1-PLTS Bab-1 PDF

BASIC TRAINING FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS.
September 2018
Mohammad Hafidz , Ir. Dr.
 S-1, S-2 dan S-3 : bidang Teknik Elektro ( SEAL-ITB,
UI, TIT Jepang)
 1972 – 2004 : Pendidikan, Komlek dan Litbang TNI
Angkatan Laut .
 2005 - Sekarang : Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN,
sebagai Wakil Ketua I bid. Akademik, KLPPM , dosen
dan sekarang menjabat sebagai Staf Ahli Ketua bidang
PLTS dan Renewable Power system.
SECTION - 1
 Introduction
 Energy from the sun
 Peak Sun Hour (PSH)
 PV Cell
 Standar Test Condition (STC)
 Shadding Effect
 PV System configuration
5
Kementerian ESDM Republik Indonesia
Category :
NAD Kaltim
Kalteng
89,72 Sumut Kepri 80,45% > 70 %
66,21%
% 87,62% 69,66% Sulut
Gorontalo 81,82% 50 - 70 %
Riau
Kalbar 67,81% Malut < 50 %
77,56%
95,55% 87,67%
Papua Barat
75,53%
Sumbar Sumsel Sulbar
70,90% Sulteng
80,22% 67,60%
71,02%
Jambi Babel
Sultra
75,14% 97,13%
62,51%
Jakarta Kalsel Maluku
Bengkulu Bali
99,99% 81,61% 78,36%
77,53% 78,08% Sulsel
Papua
Banten 81,14%
Lampung 36,41%
77,55% 86,27%
NTB
Jabar Jateng DIY Jatim 64,43% NTT
80,15% 86,13% 80,57% 79,26% 54,77%
Tahun 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Realisasi 65,10% 65,79% 67,15% 72,95% 76,56% 80,51% 84,35%
Berdasarkan Draft RUKN 87,35% 90,15% 97,25% 95,15% 97,35%
6
ENERGI BARU KAPASITAS
NO SUMBER DAYA (SD) RASIO KT/SD (%)
TERBARUKAN TERPASANG (KT)
1 Hidro 75.000 MW 5.250 MW 7,0 %
2 Panas Bumi 29.475 MW 1.403,50 MW 4,8 %
3 Biomassa 32.000 MW 1.740,40 MW 5,4 %
4 Surya 4,80 kWh/m2/day 77,02 MW -
5 Angin dan Hybrid 3 – 6 m/s 3,07 MW -
6 Samudera 61 GW ***) 0,01 MW ****) -
7 Uranium 3.000 MW *) 30,00 MW **) -
*) Hanya di Kalan – Kalimantan Barat ***) Sumber: Badan Litbang ESDM,
**) Sebagai pusat penelitian, non-energi 2014
****) Prototype BPPT

77
Bussiness
As Usual
450
Juta TOE TARGET 2025
KONSERVASI
SAAT INI 400 ENERGI PRIMER 11%
Juta TOE
290 EBT
Juta TOE
23%
EBT
215
17%
Juta TOE
EBT Batubara
6%
Batubara 30%
 TOTAL ENERGI PRIMER 29%
NASIONAL 215 MTOE
Batubara
29%
 ENERGI PRIMER EBT: 13 MTOE
 PANAS BUMI : 6 MTOE Gas Bumi Gas Bumi
 BIOFUEL : 4 MTOE Gas Bumi 22% 22%
 BIOMASSA : 2 MTOE 24%
 AIR : 1 MTOE
Minyak Bumi Minyak Bumi Minyak Bumi
41% 32% 25%
2014 2020
2025

88
(Target KEN)
Pembangkit (GW) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
PLTU 26,15 27,60 29,16 30,83 32,62 34,12 35,89 37,76 39,72 41,79 43,75
PLTGU 11,62 12,12 12,62 13,12 13,61 14,11 15,04 15,98 16,91 17,84 18,77
PLTG 4,60 4,62 4,65 4,68 4,71 4,75 4,89 5,04 5,19 5,34 5,56
PLTMG 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,20
PLTD Solar 4,60 4,14 3,68 3,22 2,76 2,30 1,84 1,38 0,92 0,46 -
PLTD BBN 1,90 2,54 3,17 3,81 4,44 5,08 5,71 6,35 6,98 7,62 8,25
PLTA 5,09 5,45 5,83 6,24 6,67 7,06 7,47 7,90 8,36 8,84 9,18
PLTM-MH 0,16 0,21 0,27 0,35 0,46 0,55 0,66 0,79 0,94 1,12 1,29
PLT Pump Storage - 1,04 1,04 1,04 1,04 1,49 1,94 1,94 1,94 1,94 1,94
PLTP 2,30 2,65 3,04 3,50 4,02 4,39 4,78 5,21 5,68 6,19 6,34
PLT Biomasa 1,92 2,56 3,19 3,82 4,45 5,09 5,72 6,35 6,98 7,62 8,25
PLTS 0,70 0,93 1,16 1,39 1,62 1,85 2,08 2,31 2,54 2,77 3,00
PLTB 0,35 0,46 0,58 0,69 0,81 0,92 1,04 1,15 1,27 1,38 1,50
PLTGB 0,72 0,95 1,18 1,41 1,63 1,86 2,09 2,32 2,54 2,77 3,00
PLT CBM 0,69 0,92 1,15 1,38 1,62 1,85 2,08 2,31 2,54 2,77 3,00
PLT Laut - - - - - - - - - - -
PLT Nuklir 1,00
Total EBT 13,8 17,71 20,61 23,6 26,8 30,1 33,6 36,6 39,8 43 46,8
Total 61 66,39 70,92 75,7 80,7 85,6 91,4 97 103 109 115
Non Listrik 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Biofuel (Juta KL) 4,07 6,48 6,71 6,96 7,21 - - - - - -
Biogas (Ribu M3) 18.615 22.995 27.375 32.120 36.865 - - - - - -
9
Bauran Energi Primer (PP 79/2014) … Ta r g e t E n e r g i
2025: 115 GW
Minyak Bumi
25% ~ 96 MTOE
Komposisi Kapasitas
Pembangkit
Gas Bumi
22% ~ 76,75 MTOE 60% Fosil 40% EBT
Batubara
22% ~ 113,45 MTOE
68,2 GW 46,8 GW
EBT
23% ~ 84,15 MTOE

110
11
Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia (SNI)
No JUDUL SNI KODE STATUS

1 Modul Fotovoltaik Silikon Kristal – Kualifikasi Disain SNI IEC 61215:2015 SNI
dan Pengesahan Jenis
2 Paramater Karakteristik Sistem Fotovoltaik yang SNI IEC 61194:1992 SNI
Berdiri-Sendiri
3 Sistem Fotovoltaik berdiri sendiri – verifikasi desain Adopsi identik Usulan Penetapan
IEC 62124
4 Sistem fotovoltaik terhubung ke grid – persyaratan Adopsi identik Usulan Penetapan
minimum untuk dokumentasi sitem, uji IEC 62446
komisioning, dan inspeksi
5 Panduan Penyusunan Studi Kelayakan Sistem PLTS Perumusan
Standardisasi Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia

(SKKNI)
No JUDUL DASAR HUKUM STATUS

1 SKTT Operasi, Pemeliharaan, Konstruksi & Inspeksi UU Ketenagalistrikan No. 30 SKTT Ketenagalistrikan
Tahun 2009
2 RSKKNI Perencanaan UU Ketenagakerjaan No. 13 RSKKNI Bidang Aneka EBT
Tahun 2003
12
PLTS Interkoneksi jaringan PLN
atau PIUKU lainnya
PLTS On-Grid
PLTS Rooftop pembangkit listrik yang
memanfaatkan atap bangunan .
kelebihannya listrik bisa dijual ke
jaringan PLN
PLTS Tersebar (SHS) listrik yang

dihasilkan selanjutnya disalurkan
langsung ke instalasi rumah
pemakai
PLTS Off-Grid
PLTS Tersebar (SHS) listrik yang
dihasilkan selanjutnya disalurkan
langsung ke instalasi rumah
pemakai
13
PLN - PV Development Plan
90
Capacity, MWp
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
PV Development Program up to 2020 : 620
MW
6
PLN - PV Design Configuration Options
 DEVELOPED BY PLN
Off Grid System (cap : 50 – 100 kW )
 Off grid: PV Stand Alone System ( connected to LV feeder, 230 V/ 400 V or

MV line 20 kV, PV and Storage Bank /Battery)
 On Grid System (cap: 100 - 1000 Kw )
 Hybrid System with Exist.Diesel

Diesel or Ohers Power Plant + PV+Battery
( connected to new or existing MV Line )
 On grid System ( connected to existing MV line and without battery)
 DEVELOPED BY IPP
 On grid system (cap: 1 – 10 MW)

 On grid System ( connected to existing MV line and without battery)
Propossed Location Criteria of PV - IPP
•Small & medium isolated system which currently supplied

by Diesel power
•The maximum PV capacity limited by 20% of the average
system demand , ranges between 1 MW up to 10 MW .
•PLN average generation cost at the location higher than
the propossed FIT tariff.
•System configuration: on grid, no battery and operate as an
hybrid system with existing power plants.
67 Location of Isolated system with total capacity of 150 MW

propossed for the first phase of IPP - solar development
13
KALBAR: 9.5 MWp, 7 KALSEL: 2 MWp, 1 PLTS GORONTALO: 2 MWp, 1 PLTS SULUT: 4 MWp, 4 PLTS PAPUA: 14.5 MWp,
PLTS  Kotabaru, 2 MWp  Gorontalo, 2 MWp  Tahuna, 1 MWp 7 PLTS
 Ketapang, 2.5 MWp  Siau, 1 MWp  Jayapura, 6 MWp
SUMUT: 2 MWp, 1 PLTS  Ngabang, 1 MWp  Karakelong, 1 MWp  Biak, 1.5 MWp
KALTENG: 2 MWp, 2 PLTS
Nias, 2 MWp  Sanggau, 1.5 MWp  Talaud, 1 MWp  Kaimana, 1 MWp
 Sukamara, 1 MWp SULTENG: 2 MWp, 2 PLTS
 Sintang, 1.5 MWp  Serui, 1 MWp
 Nanga Bulik, 1 MWp  Tolitoli, 1 MWp
 Nanga Pinoh, 1 MWp MALUT: 7.5 MWp, 6 PLTS  Merauke, 1.5 MWp
ACEH: 4 MWp, 3 PLTS  Sekadau, 1 MWp  Kep. Banggai, 1 MWp
 Ternate-Tidore, 2.5 MWp  Nabire, 1.5 MWp
Sabang, 1 MWp  Putussibau, 1 MWp KALTIM: 2.5 MWp, 2 PLTS  Timika, 2 MWp
 Jailolo-Sofifi, 1 MWp
Sinabang (Simeulue), 2 MWp  Nunukan, 1.5 MWp
BABEL: 13 MWp, 2 PLTS  Tobelo-Malifut, 1 MWp
Singkil, 1 MWp  Tanjung Selor, 1 MWp PAPUA BARAT: 5
 Bangka, 2 x 5 MWp  Bula, 1 MWp
 Bacan, 1 MWp MWp, 3 PLTS
 Belitung, 3 MWp
 Sanana, 1 MWp  Manokwari, 2 MWp
 Fak-fak, 1 MWp
 Sorong, 2 MWp
RIAU: 8.5 MWp, 6 PLTS

 Siak, 1 MWp
 Bengkalis, 1.5 MWp
 Ranai , 1 MWp
 Selat Panjang, 1.5 MWp
 Tj Balai Karimun, 2.5 MWp
 Tj Batu , 1 MWp
SUMBAR: 2 MWp, 1 PLTS

 Mentawai, 2 x 1 MWp
SULTRA: 13 MWp, 7 PLTS MALUKU: 9.5 MWp, 6 PLTS

BENGKULU: 1 MWp, 1 PLTS  Bombana, 1 MWp  Ambon, 4.5 MWp
 Muko-Muko, 1 MWp  Kendari, 2 x 3 MWp  Seram, 1 MWp
 Kolaka, 2 MWp  Namlea, 1 MWp
NTT: 14 MWp, 9 PLTS  Bau-Bau, 2 MWp  Tual, 1 MWp
 Kupang, 5 MWp SULSEL: 1 MWp, 1  Raha, 1 MWp  Dobo, 1 MWp
JATIM: 4 MWp, 4 PLTS NTB: 17 MWp, 5 PLTS  Atambua, 1 MWp PLTS  Wangi-Wangi, 1 MWp  Saumlaki, 1 MWp
 Kangean, 1 MWp  Sumbawa, 3 MWp  Rote, 1 MWp  Selayar, 1 MWp
 Karimunjawa , 1 MWp  Lombok Utara, 2 MWp  Alor, 1 MWp
 Raas , 1 MWp  Lombok Timur, 4  Adonara, 1 MWp
 Sapudi , 1 MWp MWp  Sumba Timur, 1 MWp
80 LOKASI RENCANA LELANG KUOTA PLTS
 Lombok Barat, 4 MWp  Larantuka, 1 MWp TOTAL KAPASITAS 140 MW
 Sistem Bima, 4 MWp  Maumere-Ropa-Ende, 2 MWp
• 25 sen USD/kWh  Bajawa-Ruteng-Labuan Bajo, 1
MWp
• 30 sen USD/kWh jika menggunakan modul PV dengan TKDN
sekurang kurangnya 40%. 17
Kendala dan Upaya Penyelesaiannya
No KENDALA UPAYA MENANGANI
1 Investasi PLTS masih sangat mahal, karena sebagian besar Meningkatkan pangsa pasar dan
komponen PLTS masih diimpor mendorong peningkatan kapasitas
industri PV dan peralatan lain
2 Pembangunan PLTS perlu lahan cukup luas , sehingga dalam Pinjam pakai kawasan hutan dan
perencanaan diperlukan koordinasi dengan banyak pihak mendorong pengembangan PLTS
Rooftop
3 Masih terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dalam menangani Mengalokasikan kegiatan diklat
operasi PLTS di daerah perdesaan dan pulau terluar operasi dan pemeliharaan tidak
hanya kepada aparat pemda,
namun termasuk para oparator
PLTS
4 Belum tersedianya lembaga uji produk dan lembaga sertifikasi Perlunya didorong adanya Jasa
profesi yang memadai. Sertifikasi terkait dengan Teknologi
dan SDM
5 Umur teknis penyimpan arus (batere) yang relatif pendek yang Perlunya penelitian teknologi untuk
mejadi permasalahan dalam keandalan pelayanan listrik peralatan batere
6 Masalah Lingkungan yang masih kurang perhatian pada Tumbuhnya jasa sertifikasi di
pembangunan PLTS tingkat daerah
18
Negara dunia yg paling banyak
memasang PV solar system
19
PLTS 71.8 MWp di Jerman
20
Trend Pemasaran PV solar module
21
Kenapa Energy Matahari ?
• Mudah didapat dimana-mana
• Di Indonesia yang terletak di katulistiwa intentisas
radiasi sangat tinggi.
• Tidak diperlukan biaya, aman dan handal.
• Tidak menimbulkan polusi, noise , bahan beracun
• PLTS dapat dibangun dalam waktu cepat , perawatan
minimum.
• Pembangunan PLTS tdk memerlukan persyaratan
khusus.
22
ENERGI MATAHARI
Matahari adalah merupakan bola gas yang panas dengan temperatur mencapai
20x106 derajat Kelvin (K). Reaksi fusi nuklir pada inti matahari mengubah gas
hydrogen menjadi helium. Fusi nuklir ini melepaskan energi panas sebesar :
E = m c2 = 3,8 x 1020 MJ (2.1)
dimana : m = massa , c = kecepatan gel. EM ( 3 x 10 8 m/detik)
23
SOLAR POWER TOWER
Barstow – Ca, USA

24
Power Tower, Barstow - California
25
Solar Heat Power Electricity
26
IRRADIASI MATAHARI
27
Posisi matahari terhadap bumi
28
Solstice dan Equinox
•The earth also rotates about its own axis once per day.
•The polar axis of the earth is inclined by an angle of 23.45o to the plane of the
earth’s orbit – results in seasons.
•On March 21 and September 21, the sun rays are perpendicular to the equator
(equinox) -12 hours of daytime everywhere on earth.
•On December 21 and June 21,
the sun reaches its lowest
(highest) point in the sky in the
northern (southern) hemisphere
i.e., winter (summer) Solstic
29
Lintasan Matahari
30
Altitude Angle of the Sun
declination angle, δ, can be obtained from the solar almanac of each year.
δ varies from day to day as given in below:
δ = 23.45 Sin{260/365(d +284)}
31
Sudut Kemiringan Panel Surya
• β = 180o – (γ + 90o)
32
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
(plot of sun altitude versus azimuth for specific
latitude and days of the year)
33
Irradiasi matahari & PV output
34
Solar Radiation
35
Peak Sun Hour (PSH)
36
Data PSH
37
Profil PSH per tahun.
38
Tabel 2.2. Intensitas radiasi untuk berbagai lokasi di Indonesia
Intensitas radiasi di Indonesia
39
Webbsite NASA
• http : //eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-
bin/sse/register.cgi
• You can register here directly :

• http : //eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-
bin/sse/grid.cgi?email=skip@larc.nasa.gov
40
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY
41
Bahan semikonduktor tipe p dan tipe n
42
43
44
Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
n-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Depletion Zone
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
p-type
semiconductor
Karakteristik Solar PV
Isc : arus short circuit , Voc : tegangan open circuit dan

maximum power points (MPP) yaitu IpvMPP dan VpvMPP. MPP
adalah daya maksimum yang dapat dihasilkan oleh solar PV
pada suatu kondisi irradiasi dan temperatur tertentu.
46
Karakteristik VI sbg fungsi irradiasi
dan temperatur
47
Jenis Solar PV
48
49
50
51
52
Effisiensi Solar PV
53
54
Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World
55
HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD)
TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. GROUP
SQ. CM. %
 Si SINGLE CRYSTAL 4.00 24.7 UNSW
 Si MULTI CRYSTAL 1.00 20.3 FhG-ISE
 a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.7 SANYO
 a-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION 0.27 13.5 USSC
 a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si) 1.20 10.1 Kaneka
 CdTe 1.00 17.3 First Solar
 CIGS 1.00 19.6 NREL
 Si FILMS 4.01 16.6 Stuttgart University
 DYE 1.00 11.0 Sharp
 Organic 1.0 10.0 Mitsubishi
 GaAs (500 x) 0.4 40.7 SPECTROLAB
 Si/GaAs (20 x) 0.4 42.8 Delaware Univ,
Semiconductor Material
Efficiencies
57
TEKNOLOGI
 Tahapan Fabrikasi Sel Surya dan Sistem PLTS:
Pemurnian Silika Wafer Silika Sel Surya
Modul Sel Surya-50 Wp
PLTS-SHS 50 Wp
10/31/2018 58
PT Len Industri (Persero)
KESIAPAN INDUSTRI ENERGI SURYA

Fasilitas Produksi Modul Surya PT Len Industri (Persero)
Tabbing
Matrix
Production Floor
Lay-up + Lamination
Competitive Technological Independence Sun Simulator Module Structure

www.len.co.id
Proses Produksi Solar PV
60
Standar Test Condition (STC)
STC adalah standar test modul PV yang dilakukan di

laboratorium, dengan standar parameter :
(1) Intensitas irradiasi : 1000 W/m2,
(2) Air Mass : AM 1.5 standard reference spectrum,
(3) Temperature modul : 25 ± 2 degrees C.
61
Air Mass (AM)
Air Mass (AM) ratio : is the optical path length through earth's
atmosphere relative to the minimum path. This ratio is
approximately equal to the inverse of the sine of the sun’s
altitude angle β.
– AM0 means no atmosphere

– AM1 means the sun is directly overhead.
– AM1.5 (an air mass ratio of 1.5) is often
assumed as the average spectrum at the
earth’s surface. AM1.5 is chosen as the
standard calibration spectrum for PV
Cells.
10/31/2018
62
62
KONSEP AIRMASS
63
Air Mass (AM)
64
Konstruksi modul PV
65
Hubungan PV Paralel
66
Hubungan PV seri - paralel
67
Tipikal karakteristik solar PV
68
Shadding Effect
10/31/2018
69
69
Shadding Effect
70
Hindari Shadding Effect
10/31/2018
71
71
Bypass and blocking diode
72
Junction box & by pass diode
73
74
APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI PLTS DI INDONESIA
Perumahan Tersebar/Terpencil Lampu Jalan dan Wartel
Pompa Air Tenaga Surya

Pembangkit Listrik Hibrida-Diesel
10/31/2018 75
Solar PV Tracking Systems,
14MW, Nevada-USA
PV Solar Tracking
2,117 kWp PV power plant, Mittelwasungen (Germany)
PLTS OFF GRID 30 kWp
Evaluating a Site for Solar PV
Potential
Mounting Location – Solar modules are usually mounted on roofs. If roof area is not
available, PV modules can be pole-mounted, ground-mounted, wall-mounted or
installed as part of a shade structure
Shading – Photovoltaic arrays are adversely affected by shading. A well-designed PV
system needs clear and unobstructed access to the sun’s rays from about 9 a.m. to 3
p.m., throughout the year.
Orientation – In northern latitudes, by conventional wisdom PV modules are ideally
oriented towards true south. But the tilt or orientation of a roof does not need to be
perfect because solar modules produce 95 percent of their full power when within 20
degrees of the sun’s direction. Roofs that face east or west may also be acceptable
Required Area – Residential and small commercial systems require as little as 50
square feet for a small system up to as much as 1,000 square feet. As a general rule ,
every 1,000 watts of PV modules requires 100 square feet of collector area for
modules using crystalline silicon (currently the most common PV cell type).
Each 1,000 watts of PV modules can generate about 1,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per
year
86
Grid connected and off grid PV system
10/31/2018
87
87
Sistem off-grid (stand alone)
10/31/2018
88
88
SOLAR HOME SYSTEM (SHS)
89
Roof top
90
91
92
Sistem grid connected tanpa battery
93
Sistem grid connected dengan battery
94
95
Basic components of PV systems with and without
batteries :
• Solar photovoltaic modules
• Array mounting racks
• Grounding equipment
• Combiner box
• Surge protection (often part of the combiner box)
• Inverter
• Meters – system meter and kilowatt-hour meter
• Disconnects:
- Array DC disconnect
- Inverter DC disconnect
- Inverter AC disconnect
- Exterior AC disconnect
If the system includes batteries, it will also require:
• Battery bank with cabling and housing structure
• Charge controller
• Battery disconnect 96
10/31/2018
96
TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIAN
97

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BASIC TRAINING FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS.

Kementerian ESDM Republik Indonesia

Kementerian ESDM Republik Indonesia

Kementerian ESDM Republik Indonesia

No JUDUL SNI KODE STATUS

Standardisasi Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia

No JUDUL DASAR HUKUM STATUS

PLTS Tersebar (SHS) listrik yang

Off Grid System (cap : 50 – 100 kW )

 Off grid: PV Stand Alone System ( connected to LV feeder, 230 V/ 400 V or

 On Grid System (cap: 100 - 1000 Kw )

 Hybrid System with Exist.Diesel

 On grid System ( connected to existing MV line and without battery)

 On grid system (cap: 1 – 10 MW)

•Small & medium isolated system which currently supplied

67 Location of Isolated system with total capacity of 150 MW

RIAU: 8.5 MWp, 6 PLTS

SUMBAR: 2 MWp, 1 PLTS

SULTRA: 13 MWp, 7 PLTS MALUKU: 9.5 MWp, 6 PLTS

E = m c2 = 3,8 x 1020 MJ (2.1)

dimana : m = massa , c = kecepatan gel. EM ( 3 x 10 8 m/detik)

Barstow – Ca, USA

Intensitas radiasi di Indonesia

• You can register here directly :

Isc : arus short circuit , Voc : tegangan open circuit dan

 Tahapan Fabrikasi Sel Surya dan Sistem PLTS:

Pemurnian Silika Wafer Silika Sel Surya

Modul Sel Surya-50 Wp

KESIAPAN INDUSTRI ENERGI SURYA

Competitive Technological Independence Sun Simulator Module Structure

STC adalah standar test modul PV yang dilakukan di

– AM0 means no atmosphere

Perumahan Tersebar/Terpencil Lampu Jalan dan Wartel

Pompa Air Tenaga Surya

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