10/3/2017

PROCESS
WATER
WATER IN
A (CHEMICAL) INDUSTRY

BOILER FEED COOLING

WATER WATER

OFFICE, ETC

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Air merupakan solvent universal dan praktis hampir semua zat dapat
dikatakan larut (dalam kadar tertentu) didalamnya. Dengan sifatnya
ini, air akan dengan mudah terkontaminasi oleh senyawa lain. Oleh
karena itu hampir tidak mungkin kita mendapatkan air yang murni
secara kimiawi.

recharge Surface water

aliran
air tanah

lapisan
kedap air

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Conventional Surface Water

Treatment
Raw water
Screening Filtration
sludge sludge

Alum
Rapid Mix Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers

Flocculation Storage

Sedimentation Distribution
Hill (2010) : http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/metal.htm sludge

Tahapan Pengolahan
Air Sungai Tahapan Pengolahan Air Laut
screening

Sedimentasi Klarifikasi Sand Filter Screening Desalinasi Tangki Penampung

(mixing, flokulasi, settling)

Air laut brine

Carbon Filter Carbon Filter

boiler
boiler

Deaerasi demineralisasi Deaerasi demineralisasi

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Diagram Alir Proses sistem IPAL modifikasi

H2SO4

Kolam Clarifier Stripper

Emergensi Scrubber

Sand
Filter udara
Kolam Ekualisasi
H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

optional

Ke Sungai Musi Kolam Mikrobiologi Wetland

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Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment
Treatment level Wastewater constituent removed
WASTEWATER :
Physical Contaminats: Preliminary Rags, sticks, floatables, grit, grease etc.
Large solid objects Primary A portion of suspended solids and
Suspended solids organic maters
Chemical Contaminats:
Advanced Enhanced removal of SS & Org M,
Biodegradable organics
Waste Water Treatment primary usually by chemical addition or filtration
Nutrients
Refractory chemicals (WWT) Secondary BOD & SS
Heavy metals Secondary with BOD, SS and nutrients (N & P)
Dissolved inorganic solids nutrients
Biological Contaminats: removal
Pathogens Treated water: Tertiary Residual SS & disinfection
• Reuse/recycle
• Disposed off in environment Advanced Residual TDS & TSS.

Particle size and treatment process (Crittenden et al., 2005).

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Preliminary treatment
 The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal
of coarse solids and other large materials often found
in raw wastewater.
Coarse screening  Preliminary treatment operations typically include:
Comminution of large objects  coarse screening,
Grit removal  grit removal,
 comminution of large objects (only in some cases).

Bar screen
Screening
 A screen: a device with opening (uniform size) that is used
to retain solids found in wastewater.
 Screening removed solid materials that may:
 Damage subsequent process equipment
 Reduce overall process reliability & effectiveness
 Contaminate waterways

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Coarse screen cleaning mechanism

Coarse solid reduction

 Size reduction of coarse solid
 Alternative to coarse bar screens  to eliminate
screening handling & disposal
 The solids after being grinded then are returned to
the wastewater stream for subsequent removal.
 Equipment:
 Comminutors
 Macerators
 Grinders

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Macerator

Grinder
Sand and grit removal
 Preliminary treatment typically includes a sand or grit channel
or chamber where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is
carefully controlled to allow sand grit and stones to settle,
while keeping the majority of the suspended organic material
in the water column.
 Why:
 Protect moving mechanical from abrasion
 Reduce formation of heavy deposit (in pipelines etc)

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Bar screen

Grit Chamber
Sucking hose to remove grit & sand

IPAL Sewon, Bantul IPAL Sewon, Bantul

Sedimentation

Sand & grit removed

IPAL Sewon, Bantul

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Rectangular settling tank.

Primary treatment
 The objective of primary treatment is the removal of
settleable organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and
the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming.

 Removal capacity:
 Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming BOD5,
 50 to 70% of the TSS,
 65% of the oil and grease
 Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals
associated with solids are also removed

 Colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected.

Circular settling tank.

Circular settling tank

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Effect of decreasing size of spheres on

settling time.

Coagulation and clarification

Total surface area >>>  surface properties (ex. Surface

tension, electrostatic forces, etc) become more dominant

Stability of Colloid System

Stability of Colloid System • Positive (+)
charges adsorbed
in the surface of
particles are not
sufficient to
neutralize
negative (-)
charge of particle

• As a results, the
particle still has
negative (-)
Repulsing forces due to the same electrical charge of molecules charge
are greater than attracting forces between the molecules

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Colloid Destabilization:
By Neutralizing negative charge of particle with adsorption of positive
Colloid Destabilization :
ion Make “bridge” of particles with polymer to
• Adding of three enlarge particle size
valence ion (+++)

• Positive (+)
charges on
particle surface
are sufficient to
neutralize
negative charge
(-) of particle

Coagulation - Precipitation

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Contoh koagulan, pH kerjanya dan dosis

pemakaiannya.

Contoh koagulan, pH kerjanya dan dosis

pemakaiannya.

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Clarification Contoh Unit Koagulasi-Klarifikasi

Water, contains
Clarifier digunakan untuk mengurangi turbiditas dengan mengurangi colloid particles coagulant
kandungan suspensi padatan yang lebih kecil (koloid) dalam air.

Clarifier mempunyai tiga tipe proses yaitu:

• mixing,
• flokulasi bahan padatan halus
• settling (pengendapan).
Clarifier
Mixing Tank Flocculator
(rapid mixing) (slow mixing)
settling

Sludge

Contoh Unit Koagulasi-Klarifikasi

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