::, .. q 11 :: '~ ”-
.
Ld..l..ll [$
I l! L ~ lilll ~ l ~ l: t: t I
ILIIII 1 1 1 I
-
I1
II 1“ I 4 I
{' 1
1I
- I.
).! I; -
-1 4- J
f
i- "-ji - + 'tl = -t- fl -! - ll -1 - +: j +" ~
I! 1 I tl-it I 1 -'- 1
Gambar. 2. Satu rekaman
I
r
I - + jl {l :. II * I
I! , pl: l: tl II ,,
I 1! t - i- ”
1Ih
1, I
1
,, ,,
II, IIIIII
Early electric log; California. kurva resistivitas lateral, tangan Agustus 17, 1929.
-5
i
Gambar. 3. peralatan Potensiometri digunakan di lantai rig, Rumania (CreditAIME, TP # & 62,
Februari 1932).
Setelah beberapa hari mencoba untuk tidak berhasil menjelaskan perbedaan tersebut, mereka
meminta pengukuran dilakukan lagi, karena mereka merasa bahwa log itu tidak benar. Truk
logging yang dikirim untuk lari kedua memiliki sonde di mana elektroda saat ini berada di bawah
elektroda potensial. Log yang diperoleh memiliki interval resistivitas tinggi pada 408-409-l / 2
meter dan operator penebangan mengatakan kepada pelanggan bahwa tempat tidur batu bara
berada di 408-409-1 / 2. Jawaban berbeda ini membuat para pejabat pertambangan bingung
sedikit, dan mereka memutuskan bahwa kedua ukuran itu salah.
Conrad Schlumberger menyelidiki masalah ini secara pribadi dan menyadari bahwa kesalahan
dalam interpretasi adalah karena zona depresi yang sekarang dikenal dekat bagian atas atau
bawah tempat tidur resistif. perangkat yang, ia menyarankan, harus
Untuk memperbaiki ini, ia merancang Normal digunakan untuk penebangan tempat tidur tebal. "
-6-
dalam Gambar. 4.peralatan Potensiometri
Penggunaandi lantai rig, Venezuela.
Pada akhir tahun 1931, log listrik standar telah menjadi presentasi dua kurva; SP dan
kurva resistivitas normal pendek, dan telah mulai lebih mendekati penampilannya saat ini
meskipun masih dicatat dengan tangan pada presentasi saldo nol dari log yang telah selesai.
Kegunaan log sangat meningkat dengan kedua kurva ini yang operasi dibuka kembali di
Amerika Serikat pada bulan Juni 1932 .... dan telah meningkat dalam jumlah dan ruang lingkup
sejak ... dan juga, sebagai kebenaran dari setiap Kesuksesan komersial baru, jumlah
perusahaan yang terlibat dalam penyediaan layanan ini telah meningkat secara konstan sejak
1932.
Log listrik pada tahap ini memiliki batasan pasti tertentu, beberapa di antaranya diakui
dan beberapa tidak. Salah satunya adalah bahwa nilai terbesarnya terletak pada evaluasi dari
tempat yang tidak terkonsolidasi ke semi-konsolidasi; catatan itu sangat buruk di tempat tidur
sangat resistif dari batu pasir atau batu kapur padat-indurated baik. Lain adalah bahwa itu dapat
secara efektif dicatat hanya dalam pengeboran air tawar
- (-
Kedalaman
(meter)
-
406 -
408 -
{
Resistivitas (ohm-m.)
1000 2000
~
416 -
-
418 -
-
420 -
-
penentuan dari
/
0 lateral standar
:
I
Gambar 5. Standar lateral dan inverted lateral; lapisan batubara, Perancis, awal 1931.
lumpur; buruk dalam lumpur salin dan tidak mungkin di lubang atau lubang-lubang kabel-alat
yang diisi dengan minyak, tetapi yang lain adalah bahwa tingkat efek invasi filtrat dari cairan
pengeboran belum diakui dan diasumsikan bahwa resistivitas semu yang ditampilkan pada
pendek normal paling tidak menunjukkan resistivitas formasi yang sebenarnya, namun yang lain
adalah bahwa pengaruh pada resistivitas yang jelas dari faktor-faktor geometrik seperti
diameter lubang bor, ketebalan tempat tidur, penumpukan dan elektroda menemukan jarak
sebagai penggunaan yang tidak terduga. berbagai dan langkah res trictive diambil untuk
mengatasi mereka. Itu diakui bahwa pengukuran resistivitas dibuat dengan pengaturan
elektroda normal tetapi jarak yang lebih panjang akan mewakili resistivitas dalam kondisi zona
1934. "panjang ..... Dan normal sementara lebih jauh saat menjaga resistivitas kembali itu dari
menemukan saya kurva" dengan mudah yang lubang bor adalah kedalaman tambahan yang
ditafsirkan ..... untuk dari dan invasi konvensional simetris mungkin berada di belakang kurva.
sering listrik lebih besar Oleh karena itudiinvasi
log yang
d
ari yang telah diantisipasi, sehingga lama normal juga sering diukur hanya diinvasi
-8-
Gambar. 6. Logging truk dan peralatan rekaman, California, 1932.
kondisi, kurva resistivitas lateral empat elektroda dikenang dan diperkenalkan kembali (1936) sebagai
bagian dari log listrik konvensional.
Dengan log ini (SP, pendek normal, panjang normal, dan panjang lateral), sekarang ada
kemungkinan menemukan zona permeabel di batupasir, dari memilih batas tempat tidur cukup akurat
dari SP dan / atau singkat normal, untuk menentukan ~~ xtentof filtrat invasi dari perbandingan tiga kurva
resistivitas, dan memperoleh ide kualitatif konten cairan dari lateral panjang di tempat tidur tebal. Namun,
beberapa kelemahan masih ada. Kurva dapat dicatat secara akurat hanya di lumpur air tawar dan kayu
gelondongan masih memberikan jauh lebih sedikit daripada hasil optimal di seberang tempat tidur
dengan resistivitas tinggi.
'Selama periode waktu yang sama ini, teleclinometer elektromagnetik dan dipmeter telah
diperkenalkan di Eropa dan Amerika Selatan, mengukur pola konduktivitas non-isotropik dari lapisan
sedimen; Namun, ini adalah pengukuran dclicatc dan begitu memakan waktu yang penggunaannya tidak
pernah menjadi sangat
-9-
. ,,
-...--- ..-
-.--.
Gambar 9. Recorde
_..-.-A &
4
Logging dengan r, California,
foto pertama
.C ~ y, 1936.
-12-
Gambar. 10. Truk pencatat; instrumen perekam terpisah. taksi; Tentang kabel jalinan; 1945.
otomatis
Log listrik tahun 1936 telah dicapai terus selama bertahun-tahun. Namun, seperti yang
terlihat dengan ragu-ragu oleh beberapa ahli geologi yang menaburkan biji-bijian, dan mencicipi
air yang berkonotasi. pemulihan bagian dari fo ¬ tion untuk
standar dan bentuk itu untuk semua pengukuran geofisika, itu ingin melihat beberapa minyak,
merasakan beberapa Untuk mengakomodasi keinginan untuk pemeriksaan tangan fisik, seperti
telah b: en long possibl ~ dengan ~ oring, sidewall sam ?? tempatnyaer diperkenalkan pada
1936 'n' he Gulf Coast. Ini mencapai keberhasilan langsung dalam formasi lembut tetapi
pemulihan yang memadai dalam formasi keras tidak tercapai sampai jauh kemudian.
Pada tahun 1938, sebuah langkah besar dimulai dalam interpretasi log listrik, yang
cenderung membuat interpretasi dari seni dan lebih dari sebuah ilmu. Makalah pertama tentang
penggunaan kuantitatif dari log dengan menghubungkan potensi produktivitas. diukur dan
diperbaiki resistivitas yang diterbitkan oleh Martin, Murray, dan
-13-
I
')
Gambar. 11.
Tiga galvanometersrecorder dari gambar sebelumnya. Tentang 1945.
-14-
Gillingham. Evaluasi kualitatif sebelumnya telah dilakukan melalui perbandingan dari tiga kurva
resistivitas tetapi sekarang tujuannya menjadi nilai pasti dari saturasi minyak. Namun,
penentuan yang lebih tepat dari resistivitas reservoir yang tidak terkontaminasi sekarang
menjadi sangat penting ... dan ini sering tidak mungkin karena keterbatasan yang didiskusikan
sebelumnya dari log listrik konvensional. Sayangnya untuk perkembangan yang cepat dari
teknik baru ini, permulaannya bertepatan dengan permulaan Perang Dunia Kedua dan
sebagian besar perkembangan teknis dalam kehidupan sipil harus disubordinasikan untuk
kebutuhan militer. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan metode yang lebih baik untuk mengukur Rt
ditunda sampai periode pasca-perang.
Penelitian dalam teknik penebangan sumur menggunakan parameter fisik selain
karakteristik listrik telah berjalan dengan cepat selama tahun-tahun awal ini tetapi aplikasi
komersial belum menyebar luas. Penggunaan perangkat foto-listrik oleh Dale untuk lokalisasi
titik masuk air ke sumur produksi (1935), penggunaan terbatas dari perekam waktu pengeboran
mekanik yang diciptakan oleh Nichols (1937), log kaliper yang ditawarkan secara komersial oleh
Halliburton (1938) ..... semua mewakili metode pinggiran zaman. Tetapi pada tahun 1939,
teknik utama lainnya ditawarkan kepada personil eksplorasi dan produksi; ini adalah log gma
ray, menandai penggunaan pertama sifat radioaktif batuan untuk identifikasi lubang bawah
mereka.
Ini adalah pengukuran tingkat disintegrasi unsur radioaktif dalam batuan itu sendiri, jadi
tidak terpengaruh oleh agen luar; itu adalah fenomena alam sama seperti efek SP adalah
fenomena listrik alami. Hal lain yang dimiliki kedua kurva tersebut. + N umum adalah bahwa
masing-masing merupakan indikatif litologi. Sama seperti SP adalah efek listrik termudah untuk
mengukur, tingkat emisi sinar gamma adalah efek radioaktif yang paling mudah untuk diukur.
Tetapi satu perbedaan yang sangat penting ada, karena SP hanya dapat diukur dalam lubang
yang tidak digali sedangkan kurva sinar gamma dapat diperoleh dalam lubang yang tertutup
atau tidak, di lubang yang diisi dengan air tawar, air asin, c) il, atau bahkan di lubang yang tidak
mengandung cairan cairan. Dengan demikian) sarana baru untuk mengidentifikasi tempat tidur
dan menentukan kedalaman ke batas tempat tidur di bawah hampir semua kondisi yang
mungkin sekarang tersedia. A'technique, dikembangkan oleh Seismograph Service Corporation
dan anak perusahaannyaWell Suxveys, Inc., dilisensikan kepada Lane-Wells untuk
penggunaan komersial di Amerika Serikat. Pekerjaan penelitian telah dilakukan dalam
pengukuran sinar gamma downhole oleh Howell dan Frosch sedini 1935 dengan ruang ionisasi
dan titik demi titik pengukuran. Pekerjaan yang lebih halus kemudian dilakukan oleh mereka
dengan pencatatan kontra Geiger secara terus menerus; laporan52 tentang pekerjaan ini
diterbitkan pada tahun 1939. Lisensi paten silang dihasilkan dari pengembangan pembalakan
sinar gamma yang lebih banyak atau lebih sedikit.
Alat ukur pertama yang digunakan secara komersial adalah ruang ionisasi; this has been
replaced by the Geiger counter and this largely replaced by scintillationcounters as the years
have gone by, all in the quest for greater and greater efficiency at ever increasing te~eratures ...
but the basic curve itself is still what it was in 1939 when first offered on a commercial scale.
Another completely new type of logging was offered in 1939 but this was not a downhole
wireline operation. This was the introduction of mud logging by Baroid, using a technique which
had been developed by Hayward. It was evident to him that the oil and/or gas entrapped in the
volume of rock removed by the drill must be assimilated by the circulating drilling fluid and
brought to the surface. Since, unless the volume reaching the surfacewas unusually large, it
-15-
was seldom visible on the surface of the mud-pits, then it followed that very sensitive
instrumentshad to be devised to detect the presence of this oil and/or gas entrained in the
drilling fluid. Finally, assuming that minute quantities of hydrocarbons were brought to the
surface instead of being flushed into the formations surrounding the bit and assuming that
sufficiently sensitive instru- mentation was achieved to enable detection, then some method of
determining the depths from which the samples under study originatedhad to be developed. The
successful solution of these three points resulted in this particular formation evaluation service.
In later years, the techniques employed have become in- creasingly complex and the number of
fringe services provided by the crews has grown greatly but the basic principles of mud logging
remain just as they started.
Only two major advances in well logging were offered during the war years and both of
these had been under development for several years before the United States entered the war.
The first was the introduction of the SP dipmeter in 1941, incorporating the
photoclinometerwhich had been offered the year before as a photographic solution to the
problem of measuming hole deviation. The second was the introduction in 1941 of neutron-
gamma logging. The former was by Schlumberger and the latter by Well Surveys, Inc.) licensed
to Lane-Wells for field exploitation.
The SP Dipmeter simply placed into subsurfacepractice what geologists had done for
years in surface studies. Whenever a geologist makes am electric log correlation of at least
three wells not in a straight line, it may be shown that the correlation lines passing through the
same formation define the plane of that formation. But this type of study required at least three
wells ... and an instrument was desired which would be capable of making such a measurement
in a single well. Therefore, instead of recording three electric logs from three separate individual
wells, the idea was simply to record three electric logs in the same well, with electrodes spaced
as far apart as possible but in the same horizontal plane. A dipmeter was designed to do this,
recording three Sp curves from single electrodes spaced 120° apart and held against the wall of
the borehole by a mandrel and hard rubber arms. However, such an apparatus can only yield
the angle of dip.
Therefore, the photoclinometerwas added to the instrument assemblage to record the
deviation from vertical of the hole itself and the directional position of the instrument at any
station. The instrument could then measure both direction and angle of bedding dip, corrected
for hole deviation from normal, at many stations in a hole; the number of stations limited only by
the length of film in the photoclinometer. One serious disadvantagewas immediately obvious; it
was only satisfactorywhere sharp SP anomalies were present.
To enable dip measurements to be made in “hard rock” areas of little SP
differentiation,this dipmeter underwent further modification resulting, in 1947, in a
“resistivity”dipmeter. A two-electrode system was placed in each of the hard rubber arms and
circuitry was arranged so that three simultaneous resistivity curves could be recorded rather
than the three SP curves. Even with this tool, it was still necessary to record only at certain
stations rather than continuously, due to rotation of the tool and lack of continuous position data.
-16-
The neutron-gamma device was an outgrowth of work done by Italian physicists in 1935,
who in 1941 were still engaged in nuclear research which led to the development of the first
atomic bomb. Amaldi53 described experiments on the slowing down and stopping of neutrons
by a hydrogenous mass; application of this slowing down of neutrons by hydrogenous
substances (which, for oil exploration work, would be water, oil, and gas) was developed by
Well Surveys, Inc., and was announced to the oil industry by Pontecorvo21 in the classic paper
on the subject. The property measured is the number of secondary gamma rays produced
through bombardment of the rock surrounding the borehole by a stream of neutrons. The
instrumentation is very similar to that of gamma ray logging, since it is also a measure of gamna
ray intensity; the essential difference lies in the degree of sensitivity to be utilized, in the
counter, plus the addition of a stable source of neutrons.
The next really major developmentwas the induction log, introducedby Schlumberger in
1947 to measure formation resistivitieswhen the borehole was filled with oil or oil-base mud.
This replaced attempts to measure resistivity using “scratcher electrodes” which made physical
contact with the formation to provide conduction for current and measuring circuits; this device
had been better than no log but the contact was intermittent and the log was erratic and difficult
to interpret. Thus, the induction log, in itself, proved a very useful tool in this regard but the use
of the induction log in fresh-water muds has become so widespread that the reason for its early
development has been almost forgotten. It is a focused measurement utilizing insulated coils to
induce the current electromagneticallyback into the formations rather than conducting it through
the drilling fluid as in conventional electric logging. With thi~ in- strument, the drilling fluid may
be completely non-conductive or the hole may even lack any liquid flu:d; however, it must not be
cased with metal, for this would provide electrical shielding.
The use of quantitative interpretation of electric logs in the determination of such reservoir
properties as porosity and water saturationhad been stimu- lated by several excellent papers
expressing empirical relationships but wide- spread use of these techniques was still delayed by
the difficulty of obtaining a reliable value for Rt. A great step forward in interpretationwas made
in Wy of 1947 when Schlumberger distributed the first resistivity departure curves. These were
to “provide graphical means by which the true electrical resistivity Rt of a formation in situ can
be deduced from the apparent resistivity Ra, ~iven by the electric log”. Use of these curves
caused a boom in quantitative inter- pretation, while the limitations of the curves were largely
ignored. It is probable that the mistakes made during this frenzied period of log stlldydid more to
cause companies to appreciate the worth of professional log analysts than has any other factor!
The Microlog, introduced by Schlumberger in 1948, was the first attempt to build a tool
specifically designed to facilitate quantitative interpretationby measuring the resistivity of a
specific zone of invasion, ie, the flushed zone. It is a non-focused tool, with electrodes linearly
arranged as in the conventional electric log but with ultra-short spacings, having a normal
resistivity measure- ment with AM = 2“ and a lateral resistivitymeasurement with AO . 1-1/2”.
The electrodes are slightly recessed into a pad held against the borehole wall. How- ever, the
M.icrologis often unsuccessful in measuring the resistivity of the
-17-
flushed zone in intervals of moderate to high resistivity because the mudcake tends to short
circuit the current between electrodes. The Microlog has been an excellent tool for locating
permeable zones and for extremely accurate definition of bed boundaries. Introduction of the
focused Microlaterolog in 1951 as a tool to measure Rxo in higher resistivities and where
mudcakes are thicker and/or of low resistivity has provided a tool “which really does what the
Microlog was originally designed to do”.
Now with the war years beginning to recede into past history and with competition in the
well logging industry becoming intense) research into tools designed for many specific
measurements or to overcome certain limitations and/or disadvantages of the earlier tools
became intense. Introduction of new . tools, new techniques, new methods of interpretationhas
come with every year and sometimes with every few months. The restrictions faced by
conventional electric logging were in regard to either saline or non-conductive borehole fluids,
thin beds, highly resistive beds, and potentially productive beds over- shadowed by dense,
highly resistive beds. These have all been solved: use of the Laterolog (1950) or Guard Log
(1950) as focused tools to measure fomtion resistivi.tyeven though the borehole was filled with
brine; use of the in- duction log (1947) as a focused tool in holes drilled with oil or oil-base mud;
use of any of these focused tools to reduce or eliminate the effect of adjacent beds, including
the Induction-Electriclog introduced in 1956 for this purpose in fresh-water muds. The use of
micro-device tools for porosity calculations as well as for qualitative checks for permeability and
formation boundaries has opened a new route for quantitative analysis.
While electric logging has been advancing rapidly through these diversi- fications, other
fields of logging have been advancing at an CVC1lgreater speed. Pro”lmblythe most rapid in the
past few years has been acoustic logging.
Announcementwas made in 1$)48of an acoustic impedance log being developed by
Humble Research. This technique has come from that start to a continuous velocity 10C
developed by Magnolia Research in 1951, offered cornnerciallyby %i~mocraph Service
Corporation in 1954-for the first time and now offered in ~omc form by every major log~ing
company in the field. It has proved to be pos~ibly the best method yet devised for determination
of formation porosity, is helpful in assistin~ seismic interpretation in difficult areas, and may
ea~ily have other uses not yet found. A completely different application of a vrry zimilar acoustic
technique is the acoustic attenuation cement bond log introduced by Schlumberger in lj60. This
may reduce or solve the ever present problem of whether an unsatisfactorywell completion may
have been due to a poor cement job. It also removes one more “crutch” frequently used as an
excuse for a poor job of formation evaluation!
Equally spectacular advances have been made in engineering for the dipmeter. The SP
and resistivity dipmeters which had to be used only for point by point determinations have been
completely replaced by continuously recording dipmeters of much Greater accuracy. The first
continuous dipmeter, developed by the Reccarch Laboratory of the Carter Oil Company (now
the Jersey Production Research Company) in 1951, utilized a caliper tool for the 120°
correlation.
The orien-
tation and deviation devices were excellent but the differential erosion parameter, while
satisfactory in limestone areas, wa~ not sufficiently sharp in areas of
-18-
Fig. 12. A modern logging truck, equipped for any wireline service. 1961.
sand-shale sequence for dip calculations. This device was followed by the Schlumberger
Microlog continuous dipmeter in 1952, using three IW.crologpads 120° apart and by the
Schlumberger Microlaterolog continuous dipmeter in 1956, using three Microlaterolog pads
spaced 120° apart. This last technique has been adopted by some of the other companies also
and appears to give the sharp breaks necessary for optimum accuracy in dip calculations.
Another major advance has been made in the recovery by wireline of physical samples
from the formations .... but this time, it is not reservoir rock which is being recovered but rather
reservoir fluid. Drill-stem testing has been successful in many areas in the past but it requires
considerable rig-time, both in running the tool and in conditioning the hole to run the tool. The
advent of a wireline tool which could obtain a sample of several gallons (or more) of fluid from
the packed-off formation, while measuring flowing pressure and closed-in
-19-
I
')
Fig. 13. Modern logging instruments for the truck oz Fig. 12. 1961.
-20-
pressure, was eagerly awaited and the waiting has proved worthwhile. This is a tool which has
helped in evaluation of even those zones most difficult to evaluate from logs. This tool was
introduced by Schlumberger in 1955 and this service also is now offered by most companies in
the field.
The use of radioactivitymeasurements (these logs are now officially desig- nated as
“nuclear” logs by the API) has progressed considerably. The early gamma ray and neutron-gma
curves had to be recorded individually, requiring two trips in the hole for a single log. Since
these logs must be recorded very slowly due to the fluctuating nature of the emissions, this
meant that the cost of the rig-time required (alreadyhigh) often became excessive. A depth
problem was also presented through separate runs for recording. The introduction of neutron-
neutron logging by PGAC in 1950, recorded simultaneouslywith their gamma ray curve,
immediately reduced this expense for rig-time by fifty per cent and removed the possibility of
depth discrepanciesbetween the two curves. The neutron-neutron log recorded the number of
slowed neutrons following bombard- ment rather than the number of secondary gemma rays.
Interpretationwas almost the same as for the neutron-gamma curve but the
disadvantageouseffect of un- wanted gamma rays produced within the neutron source was
eliminated. siltlul- taneous recording of these nuclear curves has now become standard practice
in the operations of all logging companies.
Other advances in the field of radioactivity logging include the gamma-gamma curve of
the Densilog, developed by Lane-Wells in 1950 to measure the density of the formations; the
multiple-spaced neutron log used in the detection of gas/oil contacts in areas of dry gas,
developed by Petro-Tech in 1955; gamma ray logging of cores at the surface, developed
“byCore Lab in 1957; the flowing neutron log developed by Creole Petroleum Corporation in
1957 for the localization of gas/oil contacts or points of gas entry in flowing wells; the use of
radioactive isotopes in checking cement tops (experimentallytried by Howell and Frosch in 1939
and commercially introduced by Lane-Wells in 1943) or in checking frac operations or in
determining flow patterns in reservoirs; or the more recent developments in neutron logging of
the Salinity log of McCullough (1959) and the Cemoton log of Lane-wells (I-958). Neutron
sources have been changed through the period of use from the low energy radium-
berylliumoriginal ones to polonium-berylliumand now there are high energy accelerator sources
in the final stages of development and commercial use is expected in the immediate future.
New electric logging combinations by Schlumberger, popularly called the “Grand Slam”
technique, will utilize the deep induction 6FF40 curve (1958), the Proximity curve (1958), the
Laterolog-8 curve (1957) and the SP This is designed primarily as an advance in the science of
quantitative interpretation and recording may revert to a logarithmic scale; this was the t-
ypescale used on the earliest continuously recorded hand recorder logs but replaced by a linear
scale because of easier field acceptance as a qualitative tool.
And, to show the shape of things to come, the introduction of the nuclear magnetism log
in 1959 as a joint effort of California Research and Borg-War r should be mentioned although
field experience is still scanty. say that this technique offers a way of making direct
measurements The on authors
the hydrogen !%
in the formation fluids and not on the rock matrix. It is the only log responding solely to the
formation fluids. It operates equally well in both oil-base and
-21-
water-base muds and in empty holes and can be used in all kinds of formations except
stronglymagnetic ones. A “free fluid log” not only delineates fluid- containing zones but provides
an excellent correlation curve that can be obtained under conditions where conventional
correlation logs are ineffective. It may provide some information on permeability. Another
measurement requires stopping the logging tool for more detailed study but may yield data from
which oil and water saturations can be determined. The property measured is called the
“nuclear magnetic relaxation”.
The methods of measurement and the parameters included have now become so
numerous that a logging analyst would need a specialized knowledge of physics, chemistry,
geology, petroleum engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and many sub-branches
of these in order to follow developments in instrumentation. But the reservoir properties which
are the objective of the search are still the same, ie, porosity, permeability, whether oil, gas, or
water is present and in what quantity. Since the ultimate end of all routes is the same, it is often
possible to begin from there and work backwards in an effort to evaluate the practicality of a
method and to develop a technique of interpretation;this is the empirical approach by which our
present knowledge of interpretationhas been gained. And this is the approach which is now
recommended to all analysts in an effort to increase the information gained from past and
current logging methods and to provide more information from the logging developments certain
for the future.
-22-
ACKNOWLED3VIENTS
I should like to thank the many friends who aided in the preparation of this paper by
supplying remembered information and anecdotes about the early days of logging. I should also
like to thank the SchlumbergerWell Surveying Corporation for furnishing most of the pictures
and logs used as illustrations and Tulane University and the Jersey Production Research
Company for permission to publish this information.
-23-
DTi2T JJ.LUJAL Tr_w-DAIYUV
UULULK 11 J.
10
2.
3*
4.
5*
6.
7*
8.
9*
10.
11.
12.
13
q
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Fox, RW; “On the Electromagnetic Properties of Metalliferous Veins in
. the Mines of Cornwall”; Trans. Royal .—
SOC. Londonj V. 25 (1-830).
Quinck, G.; Annalen. der Physik; series2 V. 7 (1859))PPO 1-47*
Tapper, W.; “Caliper and Temperature Logging”; Quarterly, v. 45, 2-B (June, 1950), p. 444.
Colorado School ——
of Mines
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