Zener dioda

A Zener diode is a particular type of diode that, unlike a normal one, allows current to flow
not only from its anode to its cathode, but also in the reverse direction, when the so-called
"Zener voltage" is reached. Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes
will also break down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are
not as well defined as for a Zener diode. Also normal diodes are not designed to operate in
the breakdown region, but Zener diodes can reliably operate in this region.

The device was named after Clarence Melvin Zener, who discovered the Zener effect. Zener
reverse breakdown is due to electron quantum tunnelling caused by a high strength electric
field. However, many diodes described as "Zener" diodes rely instead on avalanche
breakdown. Both breakdown types are used in Zener diodes with the Zener effect
predominating under 5.6 V and avalanche breakdown above.

Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the basic
building blocks of electronic circuits. They are used to generate low power stabilized supply
rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially stabilized
power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from over-voltage, especially
electrostatic discharge (ESD).

Dioda Zener adalah diode yang memiliki karakteristik menyalurkan arus listrik mengalir ke
arah yang berlawanan jika tegangan yang diberikan melampaui batas "tegangan tembus"
(breakdown voltage) atau "tegangan Zener". Ini berlainan dari diode biasa yang hanya
menyalurkan arus listrik ke satu arah.

Dioda yang biasa tidak akan mengalirkan arus listrik untuk mengalir secara berlawanan jika
dicatu-balik (reverse-biased) di bawah tegangan rusaknya. Jika melampaui batas tegangan
operasional, diode biasa akan menjadi rusak karena kelebihan arus listrik yang menyebabkan
panas. Namun proses ini adalah reversibel jika dilakukan dalam batas kemampuan. Dalam
kasus pencatuan-maju (sesuai dengan arah gambar panah), diode ini akan memberikan
tegangan jatuh (drop voltage) sekitar 0.6 Volt yang biasa untuk diode silikon. Tegangan jatuh
ini tergantung dari jenis diode yang dipakai.
Transistor

Transistor adalah alat semikonduktor yang dipakai sebagai penguat, sebagai sirkuit pemutus
dan penyambung (switching), stabilisasi tegangan, modulasi sinyal atau sebagai fungsi
lainnya. Transistor dapat berfungsi semacam kran listrik, di mana berdasarkan arus inputnya
(BJT) atau tegangan inputnya (FET), memungkinkan pengaliran listrik yang sangat akurat dari
sirkuit sumber listriknya.

Transistor through-hole (dibandingkan dengan pita ukur sentimeter)

Pada umumnya, transistor memiliki 3 terminal, yaitu Basis (B), Emitor (E) dan Kolektor (C).
Tegangan yang di satu terminalnya misalnya Emitor dapat dipakai untuk mengatur arus dan
tegangan yang lebih besar daripada arus input Basis, yaitu pada keluaran tegangan dan arus
output Kolektor.

Transistor merupakan komponen yang sangat penting dalam dunia elektronik modern.
Dalam rangkaian analog, transistor digunakan dalam amplifier (penguat). Rangkaian analog
melingkupi pengeras suara, sumber listrik stabil (stabilisator) dan penguat sinyal radio.
Dalam rangkaian-rangkaian digital, transistor digunakan sebagai saklar berkecepatan tinggi.
Beberapa transistor juga dapat dirangkai sedemikian rupa sehingga berfungsi sebagai logic
gate, memori dan fungsi rangkaian-rangkaian lainnya.
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect
transistor in 1926[1] but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that
time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in
1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper
radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE
milestones in electronics,[2] and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel
Prize in Physics for their achievement.[3]

Transistor

A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current.

The transistor was invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, and it rapidly
replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates current or
voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists of three
layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. A semiconductor is a
material such as germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-enthusiastic" way.
It's somewhere between a real conductor such as copper and an insulator (like the plastic
wrapped around wires).

The semiconductor material is given special properties by a chemical process called doping.
The doping results in a material that either adds extra electrons to the material (which is
then called N-type for the extra negative charge carriers) or creates "holes" in the material's
crystal structure (which is then called P-type because it results in more positive charge
carriers). The transistor's three-layer structure contains an N-type semiconductor layer
sandwiched between P-type layers (a PNP configuration) or a P-type layer between N-type
layers (an NPN configuration).

A small change in the current or voltage at the inner semiconductor layer (which acts as the
control electrode) produces a large, rapid change in the current passing through the entire
component. The component can thus act as a switch, opening and closing an electronic gate
many times per second. Today's computers use circuitry made with complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS uses two complementary transistors per
gate (one with N-type material; the other with P-type material). When one transistor is
maintaining a logic state, it requires almost no power. Transistors are the basic elements in
integrated circuits (IC), which consist of very large numbers of transistors interconnected
with circuitry and baked into a single silicon microchip.