Course 6-Rev Well

Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering
Hidrogeologi Tambang
(Course-5)

Water Well Constructions
1
Metode Pemboran untuk Pengujian dan Ekploitasi Airtanah
Jenis metode pemboran dibedakan berdasarkan:
1. Mekanisme pemborannya.
2. Sirkulasi fluida bor

3. Jenis fluida bor yang digunakan.

Berdasarkan mekanisme pemboran, pemboran dibagi

menjadi:
1. Pemboran tumbuk (percussive drilling). Dioperasikan dengan cara:
mengangkat dan menjatuhkan alat bor secara berulang-ulang ke
dalam lubang bor hingga lubang bor terbentuk akibat mekanisme
tumbukan dan beban rangkaian bor.
2. Pemboran putar (rotary drilling). Lubang bor dibentuk dari pemboran
dengan mekanisme putar dan disertai pembebanan.
3. Bor putar hidraulik (hydraulic rotary). Lubang dibentuk dari
kombinasi anatara mekanisme putar, tekanan hidraulik, dan beban
setang bor.
4
2
Kelebihan dan kekurangan mesin bor tumbuk
Kelebihan Kekurangan
1. Ekonomis (murah, biaya operasi 1. Kecepatan laju pemboran rendah
rendah, baiaya transportasi 2. Sering terjadi putusnya sling
murah, persiapan rig cepat)
2. Menghasislkan contoh
pemboran yang lebih baik
3. Lebih mempermudah
pengenalan lokasi
4. Tanpa sistem sirkulasi
5. Kemungkinan kontaminasi
karena pemboran relatif kecil

Berdasarkan sirkulasi fluida, metode pemboran dibagi menjadi
dua, yaitu:
1. Sirkulasi langsung (direct circulation). Fluida bor dipompakan dari
mud pit ke mata bor melalui bagian dalam stang bor kemudian
kembali lagi ke permukaan akibat tekan pompa melalui anulus.
2. Sirkulasi terbalik (reverse circulation). Fluida bor dari mud pit
bergerak melalui rongga anulus, kemudian kembali lagi ke
permukaan akibat gaya hisap pompa melalui bagian dalam stang bor.
6
3
Berdasarkan jenis fluida pemboran dibedakan

menjadi:
1. Pemboran menggunakan cairan/lumpur (mud flush).
2. Pemboran menggunakan udara (air flush)

Istilah dalam pembutan sumur bor:

1. Diameter sumur. Besaran diameter casing pipa yang digunakan
sesuai dengann keperluan. Jenis casing yang digunakan biasanya
PVC atau low carbon yang disesuaikan dengan kualitas airtanah.
2. Kedalaman sumur. Tergantung pada berapa lapisan akuifer yang
digunakan dan jenis akuifernya (tertekan atau tidak tertekan)
berdasarkan data log bor.
3. Screen adalah tempat masuknya air pada lubang bor dan berfungsi
sebagai filter material dari formasi tidak ikut terbawa oleh pompa.
4
4. Gravel pack. Material kasar buatan yang ditempatkan di sekitar screen

yang berguna untuk mempermudah air di pompa karena material-
material pada akuifer tertahan pada gravel pack tidak menutupi lubang-
lubang screen (sand bridge). Mencegah agar lubang stabil/tidak runtuh.
Berfungsi sebagai filter alami.
5. Pompa. Alat untuk menghisap air dari lubang bor ke atas permukaan
tanah. Pada pemboran airtanah dalam pompa yang lazim digunakan
adalah pompa salam (submersible pump)
6. Piezometrik adalah sebuah alat pengukur muka airtanah yang
ditempatkan di dalam sumur pantau. Sumur pantau ditempatkan dibuat
di sekitar sumur pompa.
7. Grouting adalah lapisan buatan (berupa semen) yang berfungsi sebagai penahan
konstruksi lubang bor.

Bor hidraulik
10
5
Bor tumbuk
11

12
6
Bor putar
13

Groundwater Vertical Abstraction

• Dug Well  Digging
• Bore Well  Driven or Drilled
14
7
DRILLED
DRIVEN
DUG
15

WELLS BEING
TRIPOD DRIVEN
CASING
DRIVER
1 ¼ IN.
CASING
16
8
Rotary Cable Tool
17
MulawarmanMUD
University MAST
Faculty of Engineering
TABLE DRIVE
ROTARY
HOSE
SWIVEL
TABLE
DRILL
RODS
MUD
MIXER
BENTONITE DRILL
DRILLING MUD PIT BIT 18
FLUID
9
Bor putar
19

20
10
21

22
11
23

24
12
25

26
13
27

28
14
Metode pemoboran sumur bor
Umum: Jarang:
kabel AUGER (bor)
Putar JETTING (pancaran)

(lumpur & udara)
HOLLOW ROD
OTHER
(batang bereongga)
29

Kinerja metode pemboran
30
15
Tujuan:
 Mendapatkan sumur yang sesuai dengan keinginan
 Memperoleh hasil Pemompaan besar dengan
surutan airtanah yang minimal
 Memdapatkan kualitas air yang baik
 Umur sumur panjang (25+ tahun)
31

Skema konstruksi sumur

to pump machine
Water
Submersible Pump
Water level
Cement grout
Protective casing
Reducer
pipe/Packer
Blind Pipe
Gravel pack
Screen
Bail/Plug
32
16
33

TYPICAL
ROTARY WELL CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE
1 2 3
OVERSIZED
IDENTIFY INSTALL CASING
BOREHOLE
AQUIFER (& SCREEN)
DRILLED
6 5 4
YIELD TEST GROUT
WELL
& ANNULAR
DEVELOPMENT
WATER SAMPLING SPACE
34
17
Penutup sementara sumur
35

Sanitary well cap

(overlapping &
self-draining) Screened air
vent on underside
of well cap
Tight seal
between cap
and casing
Electrical
conduit
Well casing pipe
36
18
This drilled well

has an older style
well cap that does
not seal tightly to
the well casing.
Insects and small

animals can enter
the well and
contaminate the
drinking water.
Caps of this
design are not
acceptable and
should be
replaced. 37

K - PACKER
SCREEN
BLANK
WELL SCREEN
38
19
TYPICAL 5 IN. DIAMETER
HOUSEHOLD WELL
CONTRACTOR IS
CUTTING PVC CASING
TO FINISHED HEIGHT
(MIN. 12 IN. ABOVE
GROUND)
39

GRANULAR BENTONITE
POURED INTO
MIX WATER
PORTABLE
GROUTING MACHINE
(MIXER & PUMP)
GROUT PIPE
TO BOTTOM OF
ANNULAR SPACE
BENTONITE GROUT
RETURN
AT SURFACE
(GELATIN – OATMEAL TEXTURE)
40
20
WELL GROUTING
ROTARY VS. CABLE TOOL
GROUT PIPE IN DRY GRANULAR BENTONITE

ANNULAR SPACE POURED AROUND CASING
WELL CASING
IN OVERSIZED GROUT FOLLOWS DRIVE SHOE
BOREHOLE AS CASING IS DRIVEN
• DEPTH OF GROUT TRAVEL IS UNCERTAIN
41
GROUT PUMPED FROM BOTTOM • LIMITED BY HIGH WATER TABLE

Impermeable cement or
GROUT
bentonite clay slurry
placed in annular space
between borehole and
casing to:
TOP VIEW
 prevent well
contamination
 maintain separation of
aquifers
 preserve artesian
aquifers CASING
BOREHOLE
42
21
DOWNWARD LEAKAGE AROUND

UNGROUTED CASING
INFILTRATION FROM
SURFACE CONTAMINANTS
STATIC WATER LEVEL

CONTAMINANT PLUME
UNSEALED ANNULAR
SPACE AROUND
CASING
DOWNWARD
LEAKAGE
UNCONFINED
AQUIFER
43

UPWARD LEAKAGE AROUND UNGROUTED

CASING
(Artesian Condition)
STATIC WATER LEVEL
UNCONFINED
AQUIFER
CONFINING
LAYER
CONFINED UPWARD LEAKAGE

AQUIFER
44
22
Drilled Well Construction in Unconsolidated Rocks
45

Drilled Well Construction in Consolidated Rocks
46
23
WELL CAP
BEDROCK
BOREHOLE
WELL
CASING
GROUT
OPEN HOLE IN NO CASING

BEDROCK IN ROCK
BOREHOLE
AQUIFER
47

Relation Between Pumping Discharge & Protective

Casing Diameter
Pumping Discharge (L/s) Pipe Diameter (inch)

< 6.3 6
12.6 8
25.2 10
27.8 12
56.7 14
75.6 16
113.4 20
48
24
Relation between Protective Casing Diameter with

Well Yield Ratio
Diameter of Protective Casing (inch)
6 12 18 24 30 36 48
100 110 117 122 127 131 137

YIELD 100 106 111 116 119 125
RATIO 100 104 108 112 117
100 104 107 112
100 103 108
100 105
49

WELL DIAMETER:
Doubling well diameter
MYTH appreciably increases
well yield
DOUBLING WELL
DIAMETER
FACT
10% YIELD INCREASE
DOUBLING SCREEN
LENGTH
50
DOUBLES WELL YIELD
25
Blind Pipe
• Construct on impermeable layer or unused aquifer (poor water quality
aquifer).
• In the fine grained unconsolidated rocks aquifer, blind pipe should be
constructed 2 ft longer than the aquifer.
51

PVC PLASTIC VS. STEEL

Non-corroding Corrodes
Lower strength Higher strength
Fewer water quality Rusty water
complaints
Rotary construction only Suitable for any

drilling method
1/3 cost of steel No heat of hydration

52
impact from cement grout
26
WELL SCREEN SELECTION CRITERIA

• Maximize % open area
BEST WORST
CONTINUOUS SLOT SAW – CUT

WIRE WOUND OR GAUZE-COVERED
• Non-clogging openings
• Corrosion resistance
STAINLESS STEEL vs. PVC PLASTIC
• Column & collapse strength

53

Well Screen Materials
• Related to type of screen material:

(1). Everdure  Cu Pipe, resistance to corrosion and acid treatment.
(2). Stainless  Steel + Cr + Ni Pipe, resistance to corrosion and acid
treatment.
(3). Armco Steel  Fe Pipe, galvanis, resistance to corrosion
(4). Steel  Fe + Carbon + Mn Pipe, poor resistance to corrosion and
acid treatment.
(5). Monel  Ni + Cu Pipe, resistance to corrosion and acid treatment.
(6). PVC  Plastic Pipe, resistance to corrosion, salt, etc, light in weight,
not resistance to pressure, easy to be broken and collapsed
(7). Fiber Glass  Fiber glass Pipe, resistance to corrosion and have good
strength.
54
27
Well Screen Length

Factors should be considered to determine the well screen length:
•The opening area per screen-pipe length
•Hydraulic characteristic of aquifer
•Pumping capacity
•Age of well
•Price of the screen-pipe
55

Well Screen Length

The length of screen-pipe should be determined regarding:
• Type of aquifer
• Thickness of aquifer
• Drawdown of the pumping well
56
28
Well Screen Length

Confined Aquifer, Homogen
• The screen length should be 70-80% or 80-90% from the thickness of the
aquifer
• The screen should be designed in the centre or designed alternately with
the blind-pipe
Confined Aquifer, Heterogen
• Screen should be designed for all aquifer thickness or 80-90% on each high
conductivity aquifer layers
Unconfined, Homogen
• The screen length should be 1/3 – 1/2 the aquifer thickness and put on the
bottom of the aquifer (for aquifer thickness less than 50 m). For thickness
> 50 m, screen length 80% of the aquifer thickness.
Unconfined, Heterogen
• Screen should be designed for whole aquifer thickness except in the
pumping machnine head (bowl).
57

Effect of screen design on well discharge
Q = 680 gpm Q = 890 gpm
T = 20000 gpd/ft
S = 0.0007
58
29
Walton Equation:
Q
SL =
7.48 · Ao · Vc
Where:
SL Screen length (ft)
Q Pumping discharge (gpm)
Ao Effective opening area of screen per ft length (ft2)
Vc Optimum flow velocity (fpm)
59

Flow Velocity
Water flow velocity enters to well from aquifer:
Q Q
Vf = =
Af · n п· d·m·n
Where:
Q Pumping discharge (m3/s)
Vf Flow velocity from the aquifer (m/s)
Af Aquifer area in the drilled well (m2)
n Effective porosity of aquifer
d Drilled well diameter (m)
m Thickness of the aquifer
60
30
Flow Velocity
Water flow velocity in the screen:
Q Q
VS = =
AT OAB п dS L OA B
Where:
Q Pumping discharge (m3/s)
VS Flow velocity in the screen (m/s)
AT Area of screen (m2)
dS Screen diameter (m)
L Screen length (m)
OA Proportion of screen opening area (%)
B Proportion opening area which not plugged (%)
61

PUMPING RATE
ENTRANCE VELOCITY =
SCREEN OPEN AREA
10 SLOT =
Example: 6 in. Pipe Size X 8 ft. length 10/1000 IN.
OPENING
10 slot Continuous slot SS
Pumping rate = 75 GPM
Screen open area (from manufacturer) = 0.21 ft 2/lin ft

Total screen area = 8 ft x 0.21 ft2/lin ft = 1.68 ft2
CONVERT GPM TO FT3/SEC

75 GPM x 1 ft3/7.48 gal x 1 min/60 sec = 0.167 ft3/sec
0.167 ft3/sec / 1.68 ft2 = 0.099 ft/sec

CROSS-SECTION
Is an entrance velocity of 0.099 ft/sec OF
SCREEN WIRE 62
acceptable?
31
Relation Between K and Voptimum in the screen
K (m/day) VC (cm/s) K (m/day) VC(cm/s)

< 20 1 160 4.5
20 1.5 200 5
40 2 240 5.5
80 3 > 240 6
120 4
63

Relation between Q, Screen Diameter

and Recommended Water Flow Velocity
Q (L/s) Screen Diameter (In) VC(m/s)

5 3 1.2
10 4 1.2
20 5 1.6
40 6 2.2
60 8 1.9
100 10 2.0
64
32
Size of the screen opening

U = d60 / d10
Function:
(1). Free space for transmitting groundwater from aquifer to the well
(2). Restrained/hold the aquifer material for entering to the well
• Natural gravel pack well  screen size should be 60% from the
aquifer-grain size.
• Aquifer with homogen material (U > 6), screen size should be 50%
from the aquifer-grain size.
• Aquifer with homegen material (U < 3), screen size should be 60%
from the aquifer-grain size.
• Other method: please see Suharyadi (1984)
65

66
33
Screen design in heterogenous aquifer
Fine
sand
Fine
gravel
• Finer screen should be lowered at least 0.5 m from the

layers boundary
• Coarser screen should be less than 2 times the size of the
finer screen
67

Gravel Pack
There are two types of gravel pack:

1. Natural gravel pack
2. Artificial gravel pack
Function:
• Restrained finer material to enter to the well
• Decrease the pressure surrounding the screen pipe
• Support the strength of the borehole from collapse
• To get optimum/fine groundwater inflow between the
aquifer and screen
68
34
Naturally Filter
Developed Packed
(a/k/a Gravel-Packed)
WELL SCREEN GRADED-WASHED

SET IN SAND PLACED
NATIVE GEOLOGIC OUTSIDE
MATERIALS WELL SCREEN
(SAND OR GRAVEL)
69

BENEFITS
 Greater porosity Faster development
 Higher hydraulic  Easier grouting
conductivity
 Longer well life
 Reduced drawdown
 Improved well
 Higher yield rehabilitation
 Reduced entrance  Reduce sand
velocity pumping 70
35
Determination the Gravel Pack Size
TERZAGHI EQUATION
d15 gravel pack d15 gravel pack

<4<
d85 aquifer d15 aquifer
71

Well Design, Completion and Development
• Gravel Pack
• Often installed between the
screen and the outside
diameter of the borehole
• Designed to allow larger
screen slot sizes while
reducing fine grained
sediment
• Development
• Washing fines out of the
aquifer near the well
• Cleaning the well with water
• Air-lifting, surging, pumping,
or backwashing
Other method see Suharyadi (1984)

72
36
73

UNPLUGGED
AGRICULTURAL SEWAGE ABANDONED
WASTE & RUNOFF SYSTEM WELL
SINKHOLE
CONTAMINATED WATER SEEPS

DOWNWARD THROUGH THIN SOIL LAYER
INTO
FRACTURES & CREVICES IN
KARST BEDROCK
SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL OVER SHALLOW CARBONATE BEDROCK

CAN CAUSE:
• SURGE IN WATER LEVELS (Increases hydraulic pressure)
• INCREASED SURFACE WATER-TO-GROUNDWATER INTERCHANGE
• FLUSHING OF TURBIDITY & ORGANIC MATTER INTO
GROUNDWATER
74
37
PROPER WELLUniversity
Mulawarman CONSTRUCTION IN KARST
Faculty of Engineering
SURFACE
CASING & GROUT EXTENDING

THRU UPPER BEDROCK
IF BEDROCK WITHIN 25 FT OF SURFACE:
MINIMUM 25 FT OF CASING GROUTED WITH NEAT CEMENT –
BENTONITE GROUT NOT PERMITTED
TOP OF BEDROCK
SEVERELY WEATHERED
LIMESTONE BEDROCK
SHALE
UNCASED BOREHOLE
LIMESTONE
IN BEDROCK
75

POOR WELL CONSTRUCTION
Mulawarman University IN KARST Faculty of Engineering
SURFACE
CASING & GROUT ONLY EXTEND INTO

TOP OF BEDROCK
EVEN THROUGH CASING & GROUTING EXTENDS 25 FT.
SAFE WATER QUALITY CANNOT BE ASSURRED
TOP OF BEDROCK
SEVERELY WEATHERED
LIMESTONE BEDROCK
BECAUSE BOREHOLE BELOW CASING INTERCEPTS

SHALE
SHALLOW, FRACTURED BEDROCK… WELL IS VULNERABLE
TO CONTAMINATION FROM SEPTIC SYSTEMS, LUSTs,
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS & SURFACE WATER INFILTRATION
SYMPTOMS – E.COLI OR SURFACE WATER

UNCASED BOREHOLE
INDICATORS PRESENT
LIMESTONE
AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO TURBIDITY AFTERIN
HEAVY RAINFALL
BEDROCK
76
38
WELL CASING University
Mulawarman DEPTH IN KARST Faculty of Engineering
SEVERELY WEATHERED
LIMESTONE BEDROCK
BENEFITS OF EXTENDING WELL CASING THROUGH UPPER

FRACTURED BEDROCK:
1. TRAVEL TIME OF AQUIFER RECHARGE WATER IS

INCREASED UNCASED BOREHOLE
LIMESTONE 2. DIE-OFF OF PATHOGENS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR
IN BEDROCK
3. IMPROVES CHANCES OF COLIFORM-FREE WATER 77

78
39

Course 6-Rev Well

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Course 6-Rev Well

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Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Mining Engineering Department

Water Well Constructions

Metode Pemboran untuk Pengujian dan Ekploitasi Airtanah

Jenis metode pemboran dibedakan berdasarkan:

2. Sirkulasi fluida bor

Mining Engineering Department

Berdasarkan mekanisme pemboran, pemboran dibagi

Kelebihan dan kekurangan mesin bor tumbuk

Mining Engineering Department

Berdasarkan sirkulasi fluida, metode pemboran dibagi menjadi

1. Sirkulasi langsung (direct circulation). Fluida bor dipompakan dari

kembali lagi ke permukaan akibat tekan pompa melalui anulus.

2. Sirkulasi terbalik (reverse circulation). Fluida bor dari mud pit

bergerak melalui rongga anulus, kemudian kembali lagi ke

Berdasarkan jenis fluida pemboran dibedakan

Mining Engineering Department

Istilah dalam pembutan sumur bor:

4. Gravel pack. Material kasar buatan yang ditempatkan di sekitar screen

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Groundwater Vertical Abstraction

Mining Engineering Department

Rotary Cable Tool

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

Metode pemoboran sumur bor

kabel AUGER (bor)

Putar JETTING (pancaran)

Mining Engineering Department

Kinerja metode pemboran

Mining Engineering Department

Skema konstruksi sumur

Mining Engineering Department

Penutup sementara sumur

Mining Engineering Department

Sanitary well cap

Well casing pipe

This drilled well

Insects and small

Mining Engineering Department

Mining Engineering Department

GROUT PIPE IN DRY GRANULAR BENTONITE

Mining Engineering Department

DOWNWARD LEAKAGE AROUND

STATIC WATER LEVEL

Mining Engineering Department

UPWARD LEAKAGE AROUND UNGROUTED

STATIC WATER LEVEL

CONFINED UPWARD LEAKAGE

Drilled Well Construction in Unconsolidated Rocks

Mining Engineering Department

Drilled Well Construction in Consolidated Rocks

OPEN HOLE IN NO CASING

Mining Engineering Department

Relation Between Pumping Discharge & Protective

Pumping Discharge (L/s) Pipe Diameter (inch)

Relation between Protective Casing Diameter with

100 110 117 122 127 131 137