Konverter Thyristor Kuliah Ke 5 PDF
Konverter Thyristor Kuliah Ke 5 PDF
Konverter Thyristor
(a) Skema
Tegangan keluaran rata - rata :
vs 1 π
2π ∫α
is Vo = 2Vs sin (ωt )d (ωt )
0
π 2π ωt
2Vs
= (1 + cosα )
vo
2π
io
0 π 2π ωt
α
(b) Bentuk gelombang.
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vsyn
vsw
vc
Gate signal
sin ωt +
∫ −
FF
+ +
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is io vs
is
+ vL
T
vs vd vo 0
R π 2π ωt
vd
is io
+ vL vs
T
vs vd vo is
FD R
0 2π
π ωt
vd
Nilai rms arus masukan lebih kecil dibanding
arus keluaran io
Arus masukan mengandung semua orde
harmonisa termasuk komponen dc 0
Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran hanya ditentukan α π 2π ωt
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+ vL
T vs
vs vd vo is
FD R
0 2π
π ωt
vd
io
0
α π 2π ωt
is
vs
Ls
is
+ T
vs FD
vd Io
0 2π
π ωt
vd
io
Induktansi sumber menyebabkan
nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran 0
π 2π ωt
berubah sebagai fungsi arus beban α µ
2V s
Vd = (1 + cos α ) − fLs I o
2π
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+ vL
T vs
Vo
vs vd Vo
is
0 π 2π ωt
vd
0
α π 2π ωt
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2Vs
= (1 + cos α )
π
T1 T3 Ld
is Tegangan keluaran rata-rata:
+
2 2
vs vo R
Vo = V s cos α
π
Arus thyristor rata-rata:
T2 T4
IT = I o / 2
vs
Arus rms sumber :
is Is = Io
ωt
PF sumber :
Vo I o 2 2
PF = = cos α
vo Vs I s π
α
io Tegangan keluaran bisa diatur dari
minus maksimum sampai plus maksimum
0 ωt
π 2π tetapi arus selalu positip.
T1& T 4 T 2&T3
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T1 T3
ωt
is
vs vo
Io
α vo
Io
T2 T4 ωt
0 π
2π
Output Voltage
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ωt ωt
vo vo
Io Io
0 π 2π ωt 0 π 2π ωt
vT 1
vT 1
ωt ωt
π
α=
vs 4
α =
π
2
is vs
is
ωt
ωt
Io
0 π 2π ωt Io
π 2π
vo 0 ωt
vo
vT 1
ωt
vT1
3π 15
α=
4 Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor α =π
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T2 T4
α µ vo
Io
0 π 2π ωt
2 2
Vo = Vs cos α − 4 fL s I o
π
Sudut Pemadaman
vs vs
is is
ωt ωt
α µ vo
α µ
Io Io
vo
0 π 2π ωt
0 π 2π ωt
vT 1
vT 1
γ
2 2
2 2 Vo = V s cos α − 4 fLs I o
Vo = Vs cos α − 4 fLs I o π
π
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vs vo Vo
vo
α
Vo
io
T2 T4
0 π 2π ωt
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io
Ld
T1 D3
is
vs vo R
T2 D4
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Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor
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0 π ωt
2π
iw T3
io
iu T1
u
R T2
Load
AC source
n vo
iv
T
w v
S
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Persamaan Tegangan
3 2 π
Vo = Vlls cos α 0 ≤α ≤
2π 6
6 π 5π
Vo =
2π
[
Vlls 1 + cos π6 + α ( )] 6
≤α ≤
6
iw T3
io
iu T1 α vun vvn vwn
u
R T2
Load
AC source
n vo
iv
0 π
T 2π ωt
w v
S
iu
Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan tiga ωt
Arus sekunder trafo mengandung komponen dc. iv
iw
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0 π 0
2π ωt
π 2π ωt
T1 T2 T3
T3 T1 T2
vT 1
ωt
vT 1 ωt
iv vo
n v R
iw vd
w
ωt
T2 T4 T6
iu
Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan
enam.
Harmonisa arus masukan adalah 5,7, 11, 13,…
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3 2 π
Vo = Vll cos α 0 ≤α ≤
π 3
3 2 π
Vo = Vll ∫π sin (ωt )d (ωt )
π +α
3
3 2 π π 2π
= Vll 1 + cos + α ≤α ≤
π 3 3 3
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vun vun
iu iu
2π ωt 2π ωt
0
π 0
π
Analisis
Nilai rata - rata tegangan output : Faktor daya :
3 2
Vo = Vllscosα 3
π PF = cos α
Arus masukan : π
∞
iu = 2 ∑ Ik sin(kωt )
k = 2n -1
2 2 π /2
I1 =
π∫ Io sin(ωt )d (ωt )
π /6
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I1 = Io
π
I k = I1 / k
I k = 0 untuk k kelipatan 3.
Iu = I o 2 / 3
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Input current
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T1 T3 T5
iu
u
iv
n v
iw
w
Ls T6
T2 T4
iu
2π ωt
0
π
vuv vuw
3 2
Vo = Vll cos α − 6 fL s I o
π
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io
io
T1 T3 T5 D1
L
T1 T2 T3 iu
L u
iu
u
iv vo
v R
iv vo
v R
iw
iw w
w
T2 T4 T6 D2
D1 D2 T3
Penyearah A Penyearah B
vun
0 π 0
2π ωt π 2π ωt
vd vd
ωt ωt
ωt
iu iu ωt
iw
iw
iR
iR
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ωt ωt
ωt ωt
iu iu
iw iw
iR iR
Application Considerations
• Single-phase rectifiers generate input
harmonics at the order of 2p±1, where p is
the pulse number.
• The displacement power factor is reduced
when the output voltage is reduced.
• Commutation generates voltage notches
across the source.
• Input harmonics can be reduced by
increasing the pulse number.
Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 40
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Current Controller
• A thyristor converter is usually operated as a
current source
• A thyristor converter cannot be controlled faster
than the thyristor can respond
• After a thyristor is turned on, the thyristor can
only be turned off by the input line voltage.
• By operating as a current source, the thyristor
converter is inherently overcurrent protected.
• A current source can paralleled easily with other
current sources
Gate driver
Reference +
PID cos−1
current −
Actual
current
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Current-Controlled Phase-
Controlled Rectifiers
Vo (s)
+ 1 + − I L (s )
I L* ( s ) 3 2 1
PID 1 + sTd Vll
π sL
−
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ia
ia* + Current
cos−1
controller
−
Application Considerations
• At present, thyristor converters are used only for large
power applications.
• The AC side always need reactive power under both
rectifier and inverter operations.
• The AC side current has high harmonic content. The
harmonic order is pk±1 where p is pulse number and k is
integer. The harmonic current can be reduced by
increasing the pulse number.
• Thyristor converter also generates voltage nothches due
to the commutation.
• It is recommended to use a special feeder (or it is better
if using a dedicated transformer) to supply a thyristor
converter.
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High-Current Rectifiers
High-Current Rectifiers
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High-Current Rectifiers
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Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor
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HVDC Applications
• Environmental advantages
• Economical advantages
• Asynchronous interconnections
• Power flow control
• Added benefits to the existing
transmission system
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HVDC History
• Hewitt’s mercury-vapour rectifier, 1901
• Experiments with thyratrons in US and mercury-arc valves in
Europe in 1940s.
• First commercial HVDC operation, Gotland, Sweden in 1954.
• First solid-state semiconductor switches, 1970.
• First microcontroller applications for HVDC in 1979.
• Highest DC voltage operation (600 kVdc) for Itaipu, Brazil, in
1984.
• First dc active power filter, 1994.
• First capacitor commutated converter for Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998.
• First Voltage Source Converter for HVDC in Gotland, 1999.
Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter 53
thyristor
HVDC Topology
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HVDC Systems
HVDC Operation
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HVDC Station
AC and DC Comparison
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HVDC Technologies
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Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor
HVDC Applications
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HVDC System
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The End
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