tubuh dan masuknya kabondoksida ke
alveoli lalu di hembuskan keluar. Namun apabila terjadi kelainan atau salah satu
organ pernafasan kita terserang penyakit maka itu dapatmengganggu pernafasan
kita . banyak sekali penyakit yang dapat menyerang organ pernafasan kita seperti
asma,COPD, emfisisema,pleuritis,bronchitis danmasih banyak lagi.untuk itu
penting bagi kita untuk mempelajari tentatang system pernafasan .
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

A. Background
Have you ever experienced a change of voice or a decreased sense of smell
when you have a cold? Have you ever observed that your breathing becomes
faster and more laborious when you actually pay attention to it? These
processes illustrate the complexity of our respiratory system. We could
survive without food for days to months but if we stop breathing for five
minutes or more, our brain would die. Each day an adult doing normal
activities takes between 12 to 20 breaths a minute. That adds up to more
20,000 breaths in a day. All of this breathing couldn't happen without help
from the respiratory system. Although we can't see it, the air we breathe is
made up of several gases. Oxygen is the most important for keeping us alive
because body cells need it for energy and growth. Without oxygen, the body's
cells would die.
In the past medical history always enquire about childhood infections
including pneumonia, previous thoracic operations (it is surprising what
patients may forget), and any history of tuberculosis. Childhood infections and
pneumonia may give a clue as to the cause of bronchiectasis, or may indeed
signify the fact that lungs were abnormal from a very early age, which may
point to a congenital cause of chronic lung disease. A history of frequent
childhood chest infections, or just being chesty as a child, may add supportive
evidence towards a diagnosis of asthma if the rest of the history fits with that
The main purpose of respiration is to provided oxygen for the bodys cells.
Oxygen is used by cells for breakdown of nutrients, an activity that is
necessary to supply energy to cells and the body. The anatomy of the human
respiratory system starts at the place where air first enters the body, there is
nose, then pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. When we
 breathe in, air travels through several parts of respiratory system. Its enter
nose or mouth. It passes through the trachea, which branches into two
bronchial tube. Each tube leads to one of the lungs. The gas exchange area, the
region where oxygen is transferred to the blood and carbon dioxide is
removed, is made up of three separate compartments for blood, air, and tissue.
Various infection diseases caused by viruses and bacteria can produce
difficulties in breathing. Some diseases like cold, sore throat, influenza,
pharyngitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis
So we learn respiratory system in order to we can know what is respiratory
system, how respiratory system work, and how a healthy respiratory system
can be damaged.

B. Problems formulation
1. What is respiratory system?
2. Explain the anatomy and physiology of respiratory system!
3. Describe how gas exchange!

C. Goals
After studying this paper you will be able to
1. Explain the meaning of respiratory system
2. Explain the anatomy of respiratory system
3. Explain mechanism of breathing
4. Explain the abnormalities that occurred respiratory system
 Chapter II

Discussion

A. Definition
The respiratory system is the set of organs that allows a person to breathe
and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. An example of
respiratory system is the human's nasal passages, larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes and lungs. The function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen
and to remove carbon dioxide from cells. Oxygen is needed by cells to
produce heat and energy. In using oxygen, the cells produce carbon dioxide as
waste. Inhaled air is moistened and warmed as it passes through the upper
respiratory tract - the nose, the pharynx and the larynx. The clean air passes on
through the lower respiratory tract - the trachea and lungs where the exchange
of gases takes place (Sorrentino, 1997).

B. Anatomy and physiology

The respiratory system contains the upper and the lower respiratory tracts.
The upper respiratory tract contains the respiratory organs located outside the
chest cavity: the nose and the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx and upper
trachea.
The lower respiratory tract consists of organs located in the chest cavity:
the lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and the lungs. The lower parts
of the bronchi, the bronchioles and alveoli, are all located in the lungs. The
alveoli are the point at which gas exchange takes place. The pleura are a
membrane that covers the lungs. The muscles that form the chest cavity are
also part of the lower respiratory tract. The respiratory centre in the brain,
which is located in the medulla oblongata, regulates breathing. (Herlihy et al.
2000).
Each of organ has own function there are :
 The nose

The nose is the only part of the respiratory system that is visible externally
and is the route for air entry into the respiratory system. Air is drawn in via
the nostrils or external nares and enters the large nasal cavity, which is
divided into two by the nasal septum. The nasal cavity is partitioned from
the oral cavity directly below it by the palate. The function of nose is to
cleaned a large of particles such dust, insect, and another particle cause in
the nose there are cilia . another function of nose are to moist and warmed
the air.

The pharynx

This funnel-shaped tube is about 12,5 cm long and has three sections the
nasopharynx, just behind the nasal cavities, the oropharynx behind the
mouth and the lowest section, the laryngopharynx

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal and

oral cavities to the larynx. Therefore, the pharynx, which is commonly
referred to as the throat, has three parts: the nasopharynx, where the
nasal cavities open above the soft palate; the oropharynx, where the oral
cavity opens; and the laryngopharynx, which opens into the larynx. The
tonsils form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the
pharynx. Being lymphatic tissue, the tonsils contain lymphocytes that
protect against invasion of foreign antigens that are inhaled. In the tonsils,
B cells and T cells are prepared to respond to antigens that may
subsequently invade internal tissues and fluids. Therefore, the respiratory
tract assists the immune system in maintaining homeostasis. In the
pharynx, the air passage and the food passage cross because the larynx,
which receives air, is ventral to the esophagus, which receives food. The
larynx lies at the top of the trachea. The larynx and trachea are normally
open, allowing air to pass, but the esophagus is normally closed and opens
only when a person swallows
 The larynx

The larynx is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air

between the pharynx and the trachea. The larynx can be pictured as a
triangular box whose apex, the Adams apple, is located at the front of the
neck. At the top of the larynx is a variable-sized opening called the glottis.
When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward against the epiglottis, a
flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx. You can
detect this movement by placing your hand gently on your larynx and
swallowing. The larynx is called the voice box because it houses the vocal
cords. The vocal cords are mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments,
which are stretched across the glottis When air passes through the glottis,
the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound. At the time of puberty, the
growth of the larynx and the vocal cords is much more rapid and
accentuated in the male than in the female, causing the male to have a
more prominent Adams apple and a deeper voice. The voice breaks in
the young male due to his inability to control the longer vocal cords. These
changes cause the lower pitch of the voice in males. The high or low pitch
of the voice is regulated when speaking and singing by changing the
tension on the vocal cords. The greater the tension, as when the glottis
becomes narrower, the higher the pitch. When the glottis is wider, the
pitch is lower The loudness, or intensity, of the voice depends upon the
amplitude of the vibrationsthat is, the degree to which the vocal cords
vibrate.

Trachea

The trachea or windpipe is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or
voice box) to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into
the thorax. The rings of cartilage rings faces posteriorly toward the
esophagus, allowing the esophagus, allowing the esophagus to expand into
the space occupied by the trachea to accomodate masses of food moving
through the esophagus.
 The Bronchial Tree

The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi (sing.,bronchus),
which lead into the right and left lungs .The bronchi branch into a great
number of secondary bronchi that eventually lead to bronchioles. The
bronchi resemble the trachea in structure, but as the bronchial tubes divide
and subdivide, their walls become thinner, and the small rings of cartilage
are no longer present. During an asthma attack, the smooth muscle of the
bronchioles contracts, causing bronchiolar constriction and characteristic
wheezing. Each bronchiole leads to an elongated space enclosed by a
multitude of air pockets, or sacs, called alveoli (sing., alveolus). The
components of the bronchiole tree beyond the primary bronchi compose
the lungs.

The Lungs

The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs that occupy the thoracic cavity,
except for the central area that contains the trachea, the heart, and
esophagus. The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes,
allowing room for the heart, which points left. A lobe is further divided
into lobules, and each lobule has a bronchiole serving many alveoli.

The lungs follow the contours of the thoracic cavity including the
diaphragm, the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity. Each lung is enclosed by pleura, a double layer of
serous membrane that produces serous fluid. The parietal pleura adheres to
the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the
lung. Surface tension is the tendency for water molecules to cling to one
another due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Surface tension
holds the two pleural layers together, and therefore the lungs must follow
the movement of the thorax when breathing occurs.
 The Alveoli

The lungs have about 300 million alveoli, with a total crosssectional area
of 5070 m2. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. The
wall of the sac and the wall of the capillary are largely simple squamous
epitheliumthin flattened cellsand this facilitates gas exchange. Gas
exchange occurs between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries.
Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream, while
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the
alveoli. The alveoli of human lungs are lined with a surfactant, a film of
lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension and prevents them from closing.
The lungs collapse in some newborn babies, especially premature infants,
who lack this film. The condition, called infant respiratory distress
syndrome, is now treatable by surfactant replacement therapy.

C. Mechanism of breathing
1. Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs we normally
breathe 10-15 times per minute. Each breathing cycle involves two stages:
 a. Inhalation - or inspiration - is when the lungs expand and air is pulled
into them.
b. Exhalation - or expiration is when the lungs reduce in volume and air
leaves the lungs.
2. The lungs are not directly attached to any muscle, so they cannot expand
or contract on their own.
3. Inhalation and exhalation are produced by movements of two sets of
muscles: the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs, known as the
intercostal muscles.
4. There are two sets of intercostal muscles the internal intercostals
(inhalation) and the external intercostals (exhalation).
5. The diaphragm lies along the bottom of the ribcage and separates the
thorax from the abdomen.
6. Before inhalation the diaphragm is curved upwards into the chest. During
inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, causing the volume
of the thorax to increase.
7. The pressure in the thorax therefore decreases, sucking air in.
8. When the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its curved position, aided by
contraction of the muscles of the abdominal wall.
9. This causes the volume of the thorax to decrease, and the pressure to rise,
thus forcing air back out of the lungs.
10. The intercostal muscles work in the same way the external intercostals
contract, swinging the ribs upwards and outwards, increasing the volume
of the thorax, and causing us to inhale.
11. Breathing out is easier, since both gravity pulling the ribs down and the
natural elasticity of the lungs help to collapse the lungs and squeeze air
out.
12. We generally breathe with the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
only; it is only when exercising that we use the other muscles our
internal intercostals and the muscles of the abdominal wall to really force
air out.
 13. Since our breathing is based on atmospheric pressure, the lungs can only
work if the space around them is sealed if there is a hole in the thoracic
cavity, the lung collapses and breathing ceases. This can happen with a
broken rib, or when stabbed. Each lung is separately sealed, to reduce the
risk of death from a (relatively) minor injury.

D. Mechanism of gas exchange

Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very
narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many
millions of alveoli in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for
gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur
over.
Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries
containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and
alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive
diffusion along concentration gradients.
CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the
alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous
flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with
O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane.

E. Respiratorys diseases
Asthma
A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, associated with recurrent,
reversible airway obstruction with intermittent episodes of wheezing and
dyspnea In asthma, periodic constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles
makes more dificult to breath in and especially, out. Attacks of asthma can
be :
1. Triggered by airborne irritants such as chemical fumes and cigarette
smoke.
 2. Airborne partical to which the patient is allergic

Bronchitis
Any irritant reaching the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate an
increased secretion of mucus. In chronic bronchitis is usually associated
with cigarette smoking.

Emphysema
In this disorder, the delicate walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the
gas-exchange area of the lungs.the condition develops slowly and is
seldom a direct cause of death. However, the gradual loss of gas-exchange
area the heart to pump ever-larger volumes of blood the lungs in order to
satisfy the bodys needs. The added strain can lead to heart failure.
The immediate cause of emphysema seems to be the release of proteolytic
enzymes as part of the inflamatory process that follows irritation of the
lungs. Most people avoid the kind of damage infections,etc by producing
an enzyme inhibitor(a serpin) called alpha-1 antitrypsin. Those rare people
who inherit to defective genes for alpha-1 antitrypsin are particulary
suspectible to developing emphysema

COPD
Irritation of the lungs can lead to asthma, emphysema and cronic
bronchitis. And in fact, many people develop two or three of these
together. This constellation is known as COPD
 Chapter III

Conclution

The respiratory system is the set of organs that allows a person to breathe.
The respiratory system used to supply oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide from
cells. Oxygen is needed by cells to produce heat and energy. The respiratory
system contains the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory
tract contains the respiratory organs located outside the chest cavity: the nose and
the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea. The lower respiratory tract
consists of organs located in the chest cavity: the lower trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli and the lungs. Each of organ has own function.

In the respiratory system there are have Mechanism of breathing.

Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs we normally breathe
10-15 times per minute. Each breathing cycle involves two stages:
a. Inhalation - or inspiration - is when the lungs expand and air is pulled into
them.
b. Exhalation - or expiration is when the lungs reduce in volume and air leaves
the lungs.

Inhalation and exhalation are produced by movements of two sets of

muscles: the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs, known as the
intercostal muscles. There are two sets of intercostal muscles the internal
intercostals (inhalation) and the external intercostals (exhalation). The diaphragm
lies along the bottom of the ribcage and separates the thorax from the abdomen.

There are many millions of alveoli in each lung, and these are the areas
responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange
to occur over. In the respiratory system there are also some respiratory diseases
like Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, COPD.
Bibliography