54 Ecosystems (Indo)
54 Ecosystems (Indo)
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores Secondary
consumers
Primary producers
Heat
Key
• Hanya NPP
– Yang dapat digunakan oleh para konsumen
60N
30N
Equator
30S
60S
South Pole
180 120W 60W 0 60E 120E 180
30 21
19 Shinnecock
15 Bay
5
11
4 Moriches Bay
Inorganic phosphorus
8 8
(millions of cells/mL)
7 Phosphate enriched
7
Phytoplankton
Unenriched control
(g atoms/L)
Inorganic
Phytoplankton
4 4 18
3 3
12
2 2
1 1
6
0 0
2 4 5 11 30 15 19 21
Station number 0
Starting 2 4 5 11 30 15 19 21
Great Moriches Shinnecock
algal Station number
South Bay Bay Bay
density
(a) Phytoplankton biomass and phosphorus concentration (b) Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment
CONCLUSION Since adding phosphorus, which was already in rich supply, had no effect on
Nannochloris growth, whereas adding nitrogen increased algal density dramatically, researchers
concluded that nitrogen was the nutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in this ecosystem.
2,000
Temperate forest
1,000 Mountain coniferous forest
300
(g dry wt/m2)
200
150 N only
100 Control
P only
50
0
June July August 1980
Plant material
eaten by caterpillar
200 J
67 J Cellular
100 J respiration
Feces
33 J
Secondary
100 J
consumers
Primary 1,000 J
consumers
Primary
producers 10,000 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight
Tertiary consumers 3
Secondary consumers 354,904
Primary consumers 708,624
Primary producers 5,842,424
• Makan daging
– Merupakan cara menyimpan produksi
fotosintesis yang relatif tidak efisien
Secondary
consumers
Primary
consumers
Primary
producers
Respiration,
Assimilation, decomposition, Burning
photosynthesis excretion of fossil fuels
Reservoir c Reservoir d
Inorganic Inorganic
materials materials
available Weathering, unavailable
as nutrients erosion as nutrients
Atmosphere, Minerals
soil, water Formation of in rocks
sedimentary rock
CO2 in atmosphere
Transport
over land Photosynthesis
Solar energy
Cellular
Net movement of respiration
water vapor by wind
Precipitation
Precipitation Evaporation over land
over ocean from ocean
Burning of
Evapotranspiration fossil fuels
from land and wood
Higher-level
Primary consumers
consumers
Percolation Carbon compounds Detritus
through in water
soil
Runoff and
groundwater
Decomposition
• Siklus karbon
– Merefleksikan proses bolak-balik fotosintesis
dan repirasi sel
N2 in atmosphere
Rain
Assimilation Runoff
Denitrifying
bacteria Consumption
NO3
Nitrogen-fixing Sedimentation
Plant uptake
bacteria in root
Decomposers of PO43
nodules of legumes Nitrifying Soil
Nitrification bacteria
Ammonification Leaching
• Siklus fosfor
– Relatif bersifat lokal
Consumers
Producers
Decomposers
Nutrients
available
to producers
Abiotic
reservoir
Geologic
processes
• Siklus nutrien
– Sangat kuat diregulasikan oleh vegetasi
(b) One watershed was clear cut to study the effects of the loss
of vegetation on drainage and nutrient cycling.
Deforested
60.0
40.0
20.0
(mg/L)
Completion of
4.0
tree cutting Control
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
1965 1966 1967 1968
(c) The concentration of nitrate in runoff from the deforested watershed was 60 times
greater than in a control (unlogged) watershed.
Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UGM 2007
• Concept 54.5: Populasi manusia mengganggu
siklus bahan kimia di seluruh biosfir
• Dengan bekembangnya ukuran populasi
manusia
– Aktivitas kira telah merusak struktur trofik,
aliran energi, dan siklus bahan kimia
ekosistem di sebagian besar belahan dunia
4.6
4.3 4.6
4.3
4.6
4.1
4.3
4.6
Europe
North America
Field pH
5.3
5.2–5.3
5.1–5.2
5.0–5.1
4.9–5.0
4.8–4.9
4.7–4.8
4.6–4.7
4.5–4.6
4.4–4.5
4.3–4.4
4.3
Concentration of PCBs
Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Smelt
1.04 ppm
Zooplankton Phytoplankton
0.123 ppm 0.025 ppm
380 0.90
0.75
370
CO2 concentration (ppm)
320
0.15
310 0.30
300 0.45
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year (Average for the month of October)
O2
Chlorine O3
ClO
O2
3 Sunlight causes
Cl2O2 to break ClO
down into O2
and free Cl2O2 2 Two ClO molecules
chlorine atoms. react, forming
The chlorine chlorine peroxide (Cl 2O2).
atoms can begin Sunlight
the cycle again.