11 12 Mineralogi Batuan Sedimen Dan Batuan Metamorf

Batuan Sedimen dan Batuan
Metamorf
Bilal Al Farishi, B.Sc(Hons).,M.Sc
MINERALOGI BATUAN
SEDIMEN
Sedimen dan Batuan Sedimen
• Dua tipe sedimen yaitu: detritus dan kimiawi.
• Detritus terdiri dari partikel-2 padat hasil dari pelapukan mekanis.

Sedimen kimiawi terdiri dari mineral sebagai hasil kristalisasi
larutan dengan proses inorganik atau aktivitas organisme.
• Partikel sedimen diklasifikasikan menurut ukuran butir, gravel

(termasuk bolder, cobble dan pebble), pasir, lanau, dan lempung.
• Transportasi dari sedimen menyebabkan pembundaran dengan cara

abrasi dan pemilahan (sorting). Nilai kebundaran dan sorting
sangat tergantung pada ukuran butir, jarak transportasi dan proses
pengendapan.
• Proses litifikasi dari sedimen memnjadi batuan sedimen terjadi

melalui kompaksi dan sementasi.
MINERAL DAN PELAPUKAN KIMIA
EROSI, TRANPORTASI, PENGENDAPAN
• Erosi adalah proses pemindahan batuan dari tempat asalnya

menuju lokasi yang baru.
• Proses erosi pada soil sangat tergantung pada kegiatan manusia.
• Hasil proses erosi yang tertransportasi akan diendapkan dalam
cekungan pengendapan membentuk kelompok batuan sedimen.
TRANSPORTASI SEDIMEN DAN UKURAN BUTIR SEDIMEN
Laut Darat
Transportasi
Ukuran dan bentuk
dari sedimen
butir adalah
menyebabkan
fungsi dari
pembundaran.
jarak dan
mekanisme
Nilai kebundaran
tranportasi
dan sorting sangat tergantung pada
ukuran butir,
Dua jenis jarak transportasi
mekanisme dan
transportasi: proses
arus traksi dan arus
pengendapan.
turbit (viskositas tinggi)
Mineral Pada Batuan Sedimen
• Mineral tidak variatif
• Cenderung tidak bersudut
• Mineral tahan pelapukan
KERIKIL/KERAKAL MENYUDUT
MEMBUNDAR
BREKSI
KLASIFIKASI BATUAN SEDIMEN
Metamorphism: A Process of Change
Crystalography and Mineralogy – Metamorphic rock mineralogy Bilal Al Farishi, B.Sc (Hons)., M.Sc
Definition
• The original rock is subjected to very high heat and
pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical
changes
• A protolith is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from

which a given metamorphic rock is formed (proto-: first;
lithos: rock; both Greek). For example, the protolith of a
slate is a shale or mudstone
Metamorphism
Is the process that occur in rocks
due to the effects of
• High temperature
• High pressure
• Chemically active fluids
When rocks are baked by heat of molten magma or
squeezed by the movements of huge tectonic plates or
by the pressure of overlying thick succession of rocks
They are altered or changed beyond their recognition,

i.e. change in Chemical composition, texture and
structure
Metamorphic Processes
• Metamorphic change occurs slowly in the solid state.
• Several processes are at work.
• Recrystallization – Minerals change size and shape.
• Phase change – New minerals form with… Kyanite

• Same chemical formula.
• Different crystal structure.
• Example: Andalusite to kyanite.
• Neocrystallization – New minerals with changes in temperature and
pressure.
• Initial minerals become unstable and change to new minerals.
• Original protolith minerals are digested in reactions.
• Elements restructure to form new minerals.
• In this way, a shale can transform into a garnet mica schist.
• Plastic deformation – Mineral grains soften and deform.
• Requires elevated temperatures.
• Rock is squeezed or sheared.
• Minerals act like plastic, changing shape without breaking.
Batuan Metamorf
• Berdasarkan foliasi: • 3 jenis berdasarkan kontak
• Foliasi pembentukan
• Non-Foliasi • Metamorfosis Kontak
• Metamorfosis Dinamik
• Metamorfosis Regional
Batuan Metamorf: Berdasarkan Kehadiran
Foliasi
Types of Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism-
 This type of metamorphism occurs locally adjacent to the igneous
intrusion; with high temp. and low stress
 There is little change in bulk composition of the rock
 Area surrounding the intrusion (Batholith) is heated by the magma;
metamorphism is restricted to a zone surrounding the intrusion,
this zone is know as METAMORPHIC AUREOLE.
 The rocks formed are non-foliated fine-grained rocks called as
HORNFELS.
Types of Metamorphism: Contact
Thermal, local, around intrusions. Size of aureole depends on:
Size of intrusion
Heat (composition)
Fluid content of
magma
Fluid content of
country rock
Country rock type
Quartzite (kuarsit) Quartzite –
• Almost pure quartz in composition.
• Forms by alteration of quartz sandstone.
• Sand grains in the protolith recrystallize and fuse.
• Like quartz, it is hard, glassy, and resistant.
Metamorphic Rocks
• Marble - Coarsely crystalline calcite or dolomite.
• Extensive recrystallization completely changes the rock.
• Original textures and fossils in the parent are obliterated.
• Used as a decorative and monument stone.
• Exhibits a variety of colors.
Metamorphic Alteration
MARBLE
 Latin word “Marmor”– Shining stone.
 Calcareous metamorphic rock
 Though it shows granulose structure it is not as hard as Quartzite because of its
Calcareous composition; but can withstand reasonable load.
 Due to its pleasant colour and brilliant appearance when polished it is extensively
used as building stone.
Marble
Marble
Mine
AMFIBOLIT (AMPHIBOLITE) KWARSIT (QUARTZITE)
MARMER (MARBLE) BATUTANDUK (HORNFELS)

Regional
Metamorphism
 metamorphism occurs covering
larger area, which is subjected to
intense deformation under direct or
differential stress.
 Rocks formed under such
environment are usually strongly
foliated, such as slates, schist's, and
gneisses.
 The differential stresses result from
tectonic forces,
 e.g. when two continental masses
collide with one another resulting
into mountain building activity.
Compressive stresses result in
folding of the rock
• Slate, Argillite: Low grade metamorphic rocks with partly to
well-developed cleavage; almost all are meta shales,
metamudstones.
• Phyllite: Higher grade than Slate, with incipient Foliation, shiny
surface; almost all are meta shales, metamudstones.
• Schist: Higher grade than slate, phyllite; characterized by
distinct metamorphic foliation, abundant platy minerals, some
segregation into layers common.
• Gneiss: High grade metamorphic rock; varies widely in
composition and mineral mode; characterized by distinct
compositional banding in most cases.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Increasing metamorphic grade
Increasing foliation
slate phyllite schist gneiss migmatite

(partially melted)
(low grade) (high grade)

METAMORFOSIS DAN BATUAN
METAMORFIK
• Batuan Metamorfik ada yang berfoliasi ada
yang tidak
• Batuan metamorfik berfoliasi membentuk
urutan besar butir dan/atau perkembangan
foliasi, dari
 sabak (slate) yg berbutir halus ke
 filit (phyllite) dan sekis (schist) yang
berbutir kasar,
 genes (gneiss) dengan foliasi mineral
yang terpisah.
METAMORFIK
• Amfibolit adalah batuan metamorfik yang
berfoliasi dan berbutir kasar, berasal dari
batuan berkomposisi mafik/basaltik.
• Marmer, kwarsit, batu-sabak (slate) dan
hornfels adalah batuan metamorfik NON-
FOLIASI.
• Marmer, slate, grafit, talk dan asbes
adalah batuan metamorfik yang juga
merupakan mineral industri
INDEX MINERAL
Index minerals are minerals used in metamorphic rocks as indicators of peak pressure
and temperature. The first appearance of a mineral defines an index zone that
identifies the minimum peak temperature and pressure obtained
Index minerals for progressive metamorphism in Metapelitic

Rocks:
Chlorite >> Slate, Phyllite
Biotite >> Phyllite, fine-gr Schist
Garnet >> Schist, Gneiss
Staurolite >> Schist, Gneiss
Kyanite >> Schist, Gneiss
Sillimanite >> Schist, Gneiss
Tingkat/Tahap Metamorfosis & Mineral Indeks
General
Category Phyllosilicates
CHLORITE Formula
(repeating unit)
(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10
(OH)2·(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6
Crystal system Monoclinic 2/m; with
sometriclinic polymorphs.
Identification
Color Various shades of green;
rarely yellow, red, or white.
Crystal habit Foliated masses, scaley
aggregates, disseminated
flakes.
Cleavage Perfect 001
Fracture Lamellar
Mohs scalehardness 2–2.5
Luster Vitreous, pearly, dull
Streak Pale green to grey
Specific gravity 2.6–3.3
Refractive index 1.57–1.67
Other characteristics Folia flexible – not elastic
General
Category Dark mica series
Formula K(Mg,Fe)
Biotite (repeating unit) 3(AlSi
3O
10)(F,OH)
2
Crystal system Monoclinic (2/m)
Space Group: C 2/m
Identification
Color Dark brown, greenish-brown,
blackish-brown, yellow, white
Crystal habit Massive to platy
Twinning Common on the [310],
less common on the {001}
Cleavage Perfect on the {001}
Fracture Micaceous
Tenacity Brittle to flexible, elastic
Mohs scalehardness 2.5–3.0
Luster Vitreous to pearly
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent to
opaque
[1]
Garnet
Garnet Category
General
Nesosilicate
Formula The general formulaX3Y2(SiO4)3
(repeating unit)
Crystal system Isometric
Identification
Color virtually all colors, blue very rare
Crystal habit Rhombic dodecahedron or cubic
Cleavage Indistinct
Fracture conchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale (hardness) 6.5–7.5
Luster vitreous to resinous
Streak White
[1]
Polish luster vitreous to subadamantine
Optical properties Single refractive, often anomalous
[1]
double refractive
Other characteristics variable magnetic attraction
General Identification
Category Nesosilicate Color Dark reddish brown to
2+ [1]
Formula Fe 2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2 blackish brown, yellowish
(repeating unit) brown, rarely blue; pale
Crystal system Monoclinic golden yellow in thin
section
Crystal class Prismatic (2/m)
Crystal habit Commonly in prismatic
Space group Monoclinic
crystals
Twinning Commonly as 60° twins,
less common as 90°
Staurolite Cleavage
cruciform twins
Distinct on {010}
Fracture Subconchoidal
Tenacity Brittle
Mohs scalehardness 7 - 7.5
Luster Subvitreous to resinous
Streak White to grayish
Diaphaneity Transparent to opaque
Specific gravity 3.74 - 3.83 meas. 3.686
calc.
Kyanite
General
Category Nesosilicate
Kyianite Formula
(repeating unit)
Al2SiO5
Crystal system Triclinic

Crystal class Pinacoidal (1)
H–M Symbol: (1)
Identification
Color Blue, white, rarely green, gray, yellow,
pink, orange, and black, can be zoned
Crystal habit Columnar; fibrous; bladed
Twinning Lamellar on {100}
Cleavage [100] perfect [010] imperfect with 79°
angle between
Fracture Splintery
Tenacity Brittle
Mohs scalehardness 4.5-5 parallel to one axis
6.5-7 perpendicular to that axis
Luster Vitreous to pearly
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity 3.53 - 3.65 measured; 3.67 calculated
Optical properties Biaxial (-)
Refractive index nα = 1.712 - 1.718 nβ = 1.720 - 1.725
nγ = 1.727 - 1.734
Pleochroism Trichroic, colorless to pale blue to blue
General
Category Nesosilicate
Formula Al2SiO5
Silimanite (repeating unit)
Crystal system Orthorhombic
Dipyramidal class
Space group Orthorhombic
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group: Pbnm
Identification
Color Colourless or white to grey,
also brown, yellow, yellow-
green, grey-green, blue-green,
blue; colourless in thin section
Crystal habit Prismatic crystals, fibrous,
acicular
Cleavage {010} perfect
Mohs scalehardness 7
Luster Vitreous to subadamantine,
silky
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent
Metamorphic Rocks Identification Guide
Dynamic Metamorphism
•Dynamic metamorphism occurs due to brittle or
ductile deformation of rocks that have
experienced significant strain. Metamorphism
associated with fault zones.
•Occurs between moving plates (very localized and
happens quickly).
Associated with major
San Andreas Fault
fault planes such as the
San Andreas Fault and
the Moine Thrust
Relatively localised or
small scale limited to
a few metres either side
of the fault plane
Rocks are crushed and

ground into angular
fragments under
intense shear pressure
• Breakage of rock by shearing at a fault zone.
• Fault location determines type of alteration.
• Shallow crust – Upper 10–15 km.
• Rocks behave in a brittle fashion.
• Mineral grains crush-forming fault breccia.
• Deeper crust – Below 10–15 km.
• Rocks behave in a ductile manner.
• Minerals smear like taffy
to form mylonite.
Mylonite
• Mylonite is a fine-grained,
compact metamorphic rock
produced by dynamic
recrystallization of the
constituent minerals resulting
in a reduction of the grain size
of the rock. Mylonites can have
many different mineralogical
compositions; it is a
classification based on the
textural appearance of the rock.
Shock Metamorphism
• Rarely, Earth is struck by a comet or an asteroid.
• Impacts generate a compressional shock wave.
• Extremely high pressure.
• Heat that vaporizes or melts large masses of rock.
• These conditions generate high-pressure minerals.
Metamorphic Facies
• Metamorphic facies – Mineral assemblage from a specific protolith at
specific P-T conditions.
• The same minerals result from the same…
• Protoliths.
• T and P conditions.
• Named for dominant
mineral.
METAMORFIK
• FASIES METAMORFOSIS
 Lingkungan metamorfosis yg dicirikan
oleh asosiasi/himpunan mineral yang
mencirikan kondisi T dan P tertentu.
Fasies Metamorfosis
Facies: greenschist---------- amphibolite ----------- granulite
Grade: ----- Low-----------------Medium--- - ---------High

------slate ---phyllite -------- schist -----------------gneiss
Zone: index minerals are bold and large:

----------chlorites------
-----------------------quartz/feldspars----------------------------------
--------------------------muscovite---------------
--------------------------biotite--------------------
----------------------------------- garnets ------
-------------------------------------- --staurolite--
-------------------------------------------kyanite---
-----------------------------------------------------------sillimanite--
THANK YOU

11 12 Mineralogi Batuan Sedimen Dan Batuan Metamorf

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

11 12 Mineralogi Batuan Sedimen Dan Batuan Metamorf

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Batuan Sedimen dan Batuan

• Dua tipe sedimen yaitu: detritus dan kimiawi.

• Detritus terdiri dari partikel-2 padat hasil dari pelapukan mekanis.

• Partikel sedimen diklasifikasikan menurut ukuran butir, gravel

• Transportasi dari sedimen menyebabkan pembundaran dengan cara

• Proses litifikasi dari sedimen memnjadi batuan sedimen terjadi

• Erosi adalah proses pemindahan batuan dari tempat asalnya

• A protolith is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from

They are altered or changed beyond their recognition,

• Phase change – New minerals form with… Kyanite

Country rock type

MARMER (MARBLE) BATUTANDUK (HORNFELS)

Increasing metamorphic grade

slate phyllite schist gneiss migmatite

(low grade) (high grade)

Index minerals for progressive metamorphism in Metapelitic

Crystal system Triclinic

Rocks are crushed and

Grade: ----- Low-----------------Medium--- - ---------High

Zone: index minerals are bold and large:

Anda mungkin juga menyukai