sz There is-There are CZZz@ Mecning To say that something exists (or doesn't exist) ‘There isn't) [pen on thetable. ‘There @ren't any jpens|here. 1 there C+ [USESIRSETSE There G8 any GER hn the rge, {isa caton the chair. ds acaton thechair(?) Are) {are) cats on the sofa. cats on the sofa(?). (Howmany + Blivatinoinl + arethere.2 | (CONTRACTIONS) There's= There is ‘How many/stlidentslare therein your class? There's not= There is not ‘How many days are there! ‘There isn't= There is not in February? there aren’t= There arent EM) British & Ameri SME English em British courgette British aubergine British jacket potato British runnerbean string bean som & cm =) American zucchini American ‘eggplant cA (769, plant/ American ‘Se baked potato = Peetht 59'tet ou! American string bean /sirtn “ben!wes) LOOK FOR =to search for (someone/something) (Transitive) This phrasal verb is used when a person is searching for or trying to find someone or something. You often look for something when you have lost it, need it or want it. This phrasal verb is frequently used in a progressive tense. Look for + person/thing Im looking for my keys. °° I'm looking for them. I'm looking mykeys for. 3% i | EXAMPLE SENTENCES, - I've spent an hourlooking for my keys. |don't know where they are. ~The detective is ooking for clues to help solve the case. ~ She looked forher name on the list but couldn't find it. - Someone came to the office looking for you. ~Johnis looking for a new job. British & American English #~ ‘mencanengusnataagor British American chips french fries (real frat British American crisps . 7 potatochips Jp9"'sttw "itp British American lade! British a4) American peckish hungry Fie = dll 5) American english at State ‘americanenglish.state.govSIMPLE PAST A a, EVE American english atstate americanenglish.state.gov est, ORDINAL NUMBERS We normally add a ™ to the end of a cardinal number to make it an ordinal number. Be careful of the spelling exceptions below: firs 4" fourth 14” fourteenth fe “5th fifth 15" fifteenth 25" twenty-fifth 6" sixth 16" sixteenth 26" twenty-sixth 17 seventeenth 18" eighteenth A —-19"" nineteenth tenth 20" twentieth — USESOF ORDINAL NUMBERS — DATES: Her birthday is on the 29th, CENTURIES! shotespeare was bom inthe 16H cenuy. SSEQUENCEIOROER: Mytesm came scondin the leagu FLOORS OF ABLILOING! Hs crce sone tenn Foor. 10"SIMPLE FUTURE | s.yer qecem ae be going to + verb Ts Tosay that something exists (or doesn't exist) { There (is) + [singular & There (@re)-+ 4 There (is) + (un ‘There‘is) a book! on the desk. ‘There‘is) some (milk’ in the fridge. ‘There‘isn’t/a|penjon the table. ‘There @lenit any ipensjhere, es the sofa. Are) cats on the sofa(?) PROF I TO©) May-Might Uses of May and Might: Possibility = Itmight sain later so take an umbrella, _ = a significant differencein Give permission (Only MAY) ‘meaning. However, ‘Might =Youmayhave another cookie you like. often implies a smaler chance ~ You may open the window ifyou want. pening ‘Ask for permission >) (when expressing possibility). -itmayrain. (70% chance) ‘~ It might rain. (40% chance) ~ May | borrow your pen please? ~May | have some water please? Express wishes (Only MAY) = May you both livea long and happy life. ~May the New Year bring you happiness. Happensin certain situations May not can be used to ~These tablets may produce sideeffects. _ NOT give permission orto. Kids may be scared by these images. PROHIBIT someone from Speculate about past actions _ doing something. ~ She is late. She may have missed her plane. ~ You may not take photos Your comment may have offended people. _ inside the museum. PAST PROGRESSIVE “emericanenglish state.gov -alzo known es past continous was always complainin about her} American English at State amoricanonglich.stato.gov| American English British English | Arti Store Shop Toko Garbage/trash Rubbish Sampah Candy Sweets Permen Flashlight Torch = |Obor Schedule Timetable Jadwal Undershirt [Vest Kaos dalam Wrench Spanner Kunci Windshield Windscreen _| Kaca depan [Pants Trousers | Celana__ [flattire = Flattyre | Ban kempes Transmission Gearbox perseneling BETWEEN vs. AMONG INGENERAL Sete Seeairs '- The pencil fell (between) the books. middle SPACE There wereor two books and ‘separating two things. thepenewasin the male. (AMONG = somethings -The pencil fell among) the books. inthe middle of agroup There weremore than two books end ofthings.Itissurounded. [Re pene assumounded by bovis ‘MORE DETAILS: ‘(Between = to connect two periods of time. AT- PREPOSITIONS OF TIME -I get up at 7 o'clock. my (AT +SpecificTime “Tye nove state ‘at 830. -They sing carols at Christmas. (AT + Holiday Period IN) + the + Decade (IN) +the+ Century (IN) + Season (IN) + Time Period aubergine ‘eggplant eg_plant/ American Zucchini Aaveni/ American American ae we baked potato *§ (betkt pa'tet, tou! American ! string bean Pen "ben! ON - IN Come and visit us at Thanksgiving. Iwill visit you on Wednesday. -Where were you on Friday? -His birthday is on March 27th. ~The exam is On the 16th. - My birthday is in) January. -I/m going on vacation in August. - Shakespeare was born in) 1564, ~The Titanic sank in) 1912. - Life wes difficult in) the 1940s, -There were many hippies in the ‘60s, -We are living in the 21st century. -Itwas built in the sixth century. -We go to the beach in) summer. -There are many flowers in) spring. -The meeting starts in ten minutes. -She will be here in three hours.British & American English British American = 64S" Newndi British American candy floss = : cotton candy kavte rnd British il i i tl American ice lolly popsicle papatal/ American treacle molasses /malaae! mmericanenglish.state.gov British American underground subway /.d0.d9'Qrotbed sab well British American chemist's a drugstore / pharmacy Themists/ ee dig, sto®l damaa! = British American phone box phone booth 1 ot0 “bake fon "bai h i American i queue line Pea! 4 Totes‘enous WAS - WERE ey SHORT ANSWERS. PRESENT Are you happy? Yes, lam. PAST — Were youhappy? Yes, Iwas. eRAPLE ‘AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS: ANSWERS ANSWERS Was | correct? Was leary? Were you busy yesterday? ; Were you cold ast night? Y° 125. Neen Yes, youwere. No, you weren't. Were you and John teady? Were you both embarrassed? Were they hungry? ‘Were Mike and Jack worried? Yes, wewere No, we weren't. Yes, they were. No, they weren't. Was he late again? Was Steve frustrated? Yes,hewas. No, he wasn't. Was she a good student? Was Mary at home last night? Was it difficult? Was your dog sick last week? Yes,shewas. _No, she wasn't. Yes, itwas. No, it wasn't.WAS - WERE 108:-Past Tense “AFFIRMATIVE | V ‘weren late, _athome. www.grammarc _www.woodvardenglishcom _ www.vocabulary.ch British & American English *” British American Takeaway Bee takeout etka, wel! - British American timetable schedule atom, texbol/ ke. a lat of the times when u lane) i expected to leave or ortive American eraser thot hat been waiten or drown American mail Peal!cum) POSsessive Pronouns A Possessive Pronoun replaces a possessive adjective + noun to avoid repeating information that is already clear. - This book is my book, not your book. —_ (Sounds repetitive) - This book is mine, not yours. (Sounds more natural) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN MY = Myshirtisgreen. = MINE The shirt is mine. YOUR Your bookisnew. YOURS The book is yours. HIS — Hispillowissoft. HIS The pillowishis. HER Herdogissmall. HERS The dogishers. ITS _ Its bone is old. Se OUR Ourbirdisnoisy. QURS The birdis ours. YOUR Your house is big. YOURS The house is yours. THEIR Theircaris slow. THEIRS The car is theirs. outa Eee cue a Motorcycle Motorbike Sepeda motor Math maths Pelajaran Matematika Sidewalk Pavement Trotoar/Pedestrian Gasoline/gas Petrol Bensin Mail Post Surat mailbox Postbox Kotak surat Zip code Postcode Kode pos Mailman Postman Tukang pos Bar Pup Bar Rest room Public toilet Toilet Eraser Rubber PenghapusBritish & American English *” ish a block offlats = 55 ink ov fats Ge flat ground floor gavin fa "| first floor American apartment building fa‘ paetmen: apartment (a paetment/ first floor / ground floor fost ‘flee second floor hand ‘loo 28") DID - SHORT ANSWERS LEZ PRESENT Do you like surprises? Yes,| do. PAST —_ Did you like my surprise? Yes,| did. EXAMPLE QUESTIONS Did | pass the test? Did I make a mistake? Did you need help yesterday? Did you sleep well last night? Did you and John study? Did you both like the movie? Did they arrive on time? Did Mike and Jack pay for it? Did he answer your question? Did Steve enjoy the game? Did she go to the dentist? Did Mary finish the report? Did it rain last night? Did your dog bite someone? AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWERS Yes, you did. Yes,1did. Yes, we did. Yes, they did. Yes, he did. Yes, she did. Yes, it did, NEGATIVE SHORT. ANSWERS No, you didn't. No,| didn't. No, we didn't. No, they didn't. No, he didn’t. No, she didn't. No, it didn’t.etna British English | Arti Parking lot Car park ‘Tempat parkir French fries Chips Kentang goreng Movies Cinema Bioskop Drugstore/pharmacy Chemist’s shop Apotek Intersection Crossroad Persimpangan Motor Engine Mesin Garbage can/Trash Dustbin ‘Tempat sampah can Apartment Flat Apartemen Main street High stret Jalan utama Vacation Holiday Liburan Elevator Lift Lift “LIKE LIKE + Noun. (oh f Pronoun =He speaks lice a native speaker! | worked as anieno| (He speaks similar to anative speaker) _ teacher at the school. - You look like your sister. ~ Please don’t use my plate - Stop behaving like animals! asan ashtray. } COMPARISONS AS + Subject + Verb (cia) This curry is hot, .. Jie - re Teer ie BNcbodysineses she dors ..asit should be. as+cawse - AS |said before, we have Comparngtothe wayacuryshouldbe. to get readly. COMPARE THE DIFFERENCE In INFORMAL English’ = Asyour boss, | warn you to be careful. _ people sometimes jam your boss! have the role of boss) se LIKE instead of AS. - Like your boss, | warn you to be careful. - Nobody sings as she does. (Glam notyour boss, but we havea similar opinion) - Nobody sings like she does.happy. re atschool. hungry. anurse. big. They | a ONES) Affirmative They ‘are happy. Deveson Are’ they happy 2 Shon Answer Yes they area, ther arent Heisnot.. He’snot... You're not. lam not... = rmnot.. encistt | eats YOU'RE vs. YOU'RE) ornate You're is a contraction. You're = You are You're intelligent = Youare intelligent You're + Adjective (description) ~You're tall. ~vouare tal. -You're busy today. OR. Yee + Arties Adjctne + Noun You're + Verb-ing (action) -You’re’ learning English. You're reading this chart. BE Simple Present Tense N TO za You are not. __ POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE | ‘Your English will improve if you're careful with these rules. teachers. aren't noisy. x rich. IS she rich?) ‘Yes, she is/ No, shelsnt .. Weare not... They are not... Werenot... They‘renot Wearen't.... Theyaren't YOUR Refers to something a person has or owns. Your book =The book belongs to you Your + Noun Wsihozse (thing/person) -Your motheris tall. emeen ir friends are here. OR YoureAjecves Noun (NO atic ‘There is NEVER an Satthe end of ‘YOUR when itis followed bya noun. ~ Yours, books.TO BE - Past & Present cz AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES am_ happy. ; poor. He is rich. | astudent. She is anurse. difficult. It is: | easy. late. We (are early. { athome. You are atschool. } noisy. They are quiet. } -Yesterday -Lastmonth -Now -RightNow - Last week - Last year ~Atthe moment EXAMPLES” | Was’ sad yesterday, but | am’ happy at the moment. She was a student last year, but she is a nurse now. They ‘were busy last week, but they (are free right now. ERT ENcusH - (GRAMMAR The difference between A and AN ‘Rand AN have the same meaning. A and AN are indefinite articles. The difference depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word. When the next word starts witha When thenext word starts with a CONSONANT SOUND VOWEL SOUND CAND la book a frog ‘an apple an| orange a car a lemon an egg ‘an umbrella adog a truck an insect /an| actor BE CAREFUL!) The SOUND of the letter is important Tha H tts asi ahouse BUT an hour > Zattttteeomna anuncle BUT a university |The U atthe beginning of RL university sounds ke YOU. ‘This rule applies to all words after A or AN (including adjectives, adverbs.) a cold day ‘an easy lesson a very crazy person an interesting classBritish & American English British Se American wainers sneakers a wi: bart) British Gilt. American jumper - ‘sweater pullover ae 7 swrtor/ British American waistcoat vest J veit/ British Th American braces LN LL suspenders Sit spendaz/ NIE american english at state americanenglish.state.gov st) COMPARATIVES - SUPERLATIVES (zie The dog \s faster than the elephant. The horse isthe fastest. The horse is bigger than the dog. The elephant is the heaviest. The dogs more energatic than the elephant. “ADJECTIVE CC ONE syllable fast young ONE syllable ae Ending in strange stranger the strangest ONE syllable Double the last consonant and add Consonant + -ER “EST Short Vowel + i bigger the biggest Consonant hotter the hottest Remove the-¥ and add TWOsyllables AER “EST Ending in-¥ happier the happiest crazier the craziest To MORE mone ~ THEMOST + Be more famous most famous syll more beautiful the most beautiful Common the best the worstgas, PLURALNOUNS Zw Regular Nouns Ends in $, CH, SH, X or Z_ Ends in F or FE add-S add -ES removeFiFe add -VES car 2cars 1 bus 2 buses leaf 2ieaves 1dog 2dogs_-—= match «matches 1 wolf -2wolves Tbook — 2 books dish 2 dishes 1 iife: 2iives Thouse 2houses 1 box 2 boxes 1 knife 2knives Tapole 2apples quiz quizes ernst Ends in VOWEL + Y_ ‘Ends in CONSONANT + Irregular Nouns add-S removey add -IES man 2men iday days loty —_2cties Vchild — 2.children tkey —2keys ‘baby 2 babies lfoot 2 feet ‘boy 2 boys istry 2 stories Vtooth 2 teeth iguy — 2guys ‘party parties t mouse 2mice donkey 2donkeys 1 country 2countiies 1 person 2 people Endsin YOWEL+0 — Endsin CONSONANT+0_ Nochange add-s add-ES 1200-22005 Theo 2heroes. == Isheep 2sheep Ttadio— 2tadios Techo 2echoes deer 2deer 1stereo 2stereos «tomato. 2tomatoes fish 2 fish 1video 2videos «1 potato potatoes series series ons pane ‘species 2 species ‘kangaroo kangaroos Pe=Hers plre-pince 1 species 2 speckAmerican vs British English *Counter-clockwise - _ anti-clockwise * Cookie = biscuit + Parking lot = car park + French fries - chips * Movies 2 cinema * Garbage can - dustbin * Movie - film * Apartment - flat * Main street = high street * Vacation - holiday * Diaper - nappy * Eraser - rubber oe. csc British & American English British American trainers Me sneakers NL ant: hora British American jumper sweater pullover 7 wetor] itish American waistcoat vest vet British A American braces ff ’ suspenders Ped spendor/British & American English “~ amaricanenalishstate gov < American & gly 5 bonnet f hood ent * na i boot gue trunk fa rome windsereen windshield (wandshrtnd foendpy indicator ——ax blinker (tum signal) i tyre tire 8 Para rai 8 [E&I American English at State ‘americanenglish.state.gov British & American English #~ ish American lorry a truck neo? = British American O° stein “wagon! British American flat apartment a" p0rtmont British lift American Enalish at State americanenalish.statecaovTHE PASSIVE VOICE assumes 1 ALETTER IS WRITTEN BY ME. stbect vee object __ACTIVE | PASSIVE PRESENTSIMPLE I write a letter A letter is written ‘PRESENTCONTINUOUS | |. am writing aletter | A letter is being written ‘PASTSIMPLE | wrote a letter Aletter was written PASTCONTINUOUS | Iwas writing a letter | A letter was being written PRESENTPERFECT | Ihavewrittena letter | Aletter has been written PAST PERFECT 'had weitten a letter | A letter had been written FUTURE SIMPLE I willwrite aletter | A letter will be written FUTURE BEGOINGTO | | amgoingtowrite | Alletteris goingtobe aletter written MODAL 'must write a letter | A letter must be written MODAL PERFECT | should have written} A letter should have | " aletter waitfen phone = British & American English *” Spelling Differences emercanengtih.tate.gov British Gy American a odour 4y odor > pyjamas x pajamas S programme program parlour parlor apologise apologize EXE American english at state ‘americanenglish.state.“evcush) WAS - WERE ‘GRAMMAR SHORT ANSWERS. PRESENT Are youhappy? Yes, lam. PAST — Wereyouhappy? Yes, was. Westen Vearyou were Wereyou coll istnighe, —YeStwas septa smn Wore Mite ond eckcworear Yes.they were WasStove tated? Yeshe was Was Mary schometastnight? Ye she wes. Wasit difficult? Was your dog sick last week? YeS:it wes. NEGATIVE ‘SHORT, ANSWERS No, you weren't. No, Iwasn't. No, we weren't. No, they weren't. No, he wasn't. No, she wasn't. No, it wasn't. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE americanengishstate.gov known as future continuous Remember: usualy STATIVE VERBS willbe éverb-ing ‘ate NOT usedin the progressive ng) form, When do weuse the future progressive? With"nlia use the reson rogers inthe ‘io" cavoo and tur progessieinthe other doure | american English at State americanenglish.state.gov