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FACIES
The sum of the characteristics of a sedimentary unit resulting from
some particular set of physical, chemical and biological parameters
that work to produce a unit with specific textural, structural, and
compositional properties
FASIES BATUAN KARBONAT (after Boggs, 2001)
- Generally interpretive
- Not specific to a rock, but to a predicted set of characteristics
associated with some depositional environment
- Sometimes used differently

- E.g., To describe a rock unit in an outcrop

- sandstone facies

FACIES FACIES
“The nature of the material deposited anywhere will be  Lithofacies
determined by the physical, chemical or biological  Based on lithology
processes which have occurred during the  Biofacies
formation, transport and deposition of sediment.  Based on fossil assemblage
Those processes also define the environment of
Ichnofacies
deposition”

 Based on trace fossil assemblage
 Nichols, 2001.

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FACIES TYPES
 Lithofacies
 characteristics of a rock which are the products of PHYSICAL
and CHEMICAL processes
 coarsening upward, fining upward
 Biofacies
 observations are based on fauna and flora present
 Ichnofacies focuses on trace fossils
 Examples
 gray limestone rock = lithofacies
 echinoid and crinoids = biofacies
 burrows and tracks = ichnofacies

FASIES KARBONAT
 Fasies adalah karakter tubuh batuan berdasarkan kombinasi litologi,
struktur fisik atau biologi yang mempengaruhi aspek pembedaaan
tubuh batuan satu dengan yang lainnya (Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia,
1996)
 Fasies karbonat biasanya digunakan untuk salah satu cara dari tiga
cara:
1) Deskriptif, contoh fasies cross-bedded grainstone
2) Lingkungan pengendapannya, contoh tidal flat
3) Proses pengendapannya, contoh Fasies Nummulites
diendapkan di lingkungan yang didominasi gelombang

Yang pertama adalah murni deskriptif, yang kedua dan ketiga

interpretatif Link, 1950

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a) Fasies Terumbu Belakang: Fasies ini terdiri dari

perselingan antara batugamping dan dolomit, red beds,
endapan evaporit, pasir serpih dsb.
b) Fasies Terumbu Inti: Fasies ini mempunyai terumbu
yang masif dan berongga, dengan dolomit dan
batugamping yang lapuk berwarna merah kelabu
sampai putih dan sering terdapat indikasi adanya
hidrokarbon.
c) Fasies Terumbu Muka: Fasies ini terdiri dari
perselingan antara batugamping dan pasir, warna
cokelat, mengandung minyak bumi.

(A) FACIES MODEL OF SHELF CARBONATES. AFTER COOGAN (1969). (B) LATERAL FACIES DISTRIBUTION ON A CARBONATE SHELF.

Cekungan Laut Terbuka Dangkalan dalam Lereng depan Bangunan Baji pasir
organik Paparan tertampi

Sabuk lebar

Sabuk sangat sempit Sabuk lebar

MODEL PAPARAN KARBONAT TERBATAS (WILSON, 1975)

MODEL PAPARAN KARBONAT TERBATAS (WILSON, 1975)

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a) Basin Fasies: merupakan lingkungan yang terlalu
dalam dan gelap bagi kehidupan organisme bentonik
dalam menghasilkan karbonat, sehingga adanya
karbonat hanya tergantung kepada pengisian oleh
material yang berukuran butir sangat halus dan
merupakan hasil runtuhan planktonik.
b) Open Shelf Fasies: merupakan lingkungan air yang
mempunyai kedalaman dari beberapa puluh meter
sampai beberapa ratus meter, umumnya mengandung
oksigen, berkadar garam yang normal dan mempunyai
sirkulasi air yang baik.
c) Toe of Slope Karbonat Fasies: merupakan
lingkungan yang berupa lereng cekungan bagian
bawah, dengan material-material endapannya yang
berasal dari daerah-daerah yang dangkal. Kedalaman,
kondisi gelombang, dan kandungan oksigen masih
serupa dengan fasies 2.
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Normal
wave base
storm
wave base
d) Fore Slope Fasies: merupakan lingkungan yang
umumnya terletak diatas bagian bawah dari
"oxygenation level" sampai diatas batas dasar yang
bergelombang, dengan material endapannya yang
berupa hasil rombakan.
e) Organic (ecologic) Reef Fasies: mempunyai sifat
karakteristik dari ekologinya bergantung kepada energi
air, kemiringan lereng, pertumbuhan organisme,
banyaknya kerangka atau jalinan organisme, bagian
yang ada di atas permukaan dan terjadinya
sedimentasi.
f) Sand on Edge of Platform Fasies: merupakan
daerah pantai yang dangkal, daerah gosong-gosong
pada daerah pantai ataupun bukit-bukit pasir.
Kedalamannya antara 5-10 meter sampai diatas
permukaan laut, pada lingkungan ini cukup
memperoleh oksigen, akan tetapi jarang dijumpai
kehidupan organisme laut.
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g) Open Platform Facies: terletak pada selat, danau dan

teluk dibagian belakang daerah tepi paparan. Kedalamannya
pada umumnya hanya beberapa puluh meter saja, dengan
kadar garam yang bervariasi dan sirkulasi airnya sedang. FACIES MODEL TUCKER, 1985
h) Restricted Platform Facies: merupakan endapan sedimen  Tidal Progradation on platform and shelves
yang halus yang terjadi pada daerah yang dangkal, pada
telaga ataupun danau. Sedimen yang lebih kasar hanya  Reef progradation at shelf and platform margins

terjadi secara terbatas yaitu pada daerah kanal ataupun  Vertical accretion of subtidal carbonates, ramps
pada daerah pasang surut. Lingkungan ini terbatas untuk platforms, shelves
kehidupan organisme, mempunyai salinitas yang beragam,
 Migration of carbonate sand bodies
kondisi reduksi dengan kandungan oksigen, sering
mengalami diagenesa yang kuat.  Re-sedimentation

i) Platform Evaporite Facies: merupakan lingkungan

supratidal dengan telaga pedalaman dari daerah ambang
terbatas atau " restricted marine " yang berkembang
kedalam lingkungan evaporite (sabkha, salinitas dan
bergaram). Mempunyai iklim panas dan kering, kadang-
kadang terjadi air pasang. Proses penguapan air laut yang
terjadi akan menghasilkan gypsum dan anhidrit.

TIDAL PROGRADATION ON PLATFORM AND SHELVES

REEF PROGRADATION AT SHELF AND PLATFORM MARGINS
Tidal flat progradation on HWM (High Water Mark)
Platform and shelves LWM (Low Water Mark)
Shallowing-upward unit SL
Reef progradation at shelf
and platform margins
 Tidal flat progradation results largely from deposition of
shallow subtidal sediments on flat-marginal beach
ridges and on the flats themselves during major  Reef progradation is important at shelf-breaks
storms. and platform margins and mostly involves
 Trapping and some precipitation of sediment by algal seaward growth of the reef over its storm-
mats on the flats are important. Some carbonate (and produced talus (fore-reef slope).
other minerals) can be precipitated inorganically on tidal
flats in an arid climate.
 The net result is a shallowing-upward sequence of
intertidal sediments overlying subtidal sediments. In
detail there are often variations in the microfacies of
these shallowing-upward sequences, depending on the
type of tidal flat, energy level and climate, etc.

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VERTICAL ACCRETION OF SUBTIDAL CARBONATES, MIGRATION OF CARBONATE SAND BODIES

RAMPS PLATFORMS, SHELVES Beach barrier-tidal delta
Migration of carbonate SL
progradation on ramps (a)
sand bodies
and open shelves
Stage 1 Stage 2
Vertical accretion of subtidal SL SL SL
Shoreward migration of (b)
carbonate, ramps, platforms, windward
Shell and marginal sand shoals
shelves FWWB platform
(Fair Weather Wave Base)
margins Offshore migration of (c) SL
leeward
marginal sands

 Vertical accretion of subtidal carbonates can take

Migration of carbonate sand bodies is significant in relatively high-energy
place when sediment production rates are 
locations, giving beach-barrier-tidal delta complexes, especially on ramps,
high. Shallowing-upward sequences are and sand shoals, especially at shelf-breaks and platform margins.
produced, of deeper subtidal facies giving way to
Under constant sea-level beach-barrier-tidal delta complexes will prograde
shallower subtidal facies (and of course intertidal

offshore if there is a good supply of sediment (i.e. high organic productivity
facies could follow naturally). in the shoreface zone or abundant ooid formation in the tidal deltas).
 With sand shoals, their shoreward migration into the shelf-lagoon or
platform interior is important in windward locations, giving rise to quiet-
water, below fair-weather wave-base packstones and wackestones passing
up into above wave-base storm or tide-dominated grainstones. On leeward
margins, offshore, basinward transport of skeletal sands is significant and
can lead to progradation of the margin itself

RE-SEDIMENTATION
Re-sedimentation
processes SL
(b) Slides slumps,
(a) Offshore storm debris flows turbidity
transport, especially current on shelf/
on ramps platform margins

 Offshore storm transport and deposition of shoreface

carbonate sediment is very important on ramps, less so
on shelves and platforms.
 Other resedimentation processes, slides, slumps, debris
flows and turbidity currents, all of which may be storm
or seismically induced, are important at shelf-breaks
and platform margins.

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FACIES LUIS POOMAR, 2004

 The four sub-facies have been established as the

"reef-core", the landward coeval "lagoonal
rocks", and the down slope "reef-slope" and
"open-shelf deposits".

LAGOON FACIES
 These lagoonal sediments are formed by skeletal  In the lagoonal facies thin laminites or gastropod rich
grainstones and packstones with lenses of coral wackestone (restricted facies) rest on the erosional
breccia and patch reefs
surface and are overlain by packstone, wackestone and
 Outer lagoonal areas in back-reef position are formed by
grainstone with red algae, echinoids, mollusks, and
beds of bioturbated skeletal grainstone-packstone with
coral patch reefs with an abundant form contents of red- benthic foraminifera (open lagoon) In the outer lagoonal
algae fragments, echinoids, mollusks, benthic facies, the basal laminites are overlain by both coral
foraminifera and coral fragments, as well as minor parch reefs and coarse skeletal grainstone (interpatch
amounts of Halimeda, planktonic foraminifera, bryozoans, sediments)
peloids and intraclasts.  In the lagoonal facies the erosional truncation of the
 The inner-lagoonal lithofacies are thin- to medium- coral patches is interpreted to follow a fall in sea level.
bedded grainstones, packstones and wackestones-
mudstones. Stromatolites and muddy sediments with
ostracods, Chara, and oncolites characterize the
innermost lagoonal facies

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REEF CORE FACIES
 As at the reef crest, the upper erosional surface truncates
everything, particularly the patch reef corals and the
grainstone sediments of the outer lagoon facies. In the
lagoonal facies, the basal laminites record the flooding of
the platform top and the overlying coral parches record the
submergence of the platform to the optimum production
conditions.
OPEN SHELF FACIES
 The distal slope facies pass basinward to bioturbated, fine-
grained wackestones. These fine-grained deposits
accumulated as the result of carbonate shedding from the
shallow-water platform, during periods of sea-level rise, when
carbonate production was enhanced in the lagoonal areas.
 During lowstands of sea level however, carbonate production
occurred in off-reefs areas where the light reached the sea floor.
In this setting, a sediment dominated by red-algae was
produced. This is composed of red-algal grainstone to
rhodolithic rudstone or to biostromal layers of laminar or
branching red algae. Oysters and pectinids are common. Larger
foraminifera (Heterostegina) locally occur, and planktonic
foraminifera are present. Coral colonies of Tarbellastraea and/or
Porites occur at the top of some Beds. Meter-scale cyclic textural
changes in composition are interpreted to record high-frequency
cyclicity in this lithofacies.
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REEF SLOPE FACIES
 The proximal forereef slope facies are characterized by
seaward-dipping clinoform Beds); Beds composed of
skeletal rudstones/floatstones to grainstones and
packstones with coral fragments, rhodoliths, mollusk
fragments, etc. Proximal reef slopes show a gradual, lateral
increase of grain size from the distal (deeper) slope facies
upward to the reef. There is a general trend for a
coarsening and thickening upward sequence that formed as
the platform prograded. The upper levels include
abundaform coral breccia and Halimeda
 Distal reef-slope deposits are gently inclined layers of
white, chalky calcisiltites and calcarenites (coralline
algal, molluskan packstones and grainstones) with
bioturbated beds
 Bioturbated sediments are characteristic although
laminations are locally visible. Branching red-algal
biostromes also occur within the slope deposits.
 Based on the coarse-grained texture and abundaform of red
algae it is interpreted that deposition of most of this
lithofacies took place in the oligophotic or in the
mesophotic zone, with sufficient water energy (currents
and storm waves) to winnow away fines (Pomar, 2001).
Nevertheless, the platform architecture indicates that this
lithofacies was deposited in off-reef, shallow-basin settings,
during lowstands of fourth-order relative sea-level cycles.
Corals and other shallow-water biota at the top of the
internal cycles of this lithofacies are interpreted to
represent the lowest positions of relative sea level, within
the high-frequency cyclicity. Sufficient light reached the
sea floor to allow some corals to grow during these
lowstands of sea level