Proses

SOLIDIFIKASI
Dr. Ir. Dwi Rahmalina, MT

1
 Pembentukan nuklei (bibit)
! Molekul (atom) umumnya dapat bergerak
bebas, tapi kadang kala ada yang saling
bersatu (lengket)
! Pada energi kinetik yang lebih rendah, molekul
akan lebih banyak bersatu lagi (bertempelan)
satu dengan lainnya

2
 6-Apr-19

SEBUAH INTERFACE TERBENTUK KETIKA

PADATAN MEMBEKU DARI CAIRAN 3
 Artinya …..
Ò Besarnya perubahan energi bebas untuk
sistem adalah jumlah dari 2 faktor, yaitu
volume dan luas permukaan.
Ò  ΔG = 4/3 π r 3ΔGv + 4π r 2σ
Ò Energi bebas volume naik jika radius/jari
jari pangkat tiga bertambah
Ò Energi bebas permukaan meningkat jika
jari jari kwadrat bertambah
4
Jumlah energi bebas dari sistim solid-liquid berubah dengan
ukuran padatan. Padatan menjadi embrio jika radius lebih
kecil dari radius kritis, dan jadi bibit (nucleus) jika radiusnya
6-Apr-19
lebih besar dari radius kritis. 5
 Nukleasi Homogen
v This process is called homogeneous
nucleation
v Hanya terjadi jika material very pure
v Ukuran jari-jari kritis dari inti:
r* = 2 σ Tm / (ΔHf * ΔT)
v  ΔT à undercooling
v Undercooling material umumnya 50 - 500
degrees C.

6
 Nukleasi Heterogen
•  Nukleasi homogen umumnya terjadi di
lab.
•  Impurities provide a “seed” for nucleation
•  Solidification can start on a wall.
•  It’s like cloud seeding, or water condensing
on the side of a glass.
•  Adding impurities on purpose is called
inoculation

7
 Ukuran Butir
•  Solidification caused by homogeneous
nucleation occurs suddenly and only
produces a few grains
•  In heterogeneous nucleation,
solidification occurs on many “seeds”,
so the grains are smaller, and more
uniform
•  Which will be stronger?

8
Pertumbuhan Butir & Solidifikasi
•  If a melt is cooled slowly, and the
temperature is the same throughout,
solidification occurs with equal
probability everywhere in the melt.
However….
•  Metals are usually cooled from the
container walls – so solidification starts
on the walls

9
Segregasi

10
 6-Apr-19

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.

(a) Shrinkage can occur between the dendrite arms. (b) Small
secondary dendrite arm spacings result in smaller, more evenly
distributed shrinkage porosity. (c) Short primary arms can help
avoid shrinkage. (d) Interdendritic shrinkage in an aluminum
alloy is shown (x 80)

11
6-Apr-19

12
(a)  The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS).
(b)  (b) Dendrites in an aluminum alloy (x 50). (From ASM
Handbook, Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructure (1985),
ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002.)

13
 Secondary Dendrite
Arm Spacing
•  The faster cooled off the liquid, the
shorter the spacing between the arms
•  Small SDAS results in higher tensile
strength and yield strength (Why?)
•  Very fine SDAS can be produced by
cooling the metal as droplets

14
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

(a) Cooling curve for a pure metal

that has not been well inoculated.
Liquid cools as specific heat is
removed (betweens points A and
B). Undercooling is thus necessary
(between points B and C). As the
nucleation begins (point C), latent
heat of fusion is released causing
an increase in the temperature of
the liquid. This process is known
as recalescence (point C to point
D). Metal continues to solidify at a
constant temperature (T melting).
At point E, solidification is
complete. Solid casting continues
to cool from the point.

(b) Cooling curve for a well

inoculated, but otherwise pure
metal. No undercooling is needed.
Recalescence is not observed.
Solidification begins at the melting
temperature

15
Three Cast Structures of Solidified Metals
• FIGURE 5.8
Schematic
illustration of three
cast structures of
metals solidified in a
square mold:
• (a) pure metals;
• (b) solid-solution
alloys; and
• (c) the structure
obtained by
heterogeneous
nucleation of grains,
using nucleating
agents.
 Waktu Solidifikasi
•  Solidification takes time
•  Total solidification time TTS = time required for
casting to solidify after pouring
•  TTS depends on size and shape of casting by
relationship known as Chvorinov's Rule
V
⎛ ⎞
n
TST = Cm ⎜ ⎟
⎝ A⎠
where TST = total solidification time; V = volume
of the casting; A = surface area of casting; n =
exponent with typical value = 2; and Cm is mold
constant.