Vital ke-5
TRAINING MODULE FOR THE DOCTORS
• 2008:
• diimplementasikan sebagai kebijakan internasional
• Saat Ini:
• Salah satu persyaratan untuk RUMAH SAKIT BEBAS
NYERI
Akuberharap
mereka tahu aku
dalam keadaan
nyeri berat
200 200
200
200
2
200 200 6
Hospital
8
1 3 4 MALAYSI
Austra Selayan
US Europ S‟pore g pilot A
li a
A e projec Ministry
t of
Healt
h
POLIC
Y
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
KEUNTUNGAN NYERI SEBAGAI
TANDA VITAL KE 5
• EPM program
• diciptakan oleh Dr. Roger Goucke dan Dr. Wayne
Morris
• dibuat untuk meningkatkan manajemen nyeri secara
lobal pada tingkat paling bawah
• Didukung oleh Faculty of pain Medicine (FPM),
Australia
• TUJUAN EPM:
• meningkatkan pemahaman tentang nyeri
• Untuk mengajarkan alur penanganan nyeri yang
mudah
• Mengurangi hambatan dalam penatalaksanaan nyeri
• Recognise
• Assess
• Treat
Recognise ( mengenali )
• Apakah pasien merasakan nyeri?
• Apakah orang lain tahu pasien merasa
nyeri?
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
APPROACH TO PAIN
Assess (mengenali ):
• Seberapa berat nyerinya?
• Apa tipe nyerinya?
• Apakah ada faktor lain?
Treat ( Penanganan )
• Apa pengobatan non farmakologis
yang bisa digunakan?
• Apa pengobatan farmakologis
yang bisa digunakan?
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Apa Itu Nyeri?
• Definisi:
• Nyeri adalah sensasi sensorik dan pengalaman
emosional yang tidak menyenangkan yang
dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jaringan baik nyata
atau potensial, yang digambarkan dalam keadaan
tersebut
• International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
(Bogduk & Merskey 1996
IASP)
• Pertanyaan:
• Apa maksudnya?
• Apakah ada definisi lain?
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Apa maksudnya?
Untuk pasien…..
NYERI adalah yg disebut pasien……
SAKI
T
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Bagaimana
konsekuensinya jika
tidak merawat nyeri
akut?
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Adverse effects
of
severe acute
pain
Poor
Myocardi Atelactasis wound Sleepless
hypoxaemi ness & Centra
Constipati healing
al a helplessne l
O2 on and
hypercarbi ss sensitizati
demand muscle on
a weakness
Weaknes
MI Delays Psychologi-
s
recover c
Pneumonia &impaire
y
d
rehabilitati
on
Chronic pain
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
al stress
Adverse effects
of
severe acute
pain
General & Psychologi-
RS GI Neuro- MSK cal
plasticity
CVS
Poor wound
Atelactasis healing and Sleepless
Myocardial hypoxaemia Constipation ness &
O2 demand Central
muscle
hypercarbia sensitization helplessness
weakness
MI Weaknes
Delays s
Pneumonia &impaired
Chronic pain
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAIN
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Klasifikasi Nyeri
• Tujuan:
• Klasifikasi tipe nyeri
• Untuk tahu mekanisme pendekatan pada nyeri
Kronik
Penyebab Kanker
Non kanker
Neuropathic (patologis)
• Nyeri Akut:
• Nyeri yang baru saja terjadi dan mungkin durasinya
terbatas
• NYERI Kronik:
• Nyeri yang tetap ada setelah penyembuhan luka
• Penyebabnya sering tidak teridentifikasi
• Nyeri berlangsung > 3 bulan
Nyeri Kanker
•Berkelanjutan
•Bisa merupakan percampuran antara akut dan
kronik
• Peripheral nerves
• Traumatic brachial plexus injury
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Carpel tunnel syndrome
• Post herpetic neuralgia
Insidious onset
CHRONIC
PAIN
Luka
kepercayaan/pe
Penyakit
mahaman
lainnya
terhadap
nyeri
Coping strategies
Psychol. factors
anxiety/anger/depression
Faktor sosial
Cth. Keluarga,
Factor budaya pekerjaan
Bahasa, harapan
Nyeri
Apa yg pasien katakan
sakit.
Apa yg harus dirawat.
• 4 tahap:
• Periphery
• Spinal cord
• Otak
• Modulasi
Luka pada
jaringan
ê
Pelepasan reaksi
kimiawi
ê
Stimulasi dari
reseptor rangsang
nyeri ( nociceptors)
ê
Signal travels in Aδ or C
nerve fibres to spinal
cord
Dorsal horn:
1st relay station
2nd
nerve Aδ or C nerve fibres
synapse (connect)
with second nerve
ê
Second nerve travels
up opposite side of
spinal cord
Aδ or C
nerve fibres
• Connections to many
parts of brain
• Cortex
• Limbic system
• Brainstem
• Perjalanan menurun
dari otak ke dorsal
horn
• Biasanya mengurangi
rangsang nyeri
• Untuk dokumentasi
• Penting untuk
• Mendengarkan dan percaya pada pasien
A: Aggravating factors
“apa yg membuat sakitmu tambah berat?”
I: Intensity
“seberapa berat nyerimu?”
• P e n i l a i a n Observer
• Observasi sikap dan vital sign pasien
• Functional assessment
F C
C
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
KAPAN NYERI SEBAIKNYA
DIPERIKSA
ALL patients
•Patient in labour room
•Operating theatre (recovery room)
•ICU/ HDU/CCU
•Ambulatory day care units
•Clinics
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
WHO DOES PAIN
ASSESSMENT?
EVERYONE
•All nurses/ paramedics
•All doctors
•All student nurses
•All medical students
•All allied health personnel
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
SELECTION OF PAIN ASSESSMENT
TOOL
Age Scale
Paediatrics
• Sedated patients
• Unconscious patient
Patient’s Name :
Age : Pain Score
Ward :
• Aims:
• To discuss non drug and drug treatment where
you work
• To classify pain treatments
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
NON- DRUG
TREATMENT:
• Physical :
• Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
• Surgery
• physiotherapy
• Acupuncture, massage,
• Psychological
• Explanation
• Reassurance
• Counselling
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
MEDICATIONS: NON
OPIOIDS
• Acetaminophen
• Paracetamol
• NSAIDS
• Non specific COX • Cox 2 inhibitors
inhibitor • Celecoxib
• Diclofenac • Etoricoxib
• Ibuprofen • Parecoxib
• Naproxyn
• Mefenamic acid
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
MEDICATIONS: OPIOIDS
• Opioids • Opioids
• Weak opioids: antagonist:
• DF 118 • Naloxone
• Tramadol
• Strong
Opioids:
• Morphine
• Pethidine
• Oxycodone
• Fentanyl
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
ANTINEUROPATHIC AGENTS
• • Anticonvulsants
Antidepressants: • Gabapentin
• Tricyclic • Pregabalin
antidepressants • Carbamazepine
• Phenytoin
(TCA)
• Amitryptyline
• Nortriptyline • Others
• Ketamine
• SNRI • Clonidine
• Duloxetine • Entonox ( O2/N2O)
• Venlafaxine • Local anaesthetics
• Drug treatment:
• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• NSAIDS/ COX 2
inhibitors
• Local anaesthetic agents
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Treatment – spinal cord
• Non drug
treatment:
• Acupuncture
• Massage
• Medications:
• Local anaesthetics
• Opioids
• Ketamine
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
TREATMENT - BRAIN
• Non drug
treatment
• Psychological
• Drug
treatment:
• Paracetamol
• Opioids
• Amitriptyline
• Clonidine
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
ANALGESIC
STRATEGIE
S:
ENHANCING
• Inhibit BLOCKING
• ascending pain
signal
• Enhance
• descending
inhibition
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
Analgesic Ladder for SEVERE UNCONTROLLED
PAIN AS o
r
m
THE 5TH
e
d
VITAL y
n
u
SIGN: r
s
e
G
r
e
e
t
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
Pain
Asse
ssm
ent
FLOW C H A
RT Acut
e
pain
Chronic
Pain
FOR Manage
as
U
DOCTOR Y
e
n
d
Chronic
Pain
Refer
e
S
Appendix
r 2
A .
P 6
S
No
Check
Cal Notes
Speciali
t/ Refe
APS
A
n
a
l
g
e
s
i
a
o
r
d
e
r
e
d
No Yes Reco
rd
O analgesics (Refer A
R
D
E
R
REVIEW analgesics (Refer Appendix 2.3 analgesic ladder)
Infor
m
Pai n Score > 6 nurse
to
serve
medic
ation
Reass
after Pain Score > 4-6
30m
!
1hour Pain Score < 4
P5VS:
Doctors’
training
module
Acute pain
Flow
Under chart for
APS
Yes No DOCTOR
S
Call
Specialist/ Check
Refer APS Notes
Analgesia
ordered
Chronic Pain
No Yes Record
Inform nurse to
serve medication
Pain Score > 6
Reassess
after 30min- Pain Score > 4-6
!
1hour
Pain Score < 4
Oral 1.5mg BD
• Sedation score
• 0 = none (patient is alert)
• 1 = mild (patient is sometimes drowsy)
• 2 = moderate (patient is often drowsy but easily
arousable)
• 3 = unarousable
• S = patient is sleeping, easily arousable
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
MANAGEMENT OF
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION:
1. Stop the drug and call for help
2. Administer oxygen – face mask or nasal prongs
3. Stimulate the patient- tell him/her to breathe
4. Dilute naloxone 0.4mg/mg in 4 mls
• Give 0.1 mg (1ml) every 1-2 minutes until the patient wakes
up or respiratory rate >10/min
5. Monitor RR, sedation score hourly for 4 hours
6. Give another dose of naloxone if respiratory
depression recurs
7. Refer to ICH/HDU for close monitoring (patient
may require naloxone infusion)
• Side effects
• (so one can anticipate and treat side effects)
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
KEY
POINTS
Aim:
• Achieve reasonable pain relief
without unacceptable side
effects
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
PAIN IN PAEDIATRIC
PATIENTS
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
FACTS WE KNOW
TODAY
• Behavioural:
• E.g: Facial expression, crying, body posture, activity
• Physiological:
• E.g. heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, Oxygen
saturation, palmar sweating
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
4. SECURE THE
PARENTS
INVOLVEMEN
T
• Get parents involvement in management of their
child‟s plan
Strong opiod
+ non-opiod
+ adjuvants
Non-opiod Step 2
+ adjuvants
Step 1
• Pharmacological
• Non
pharmacological
• Suitable environment
• Distraction
• Guided imagery
• Information before a painful procedure
• Music
• Heat and cold packs
• Massage and physical therapy
P5VS: Doctors’ training module
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Opioid analgesics:
•Weak opioids: Tramadol
•Strong Opioids: Pethidine, Morphine
• Ibuprofen
• Indicated for mild to moderate pain