Batuan Sedimen Klastik PDF
Batuan Sedimen Klastik PDF
2. Mineral stabil
Mineral yang tetap ada mulai dari transportasi sampai dengan pengendapan.
Lempung (clay mineral)
Kuarsa
Chert
Muskovit
Tourmalin
Zirkon
Rutile
Brookit
Anatase
Cara pengendapan :
Secara mekanis, ini menghasilkan sedimen detritus (sedimen klastik)
Secara kimia, dengan reaksi anorganik (langsung) ataupun dengan reaksi organik
(dibantu oleh organisme)
Lingkungan pengendapan adalah direfleksikan oleh mineral - mineral dalam batuan.
Untuk menghasilkan batuan sedimen, tergantung pada:
1. Litologi batuan asal
2. Stabilitas dari mineral -mineral yang ada
3. Kecepatan erosi : merupakan banyaknya materal sedimen yang dapat
diangkut / ditransport, sehingga turut menentukan banyaknya material yang
dapat/akan diendapkan.
Transport akan menghasilkan :
Sorting/ pemilahan
Roundness/kebundaran, yaitu ukuran butiran menjadi kecil/lebih kecil
Proses diagenesa :
Dapat mengubah tekstur batuan sedimen
Dapat mengakibatkan rekristalisasi
A. Firm beach sand, Point Reyes, California. Impregnated with plastic before collection
in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted sub-rounded grains very
well sorted; porosity very high—about 30%. This is a lithic sand with high feldspar
content; it contains abundant chert grains (heavily stippled), quartz (lightly stippled),
feldspar (shown with deavage lines), and various rock fragments.
B. Sand from channel of jacalibps Creek, Coalinga, California. Impregnated with plastic
before collection in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted subangular
grains fairly well sorted; porosity very high; finer-grained layer at bottom. This is a
lithic sand derived from a mixed sedimentary terrane including volcanic sandstones;
it contains about 40% chips of andesite, argillite, shale, chert, and serpentine, 35%
quartz, and 25% feldspar.
A. St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Beloit, Wisconsin. Diam. 2.5 mm. Very well-sorted
sandstone consisting of subrounded quartz grains, a quartz arenite. The texture is
very porous, but grains have been compacted until they are in close contact.
Compare texture in Figure 11-4A.
B. Temblor arkosic sandstone (Miocene), 2500 m below surface, Kettlernan Hills,
California. Diam. 2.5 mm. Moderately sorted sandstone consisting of abundant
subangular grains of quartz and feldspar (with deavage), together with fewer biotite
flakes (lined) and rock particles (heavily stippled). Texture very porous, but deep
burial has caused rearrangement and compaction of grains. Compare the texture in
Figure 11-4B. Note deformed biotite pinched between compacted grains.
A. Pennsylvanian sandstone, Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. Diam. 1.5 mm. Quartz and
turbid rock particles coated with ferric oxide (black), locally covered in turn by clear
euhedral overgrowths of quartz, and the whole cemented by calcite (stippled). Note
trains of globular opaque inclusions in quartz grains.
B. Cretaceous arkosic arenite, Gualala, California. Diam. 0.5 mm. Local clear euhedral
overgrowths of authigenic quartz on detrital quartz (center, lower right, and left).
Quartz overgrowths covered and remaining pores filled by the zeolite laumontite
(cleavage lines but no stippling).
C. Lithic sandstone (Miocene, Temblor Formation), Reef Ridge, California. Diam. 0.75
mm. An incomplete cement of uniformly oriented calcite (stippled, with cleavage
lines); voids fringed with microfibrous chlorite covering both calcite and detrital grains
alike; chloritic fringe covered with opal (blank).
A. Miocene arkosic arenite, or arkose, 3000 m below surface, near Simmler, California.
Diam. 2 mm. Very tightly packed angular and subangular grains: not well sorted, but
free from clay. Consolidated by compaction without cement. Plagioclase, orthoclase,
and microcline (all lightly stippled) and quartz (blank) are about equally abundant;
grains ofcalcite (heavily, stippled) and biotite are accessory. Note pinched and
contorted mica.
B. Micaceous arkosic arenite, or arkose (Triassic), Portland, Connecticut. Diam. 2 mm.
Fairly well-sorted angular to subangular grains of feldspar (lightly stippled) and
quartz (blank); abundant parallel oriented flakes of muscovite and chloritized biotite,
larger than other grains, lie parallel to the bedding. The rock is lightly cemented by
scattered grains of calcite (heavily stippled and showing cleavage) and secondary
A. Andesite arenite (Upper Miocene, Neroly Formation), Mount Diablo, California. Diam.
2.5 mm. Well-sorted, loosely packed, subangular grains of andesite rock, andesine
(clear, with cleavage), hypersthene (center and top), and hornblende (lower left and
right). Each grain enclosed in a thin fibrous rim of smectite. Hypersthene and
hornblende are euhedral, but hypersthene has been etched by intrastratal solutions
after development of smectite rims. This is an epiclastic arenite, not a tuff or a
tuffaceous arenite.
B. Calcareous tuffaceous sandstone (Oligocene, Tunnel Point Formation), Coos Bay,
Oregon. Diam. 3 mm. A mixture of pyrodastic and epiclastic material deposited in a
marine environment, where it was mixed with glauconite and cemented with very fine-
grained calcite (stippled). Curved glass shards and detrital quartz and feldspar are
clear; turbid fragments of meta-andesite and phyllite, and spheroidal pellets of
glauconite, are darkly stippled.
C. Calcareous serpentine arenite (Eocene), southeastern Monterey County, California.
Diam. 3 mm. Angular and subangular grains of serpentine (line pattern), together with
microcrystalline carbonate pellets (stippled), firmly cemented with finely granular
calcite. Note two unbroken foraminifers.