PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN

Hari Purnomo
UU No.12 /1992 & PP No. 6/1995 Segala organisme hidup (Hama,
Penyakit, Gulma) yang karena aktivitas
Segala upaya untuk mencegah hidupnya menyebabkan hilangnya atau
kerugian pada budidaya tanaman berkurangnya kualitas dan kuantitas
yang diakibatkan oleh OPT property yang dimiliki manusia.
Termasuk juga NON OPT (Anomali Iklim,
Kebahakaran & Penjarahan)
Perlindungan
Tanaman

PENURUNAN
PENCEGAHAN
PENGHAMBATAN
OPT ? Inherent Property ?
• LUKA DAN KERUSAKAN
Luka bersifat biologi
Kerusakan bersifat ekonomi

• OPT menyebabkan kerusakan

ekonomi yang penting dalam
Perlindungan Tanaman
4 Kondisi yang dibutuhkan untuk menjadi OPT

1. Spesies OPT harus berada pada

pertumbuhan yang optimal
2. Lingkungan mendukung
3. Tanaman harus merupakan dalam
kondisi varietas dan
pertumbuhan yang rentan.
4. Ke-3 diatas harus terjadi dalam
waktu yang sama.
Pathosystem Concept
• Pathogen – Inang – Lingkungan: ketiganya harus dalam kondisi yang
menyebakna terjadinya outbreak of disease.

•When pest – crop – environment right, leads

to “damage”.
Pest damage to crops is significant.
Apa yang menyebabkan
spesies menjadi HAMA

 Introduksi Serangga/Organisme
 Introduksi Tanaman
 Monokultur/Praktek Budidaya
 Toleransi Rendah
 Removal Faktor Pembatas

7
 ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TTUMBUHAN
(OPT)

•Invertebrata (Arthtopoda, Moluska)

•Vertebrata (Mamalia, Burung, Ikan)
•Gulma
•Patogen Tanaman (Jamur, Bakteri, Virus, Ritketsia,
Mikoplasma, Nematoda)
Dampak dari aktivitas OPT -- Luka
• Memakan bagian tanaman
• Toksin Kimia
• Kerusakan secara fisik
• Kehilangan kualitas panen
• Kerusakan Cosmetic
• Penyebaran pathogen/vektor
• Kontaminasi secara langsung
General Impact of Pests – Non-injury

• Costs incurred to implement controls

• Environmental and social costs
• Regulatory costs (embargoes, quarantines, shipment
costs, etc.)
• Luka pada Tanaman
• Luka Jaringan
• Daun
• Batang/ranting
• Akar
• Jaringan reproduksi
• Luka sistemik
• Efek Gulma
• Kompetisi : air, cahaya, nutrisi
• Allelopati
• Efek ekonomi lainnya
Luka Jaringan Daun
Abscisi – Daun secara premature jatuh/drop ketika dari
tanaman masih hijau
TissueBleaching
Injury to Leaves
Leaf turns white or nearly so. Usually caused by using the wrong
herbicide.
Chlorosis Jaringan daun kehilangan klorofil dan
berubah menjadi kuning. Kadang terjadi secara tidak
menyeluruh/spot.

Klorosis pada tanaman Kedelai. Individual dan kondisi di

lapang
Crinkling/Mengkerut. Tekstur daun mengkerut diakibatkan
oleh virus atau toksin yang disebarkan oleh serangga
seperti homoptera

Bisa terjadi pada seluruh daun atau hanya ujung daun

Tissue Injury to Leaves
Cupping and Curling Leaves cup up or down or they curl inward from the edges.

Downward cupping along main vein of each leaflet in soybeans caused by Bean
Common Mosaic Potyvirus
Tissue Injury
Edge Feeding Leavesto Leaves
chewed and eaten from the edges. Feeding lesions can have smooth
or jagged edges. Usually caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts.

Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Hole Feeding Leaves have holes chewed through them. Caused by insects w/chewing
mouthparts.

Yellow poplar weevil adult feeding on yellow poplar

Tissue Injury to Leaves
Mines Caused by small, immature beetles or flies that live in-between the upper and
lower leaf surfaces. The shape of the mine, along with the plant species being attacked,
is useful in identifying the pest species involved.

Frass-linear leaf
mine on birch
leaf. Mines
come in many
shapes.
TissueMottling
Injury to Leaves
Leaf is not uniform in color but is, instead, a mottled mixture of
different shades of green to yellow.

Soybean leaf mottling caused by the Bean Pod Mottle Virus.

Tissue Injury to Leaves
Necrosis Areas of dead tissue which usually sloughs off over time.

Necrosis simply means dead tissue

and may occur in any pattern.
Necrosis may be in spots (top left),
on leaf margins (above), or follow
leaf veins (bottom left). Other
patterns are possible as well.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Rolling Leaf is rolled up like a cigar. Usually caused by caterpillars that use
the rolled leaf as a pupation chamber.

Leaves may be rolled entirely (above) or only

partially (left).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Shothole Small holes in a straight line across the leaf. Usually caused by insects
that bore through the developing leaf when the un-emerged leaf is still rolled up in
the plant’s whorl.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Skeletonization Leaf tissue between the veins is removed but the veins
remain intact leaving a skeleton-like appearance.

Lindin leaf skeletonized by Japanese

beetle. Note that the distal leaf tissue is
relatively normal looking indicating that
the leaf veins are fully functional.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Spots Caused by fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Spots vary in size, shape and
number and may be solid or only peripheral (e.g. ring spot, frog-eye spot).

Fungal leaf spot on soybean

Bacterial leaf spot on pepper

Viral ring spot on
purple cone
flower
TissueStippling
Injury to Leaves
Large numbers of tiny pin-prick feeding lesions cause by mites or other
minute herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts.

Leaf stippling by leaf hoppers (sucking insect). Non-uniform pattern. Stippling = dead
cells surrounding feeding puncture.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Windowpaning One side of the leaf is scrapped off leaving the other side
intact and translucent. This gives the feeding lesion a window-like appearance.
Primarily caused by some young beetle and moth larvae.

Cereal leaf beetle windowpaning on wheat

(left); European corn borer windowpaning
on corn (right).
Structural Tissue Injury
• Galls (may be on any tissue)
• Interference with transport
• Xylem injury
• Phloem injury
• Interference with structural support
• Shape/appearance impact
• Abnormal growth
• Shoot dieback
 Galls
Can occur on all tissues;
leaves, stems/trunks,
branches, roots, etc.

Ash flower galls

caused by a mite Galls on oak leaves from cynipid
wasps

Olive knot gall

(caused by Western gall rust on Soybean roots with galls from root
Pseudmomonas Ponderosa pine branch knot nematode (right) vs. healthy
bacteria) on olive
root (left).
main trunk
Structural Tissue Injury -- Xylem

Many insects, such as the squash Tomato wilt is caused by fungi in

vine borer feed on xylem tissue. the genus Fusarium which plugs
xylem tissue preventing
water/mineral transport.
 Structural Tissue Injury -- Phloem
Bark beetle gallery (right): The adult Beetle lays a line
of eggs along a gallery. The grubs hatch, eat phloem
tissue until they mature.

Phloem discoloration by San Jose scale Phloem discoloration and necrosis

on apple. caused by spiroplasma infection.
Structural Tissue Injury – Interference with
Structural Integrity

Stalk breakage (lodging) caused by fungal stalk rot (left) and European corn borer
(right)
Structural Injury – Abnormal Growth

Many plant pathogens and some

insects cause abnormal growth in
plants. Common forms are called
rosettes (above) and witch’s brooms
(right).
Root Injury – Fibrous Roots

Varying degrees of corn rootworm injury (left) and resulting lodged plants (right)

Phytophthora
root rot on
alfalfa (left);
Fusarium root
rot on soybean
(right)
Root Injury – Storage Organs

Black rot on carrot (left), nematode injury to carrots (middle), carrot weevil injury (right)
 Flower & Fruit Injury
Apple scab
on apple
(right)

Codling moth in apple

Left: Western
flower thrips
feeding injury
on impatiens.

Above: Bean pod mottle virus in soybeans (left)

vs. uninfected beans (right)