4 Anestesi Pediatri Uwk PDF
4 Anestesi Pediatri Uwk PDF
Hemoglobin
* 12 – 19 g%
* HbF 80% mengakibatkan affinitas ikatan terhadap
Oksigen meningkat
* Hematokrit 50%.
* masalah anestesi.
* masalah pembedahan.
* masalah penyakit utama/penyerta.
> 1 TAHUN.
* inhalasi overface + orangtua
* parenteral – intramuskuler , intravena.
* perrectal.
Induksi inhalasi : halotan, sevoflurane
Yang lain tidak bisa karena berbau,
menimbulkan batuk, menahan napas dan
laringospasme (desflurane atau isofurane)
Induksi intravena : ketamin, penthotal,
propofol
Induksi intramuskular : pasien yang sangat
tidak kooperatif dan mengamuk / gelisah
ketamin
Induksi perrektal : ketamine, pentotal,
midazolam
PER-INHALASI.
* ether.
* halothane. + O2
* enflurane.
* isoflurane.
PAR-ENTERAL.
* ketamine yang mengakibatkan dissociative
anesthesia.
Ringan sesuai dengan resistensi pernafasan – / <
Dead space mekanik minimal.
Contoh :
* Schimmelbusch mask. * Jackson Rees
apparatus.
* Ayre’s T-piece. * Pediatric Circle System.
Perlengkapan lain.
* laryngoskop. * jalan nafas orofaring.
* penghisap. * pipa endotrakheal.
* obat2 darurat.
1. MONITORING DURANTE OP
a. Airway tetap bebas ( ETT terfiksasi dengan baik)
b. RR, amplitudo, suara nafas, saturasi O2, ETCO2
c. Perfusi, Nadi, tekanan darah, EKG, stetoskop
prekordial
d. Produksi urine 0,5 cc/kg/jam dan keseimbangan
cairan
e. NGT
f. Suhu (axilla , rectal , oesophagus).
g. Gula darah
hipoglikemia diterapi dengan 1-3 ml/kg glucose
20% i.v dalam 5 menit
RR HR TD TD
sistolik diastolik
Neonatus 40 140 65 40
12 bln 30 120 95 65
3 th 25 100 100 70
12 th 20 80 110 60
Bradikardia :
◦ Bila karena hipoksia diterapi dengan cara ventilasi
& oksigenasi adekuat akan mengembalikan
denyut jantung
◦ Bila karena Reflek vagal : contoh pada operasi
mata, usus diterapi dengan cara meminta operator
berhenti sementara dan pemberian Sulfas Atropin
0,5 mg (2 ampul) secara intravena
◦ Bila karena peningkatan Tekanan Intra Kranial
maka dilakukan hiperventilasi, diuretik, operator
diminta untuk berhenti sementara
Endotracheal Tube terlepas, kinking maka dilakukan
fiksasi yang baik ,dan pemasangan tampon
Perdarahan
Dehidrasi harus dilakukan reasses dehidrasi yang
baik dan rehidrasi sehingga harus diperhatikan cairan
maintenance + evaporasi
Nyeri diberikananalgetika
Bila Hipotermi maka pasien dihangatkan dengan
bantal penghangat, penghangat infus
Bila Hipertermi maka dilakukan kompres dingin, buka
pembungkus extremitas, suhu ruangan didinginkan
• REGIONAL
Cost effective
KOMBINASI RA + GA :
Usually RA for anaesthesia and also for post
operative pain relief
Single caudal
Continuous epidural / caudal
Peripheral nerve blocks
Field blocks
Local infiltration.
Contra-indications:
Parent refusal
Sensory nervous system diseases
Serious sepsis
Bleeding disorders
Vertebral malformations
Previous surgery on spines
Allergy
Acceptable environment for performing
regional blocks:
Minimal mandatory monitoring
Anaesthetic and emergency drugs
Resuscitation equipments
Trained anaesthesiologist
Trained staff
iv line in situ
Most common regional block in children
Simple to perform
Easily adaptable to ambulatory anesthesia
practice
Greatly decreases risk of reflex laryngospasm
Sacral hiatus easy to identify
Palpable large bony processes on each side of
hiatus called cornua
Hiatus covered by sacrococcygeal membrane
Dural sac may extend to S3 or S4 in infants
(short distance between hiatus and dural sac)
Lateral decubitus position
Palpate coccyx
Move finger gently from side to side and
proceed in cephalad direction
First double bony protuberance encountered
are sacral cornua which define the sacral
hiatus
Major complications rare
◦ Intravascular injection with systemic toxicity
◦ Dural puncture causing high spinal blockade
◦ Infection (especially after interosseous
puncture/penetration)
CAUDAL ANESTESI
Caudal block procedure. A, Insertion of the needle at right angles to
the skin in relation to the coccyx (1) and the sacrococcygeal
membrane (2). B, Cephalad redirection of the needle after piercing
the sacrococcygeal membrane.
Anatomy and physiology:
The spinal cord and dural sac of infants younger
than 1 year of age end at a lower level
Volume of CSF
a. 10 mL/kg in neonates
b. 4 mL/kg in infants weighing less than 15 kg
c. 3 mL/kg in children
d. 1.5 to 2.0 mL/kg in adolescents and adults