OLEH: KELOMPOK 2B
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
TAHUN 2018
Endokarditis Trikuspidalis pada Sapi Sebagai Penyebab
Peningkatan Konsentrasi Serum Troponin Jantung
Abstrak
Seekor sapi Holstein disajikan karena kehilangan berat badan dan anoreksia memiliki
takikardia, murmur jantung, dan proses inflamasi kronis. Serum troponin jantung meningkat
pada 3,52 ng/mL. Transtorakal ekokardiograpi mengungkapkan katup trikuspid menebal dan
artefak comet-tail kompatibel dengan gas di daerah yang terkena. Laporan ini menunjukkan
bahwa serum troponin jantung dapat meningkat karena endokarditis bakteri pada sapi.
Penyakit jantung pada sapi menantang mereka untuk diagnosis dan prognosis mereka.
Berbagai parameter biokimia yang disebut biomarker jantung dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis
penyakit jantung sapi. Creatinine Kinase – Myocardial Band (CK-MB) adalah isoenzim jantung
spesifik kreatin kinase dan dapat meningkat pada berbagai gangguan jantung. Laktat
dehidrogenase tipe 1 (LDH1) juga meningkat pada penyakit jantung. Namun, kurangnya
sensitivitas penanda ini pada hewan besar. Endokarditis bakteri adalah penyakit jantung yang
umum pada sapi. Hewan biasanya hadir dengan proses infeksi kronis, demam bergelombang dan
murmur jantung, namun tanda-tanda spesifik penyakit jantung mungkin tidak ada.
Deskripsi kasus
Seekor sapi Holstein berusia 3 tahun dipresentasikan di klinik ambulatory sapi Faculté de
Médecine de Vétérinaire karena anoreksia dan penurunan produksi susu selama 1 minggu. Sapi
itu berada dalam kawanan susu 200 sapi perah yang diberi total ransum campuran (TMR) dan
disimpan di warung gratis. Kawanan itu secara rutin divaksinasi untuk virus pernafasan-
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine
parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3), dan untuk bovine virus diarrhea (BVD). Sapi telah melahirkan 5
kali sebelumnya tanpa masalah kecuali banyak kasus memiliki kondisi tubuh (BCS) yang buruk
[2,25 sampai 5 pada saat melahirkan sesuai dengan program pengobatan preventif rutin].
Analisis rekam medis sapi tidak mengungkapkan masalah apapun (DS @ HR, Saint-Hyacinthe,
Quebec).
Pada saat kedatangan, sapi dalam kondisi tubuh yang buruk (BCS dari 2,25). Suhu rektal
(38,8 ° C) dan laju pernafasan (20 kali/menit) yang normal. Sebuah takikardia ringan dicatat (90
denyut/menit). Auskultasi jantung menunjukkan murmur IV/VI murmur dengan titik intensitas
maksimal di sisi kanan toraks. Selaput lendir pucat dengan waktu pengisian kapiler <2 detik.
Rumen hipo-motil (1 kontraksi per 2 menit). Sebuah magnet hadir dalam retikulum seperti yang
dinilai dengan kompas. Pemeriksaan transrectal normal. Tidak ada kelainan lain yang diamati
pada pemeriksaan fisik.
Sampel darah diambil untuk darah lengkap (sel) meghitung (CBC), profil biokimia
serum, troponin jantung I (Beckman-Coulter Access AccuTnI; Beckman Coulter, Long Beach,
California, USA) yang diukur dengan uji chemiluminescent yang menggunakan 2 antibodi
monoklonal tikus yang ditujukan terhadap cTnI manusia. Batas bawah deteksi untuk pengujian
ini adalah 0,01 ng/mL. Sapi juga disiapkan untuk echo-cardiographi standar, untuk mengetahui
asal mula murmur. Bagian kanan thorax dicukur dari ruang intercostal ke-3 sampai ke-5. Air
kemudian dioleskan ke area tersebut untuk mencuci kulit dan meningkatkan penetrasi
ultrasound-gel kopling juga digunakan. Ultrasonografi jantung kemudian dikombinasikan
dengan probe sektoral 2-MHz (LogiqBook, GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA).
CBC dan profil serum biokimia sesuai dengan anemia nonregeneratif (PCV=19%
rentang referensi: 24% sampai 36%) tanpa retikulosit pada pemeriksaan darah, proses
peradangan kronis dengan proses hiperfibrinogenemia (12 g/L; kisaran referensi: 3 sampai 5
g/L), hiperglobulinemia (62 g/L; kisaran referensi: 26,2 sampai 45,2 g/L), dan hiperproteinemia
(98 g/L; rentang referensi: 59,5 sampai 80 g/L).
Konsentrasi serum cTnI sapi meningkat tajam pada 3,52 ng/mL (kisaran referensi: cTnI
0,00 sampai 0,05 ng/mL). Karena prognosis buruk, tidak ada tes lebih lanjut yang dilakukan.
Sapi itu dimusnahkan dan pemiliknya diberitahu bahwa ada risiko tinggi sapi tersebut akan
diapkir karena banyak tanda sepsis. Sayangnya tidak mungkin melakukan nekropsi.
Diskusi
Penyakit katup jantung pada sapi jarang ditemui karena bakteri endokarditis. Meskipun
temuan klinis pada kasus endokarditis dengan infeksi kronis, demam intermiten, takikardia, dan
murmur jantung, tanda-tanda tersebut kurang spesifik. Murmur jantung telah terdeteksi pada
pemeriksaan fisik di 50% sampai 80% dari kasus yang dikonfirmasi dari endokarditis . Kedua
studi dilakukan di bawah pengaturan rumah sakit di mana kondisi auskultasi jantungnya lebih
baik daripada di lapangan. Kultur darah serial juga dapat membantu dalam diagnosis infeksi
endokarditis dalam menentukan bakteri yang ada dalam katup yang terinfeksi.
Peningkatan konsentrasi cTn pada kasus endokarditis bakteri sering diamati pada
manusia, namun belum pernah dilaporkan pada spesies lain. Peningkatan konsentrasi troponin
jantung dalam kasus ini tampaknya merupakan manifestasi keterlibatan miokard. Sebuah studi
baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi cTnI pada kasus endokarditis
berkorelasi dengan adanya annular atau infark miokard yang didiagnosis dengan ekokardiografi.
Penilaian cTnI dapat digunakan sebagai alat prognostik karena pasien abses dan endokarditis
memiliki prognosis buruk. Pasien dengan endokarditis infektif dan peningkatan konsentrasi cTnI
juga cenderung mengalami disfungsi sistolik ventrikel. Efektivitas ventrikel kiri diubah dalam
kasus ini dengan fraksi pemendekan yang sangat rendah pada ventrikel kiri. Meskipun aspek
ultrasonografi miokardium normal dalam kasus ini, sebagian kecil septum interventrikular tidak
dapat dinilai karena artefak komet-ekor karena katup trikuspid yang terinfeksi. Tidak diketahui
apakah bagian ini bisa saja abses sejak nekropsi tidak dilakukan.
Abstract — A Holstein cow presented for weight loss and anorexia had tachycardia, heart murmur, and a chronic
inflammatory process. Serum cardiac troponin I was increased at 3.52 ng/mL. Transthoracic echocardiography
revealed a thickened tricuspid valve and comet-tail artifacts compatible with gas in the affected area. This report
suggests that serum cardiac troponin I may be increased in bacterial endocarditis in cattle.
Résumé — Endocardite tricuspide bovine comme cause d’une concentration accrue des troponines cardiaques.
Une vache Holstein présentée pour perte de poids et anorexie avait de la tachycardie, un souffle cardiaque et un
processus inflammatoire chronique. Les troponines I cardiaques étaient augmentées à 3,52 ng/mL.
L’échocardiographie transthoracique a révélé une valvule tricuspide épaissie et des artefacts de queue de comète
avec du gaz dans la région touchée. Ce rapport suggère que les troponines cardiaques I sériques peuvent être accrues
dans les cas d’endocardites bactériennes chez les bovins.
(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières)
Can Vet J 2010;51:195–197
Figure 1. Right parasternal long axis 4-cavities view of the heart Figure 2. Right parasternal long axis 4-cavities view of the right
of a cow with tricuspid endocarditis and a marked increase in heart in the cow. The depth of examination has been decreased
cTn concentration. The echocardiography revealed a severely to focus on the diseased valve. The 2 short arrows indicate the
distended right ventricle (RV) when compared with the left anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The septal leaflet of the
ventricle (LV). The tricuspid valve (TV) is thickened and comet- tricuspid valve (arrowheads) is thickened and grossly abnormal,
tail artefacts (arrowhead) preclude complete examination of the by contrast to the leaflet attached to the anterior right ventricular
mitral valve and the left atrium (LA). The right atrium (RA) and wall, which appears as a thin echoic line. The right ventricle (RV),
the aorta (Ao) are also observed. Ds — dorsal; Vt — ventral. the right atrium (RA) and the interventricular septum (IVS) are
also observed. Ds — dorsal; Vt — ventral.
Table 1. Echocardiographic parameters determined on a cow with chronic inflammatory process with hyperfibrinogenemia (12 g/L;
tricuspid endocarditis reference range: 3 to 5 g/L), hyperglobulinemia (62 g/L; refer-
The cow in this report Normal values (7) ence range: 26.2 to 45.2 g/L), and hyperproteinemia (98 g/L;
Parameter Values Mean 6 s reference range: 59.5 to 80 g/L).
The serum cTnI concentration of the cow was mark-
RVd (cm) 7.77 2.27 6 0.76
RVs (cm) 6.21 1.14 6 0.43 edly increased at 3.52 ng/mL (reference range: cTnI 0.00 to
IVSd (cm) 2.90 2.2 6 0.51 0.05 ng/mL) (8,9). Due to the poor prognosis, no further tests
IVSs (cm) 2.05 3.4 6 0.5 were performed. The cow was culled and the owner was told
LVd (cm) 5.02 8.7 6 1.0
LVs (cm) 3.62 4.2 6 0.8 that there was high risk that the cow would be condemned due
LAD (cm) ND 12 6 1.2 to multiple signs of sepsis. Unfortunately it was not possible to
Ao (cm) 5.4 6.4 6 0.62 perform a necropsy.
PA (cm) ND 5.5 6 0.8
SF (%) 27.8 46.5 6 9.5
Discussion
s — standard deviation.
RVd — end diastolic right ventricular diameter; RVs — end systolic right Valvular heart diseases are rare in cattle and are mainly due
ventricular diameter; IVSd — end diastolic interventricular septal thickness; to bacterial endocarditis (3,4). Although the clinical findings
IVSs — end systolic interventricular septal thickness; LVd — end diastolic left
ventricular diameter; LVs — end systolic left ventricular diameter; LAD — left in cases of bacterial endocarditis include a chronic infectious
atrial diameter; ND — not done; Ao — aortic diameter; PA — pulmonary artery process, intermittent fever, tachycardia, and heart murmur
diameter; s — standard deviation; SF — shortening fraction of the left ventricle.
(1,4), those signs lack specificity (1,10). A cardiac murmur
has been detected on physical examination in 50% (3) to 80%
tricuspid valve was irregularly thickened (Figure 1). Small gas (4) of confirmed cases of bacterial endocarditis. Both studies
bubbles were also observed in the valve with multiple comet-tail were performed under hospital settings in which conditions of
artifacts that precluded complete visualization of the myocar- cardiac auscultation are better than in the field. Serial blood
dium near the septal leaflet of the valvular attachment. Those cultures also may help in the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis
findings were consistent with abcessation of the affected area in determining the bacteria present in the infected valves (11).
and secondary gas production by bacteria. The tricuspid leaflet Transthoracic echocardiography is a sensitive tool for
attached to the anterior right ventricular wall appeared to be the antemortem detection of bacterial endocarditis in cattle
normal as a thin echoic line (Figure 2). A dilation of the right (3,12,13). The ultrasonographic findings include an irregular
atrium and ventricle was also noted (Table 1). The shortening valvular thickening and secondary lesions induced by regurgita-
fraction of the left ventricle was decreased at 27.8%. No myo- tion due to the diseased valve (1). The infected endocardium is
cardial anomalies were observed. usually echogenic (13). Heterogenic echogenicity with comet-
The CBC and serum biochemistry profile were compatible tail artifacts and gaseous content of the infected endocardium
with a nonregenerative anemia (PCV = 19%; reference range: encountered in this case have not been previously described in
24% to 36%) with no reticulocytes on the blood smear, a cases of bovine bacterial endocarditis. The image was interpreted
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