NIM : A01602223
Beserta perangkat yang ada (jika diperlukan), dengan Hak Bebas Royalti
Nonesklusif ini, STIKES Muhammadiyah Gombong berhak menyimpan,
mengalih media/formatkan, mengelola dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database),
merawat dan mempublikasikan tugas akhir saya selama tetap mencantumkan
nama saya sebagai penulis / pencipta dan sebagai pemilik hak cipta.
Yang menyatakan
NIM : A01602223
Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa Karya Tulis Ilmiah yang saya tulis ini
adalah benar-benar merupakan hasil karya sendiri dan bukan merupakan
pengambil alihan tulisan atau pikiran orang lain yang saya aku sebagai tulisan
atau pikiran saya sendiri.
Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti atau dapat dibuktikan karya tulis ilmiah ini hasil
jiplakan, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi atas perbuatan tersebut.
Pembuat Pernyataan
1. Allah SWT yang telah memberikan nikmat iman dan nikmat sehat kepada
penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan lancar.
2. Bpk. H. Susilo dan Ibu Latini, selaku orang tua yang telah memberikan
dukungan, doa, dan materil dalam penyusunan karya tulis lmiah ini.
3. Hj. Herniyatun, M. Kep. Sp. Mat, selaku ketua STIKES Muhammadiyah
Gombong yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk
mengikuti pendidikan keperawatan.
4. Nurlaila, S.Kep.Ns. M.Kep, selaku ketua prodi DIII Keperawatan STIKES
Muhammadiyah Gombong yang telah memberikan ilmunya dan waktu untuk
kelancaran pembuatan proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini.
5. Isma Yuniar, M.Kep, selaku pembimbing yang telah memberikan motivasi
dan masukan dalam penyusunan karya tulis ilmiah ini.
6. Endah Setianingsih, M.Kep, selaku penguji yang telah memberikan motivasi
dan masukan dalam penyusunan karya tulis ilmiah ini.
7. Nur Afif Hidayat yang selalu memberikan motivasi dan bantuan kepada
penulis untuk menyelesaikan karya tulis ilmiah ini.
8. Kakak saya yang selalu mengingatkan dan memberi motivasi dan juga
masukan untuk kelancaram karya tulis ilmiah ini.
Penulis
ABSTRAK
ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN SIRKULASI
PADA PASIEN STROKE HEMORAGIK DENGAN MASALAH
KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN PERFUSI JARINGAN SEREBRAL DI RUANG
IGD RS DR.SOEDIRMAN KEBUMEN
ABSTRACT
HALAMAN JUDUL.................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TULISAN ............................... ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN..................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PENGUJI .................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR .............................................................................. v
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................. vii
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Perkembangan pembangunan kesehatan kearah yang lebih baik
merupakan inti kesejahteraan manusia yang mampu meningkatkan angka
harapan hidup guna mencapai keberhasilan pembangunan suatu bangsa.
Namun, seiring peningkatan harapan hidup tersebut ternyata menimbulkan
transisi epidemiologi yang menimbulkan peningkatan kasus pada penyakit
degenerative (Kemenkes RI, 2013). Berdasarkan laporan World Health
Organization (2016) secara global, penyakit degenerative penyebab
kematian yang diperkirakan mengalami peningkatan terus-menerus yakni
stroke dan menjadi urutan kedua tertinggi setelah penyakit jantung. Angka
kematian akibat stroke diestimasikan sebesar 92/100.000 penduduk dan
diproyeksikan akan meningkat sebesar 104/100.000 penduduk tahun 2030
di dunia.
Stroke termasuk penyakit serebrovaskuler yang terjadi karena
pembuluh darah. Penyakit stroke (cerebrovascular accident) tidak hanya
menyerang kelompok usia di atas 50 tahum, melainkan juga terjadi pada
kelompok usia produktif di bawah 45 tahun yang menjadi tulang
punggung keluarganya. Bahkan dalam sejumlah kasus, penderita penyakit
itu masih berusia di bawah 30 tahun (Merry dkk, 2018).
Stroke merupakan penyakit maut, yang setiap tahunnya belasan
juta orang di dunia terkena stroke dan 5 juta diantaranya meninggal karena
stroke. Angka ini diperkirakan akan semakin meningkat, di Indonesia
diperkirakan 500 ribu penduduk terkena stroke setiap tahunnya dan sekitar
25% di antaranya dan sisanya mengalami kecacatan baik ringan ataupun
berat (Sari et al., 2015). Prevalensi Stroke berdasarkan terdiagnosis nakes
dan gejala tertinggi terdapat di Sulawesi Selatan (17,9%), DI Yogyakarta
(16,9%), Sulawesi Tengah (16,6%), diikuti Jawa Timur sebesar 16 per mil,
dan Sulawesi Barat (15,5%) (Riskesdas, 2013).
Stroke merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada semua umur
di Indonesia. Setiap 1000 orang, 8 orang diantaranya terkena stroke serta 7
orang yang meninggal dunia di Indonesia, 1 diantaranya terkena stroke.
Berdasarkan pada Riset Kesehatan Dasar, stroke merupakan penyebab
kematian dan kecacatan utama di hampir seluruh rumah sakit di Indonesia
yaitu sebesar 15,14% dengan angka kejadian stroke meningkat dari tahun
ke tahun (Merry dkk, 2018).
Berdasarkan data riset kesehatan dasar oleh Badan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI (Badan
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI,
2013), diperoleh hasil terkait jumlah pasien penderita stroke pada 5 pulau
besar yang ada di Indonesia tahun 2013 sebanyak 1.483.910 orang pada
pulau Jawa, 513.397 orang pada pulau Sumatera, 114.060 orang pada
pulau Sulawesi, 87.176 orang pada pulau Kalimantan, dan 23.155 orang
pada pulau Papua. Hasil dari riset tersebut menyimpulkan bahwa stroke
merupakan salah satu penyakit mematikan di Indonesia.
Berdasarkan hasil rekapitulasi data kasus baru penyakit tidak
menular, jumlah kasus baru yang dilaporkan secara keseluruhan pada
tahun 2016 adalah 943.927 kasus. Dan untuk kasus penyakit stroke di
Jawa Tengah sekitar 36.907 kasus (Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa
Tengah, 2016).
Di Kabupaten Kebumen tahun 2017, tiga teratas penyakit tidak
menular adalah Hipertensi (23.375 kasus), Diabetes Mellitus (7.274
kasus). Sedangkan penyakit tidak menular yang lainnya ada Dekomposio
Kordis sebanyak 871, psikosis sebanyak 406, stroke sebanyak 2048 kasus,
angina pektoris sebanyak 125 kasus, PPOK sebanyak 1877 kasus, Ca
Mammae sebanyak 243 kasus, Ca Serviks sebanyak 45 kasus, AMI
sebanyak 148 kasus, dan Ca Hepar 12 kasus (Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten
Kebumen, 2017).
B. Rumusan Masalah
Bagaimana gambaran asuhan keperawatan pada pasien stroke hemoragik
dengan masalah ketidakefektifan perfusi jaringan serebral?
Hafdia, Andi Nur Aida dkk. (2018) : Analisis Kualitas Hidup Pasien
Pasca Stroke, Jurnal Sinergitas Multidisiplin Ilmu Pengetahuan
dan Teknologi. 2622-0520. Diakses pada tanggal 19 Oktober
2018.
PENELITI
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini menyatakan bahwa saya telah
mendapatkan penjelasan secara rinci dan telah mengerti mengenai penelitian
yang akan dilakukan oleh : Krisinta Pangesti R.L dengan judul Asuhan
Keperawatan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Sirkulasi Pada Pasien Stroke
Hemoragik dengan Masalah Ketidakefektifan Perfusi Jaringan Serebral di
Ruang IGD RS Dr. Soedirman Kebumen.
........................................... .......................................
Peneliti
No RM : ………………………………………….
Tanggal : …………………………….. Jam ……………. WIB
Nama : ………………………………………….
Keluhan Utama : …………………………………………………………..
Tanggal Lahir : ………………………………………….
Anamnesa : …………………………………………………………..
Jenis Kelamin : L/P
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Riwayat Alergi : Tidak ada Ada, ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Airways
PRIMARY SURVEY
Paten Tidak Paten ( Snoring Gargling Stridor Benda Asing ) Lain-lain .............................
Breathing
Irama Nafas Teratur Tidak Teratur
Suara Nafas Vesikuler Bronchovesikuler Wheezing Ronchi
Pola Nafas Apneu Dyspnea Bradipnea Tachipnea Orthopnea
Penggunaan Otot Bantu Nafas Retraksi Dada Cuping hidung
Jenis Nafas Pernafasan Dada Pernafasan Perut
Frekuensi Nafas ............................. x/menit
Circulation
Akral : Hangat Dingin Pucat : Ya Tidak
Sianosis : Ya Tidak CRT : <2 detik >2 detik
........./
Tekanan Darah : .......... mmHg Nadi : Teraba ............ x/m Tidak Teraba
Perdarahan : Ya .................. cc Lokasi Perdarahan : ...................................... Tidak
Adanya riwayat kehilangan cairan dalam jumlah besar : Diare Muntah Luka Bakar Perdarahan
Kelembaban Kulit : Lembab Kering
Turgor : Baik Kurang
Luas Luka Bakar : ........ ...... % Grade : ............... Produksi Urine : .................. cc
Resiko Dekubitus : Tidak Ya, lakukan pengkajian dekubitus lebih lanjut
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Disability
Tingkat Kesadaran : Compos Mentis Apatis Somnolen Sopor Coma
Nilai GCS : E ............. V ................ M ................... Total : ……………
Pupil : Isokhor Miosis Midriasis Diameter 1mm 2mm 3mm 4mm
Respon Cahaya : + -
Penilaian Ekstremitas : Sensorik Ya Tidak kekuatan
Motorik Ya Tidak otot
PRIMARY SURVEY
Exposure
Pengkajian Nyeri
Onset : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Provokatif/Paliatif : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Qualitas : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Regio/Radiation : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Scale/Severity : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Time : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Apakah ada nyeri : Ya, skor nyeri VRS : ............. Tidak Lokasi Nyeri
WBS : .............
VRS :
WBS :
Fahrenheit
Suhu Axila : ......................... oC Suhu Rectal : ......................oC
Berat Badan : ................ kg
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
EKG : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
GDA : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Radiologi : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Laboratorium : Item Hasil Satuan Normal Item Hasil Satuan Normal
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Kepala : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECONDARY SURVEY
Leher : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dada : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Perut : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ekstremitas : (atas) .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
(bawah) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Genitalia : .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
PROGRAM TERAPI
Tanggal/Jam : ……………………………………………………………..
NO NAMA OBAT DOSIS INDIKASI
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ANALISA DATA
NO DATA FOKUS ETIOLOGI PROBLEM
DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN
NO NOC INTERVENSI RASIONAL
DX
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NO NOC INTERVENSI RASIONAL
DX
IMPLEMENTASI
TGL/JAM TINDAKAN RESPON TTD
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EVALUASI
TGL/JAM NO DX EVALUASI TTD
Tanggal : …………………………………..
Jam …….…….. WIB
Perawat,
…………………………………………….
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Public Health of Indonesia
Pertami SB, et al. Public Health of Indonesia. 2017 August;3(3):89-95 ISSN: 2477-1570
http://stikbar.org/ycabpublisher/index.php/PHI/index
Original Research
Copyright: © the author(s), YCAB publisher and Public Health of Indonesia. This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
ABSTRACT
Background: Head-injured patients have traditionally been maintained in the head-up position to
ameliorate the effects of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). However, it has been reported that the 15
degrees head-up position may improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and outcome. We sought to
determine the impact of 30 and 15 degrees on intracranial pressure change.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with posttest only control time series time design. There
were 30 head-injured patients was selected using consecutive sampling, with 15 assigned in the treatment
(30° head-up position) and control group (15° head-up position). Intracranial pressure variable was
identified using the level of consciousness and mean arterial pressure parameters. Wilcoxon signed rank test
was used for data analysis
Results: Findings showed p-value 0.010 (<0.05) on awareness level and p-value 0.031 (<0.05) on mean
arterial pressure, which indicated that there was a statistically significant effect of the 30° head-up position
on level of awareness and mean arterial pressure.
Conclusion: There was a significant effect of the 30° head-up position on intracranial pressure changes,
particularly in the level of awareness and mean arterial pressure in patients with head injury. It is
recommended that for health workers to provide knowledge regarding this intervention to prevent increased
intracranial pressure.
Key words: Consciousness level, 30° head-up position, intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure
©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
89
infarction of brain tissue and brain death so intra-cranial pressure, blood pressure is
that immediate precautions are required.2 required to maintain the value of cerebral
Traffic accidents are the most perfusion pressure within the normal
common cause of head injuries and are a range. In patients with severe head injury,
public health problem worldwide, hypotension may increase death. While in
especially in developing countries.3 This patients with head injury, hypertension
situation generally occurs in motor drivers also occurs that can cause death. The 30°
without wearing helmet or wearing helmets head-up position is suggested according to
carrelesly, and do not meet the standards.3 previous studies, which can decrease ICT
Brain injury trauma is a significant global and increase the pressure of cerebral
public health concern and is predicted to be perfusion compared to the supine position.8
the leading cause of death and disability by A 30° head-up position is performed
2020.4 in patients with head injury because this
Every year, in the United States, it is position will facilitate drainage of reverse
about 30 million emergency injuries blood flow from intracranial so as to
become hospital cases and cause death. Of reduce intracranial pressure.2 In addition,
those, 16% are head injuries as a primary from the Mahfoud study,9 it was found that
and secondary diagnosis. In 2010, intracranial pressure in ICT values
approximately 2.5 million people were decreased significantly in the 0°-60°
hospitalized with a diagnosis of head position range, minimum intracranial
injury in the United States.5 In Asia, a high arterial pressure was found in patients with
percentage of incidence of head injury is a 30° head-up position. Horizontal position
caused by fall (77%) and other injuries will increase CPP and head-up position
(57%).4 >40° will decrease brain perfusion.8
In Indonesia, the incidence of head Bahrudin and Sunardi10 also stated that
injury each year is estimated to reach ICT will decrease significantly from 0°-
500,000 cases, with 10% of them died 35° head-up position, but in 40° position
before arriving at the hospital. Of all cases, and upwards, ICT will rise again.
80% were classified as mild head injury, Therefore, this study aimed to
10% as moderate head injury, and 10% as analyze the effect of the 30° head-up
severe head.6 According to medical record position on changes in intracranial pressure
data of general hospital of dr. R. in patients with head injury. The study was
Soedarsono Pasuruan during the preli- conducted by observing the level of
minary study, there were 115 cases of head awareness and Mean Arterial Pressure
injury on July - September 2016, with 94 (MAP) to identify changes in intracranial
patients categorized as mild head injury, 8 pressure.
moderate head injury and 13 serious head
injury patients.
Non-pharmacologic strategies perfor- METHODS
med for the management of head injury are Design
the setting up of the 15-30° head-up This was a quasi-experimental study with
position to improve venous return and posttest only control time series time
reduce intra-cranial pressure. In patients design.
with hypovolemic, there may be a
suspicion of a drastic decrease in blood Research subjects
pressure and decreased cerebral perfusion.7 The target population in this study was all
In management to optimize the value of patients with head injury in the surgical
©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
90
ward of the general hospital of Dr. R. pressure in this study was categorized into
Soedarsono Pasuruan. There were 30 head- 3 classes: High if MAP >100 mmHg,
injured patients was selected using normal if MAP in the range 70 - 100
consecutive sampling, with 15 assigned in mmHg, and low if MAP <70 mmHg.
the treatment and control group.
Research Ethics
Intervention Ethical approval was obtained from the
The researcher performed a 30° head-up Health Research Ethics Commission at
position to the treatment group and the 15° Poltekkes Kemenkes Malang. Study
head-up position to the control group to permission was obtained from the General
obtain relevant data in accordance with the Hospital of Dr. R. Soedarsono Pasuruan to
research objectives. The treatment of this carry out research by disseminating the
position arrangement was performed when intent and purpose of research. The
the patient was treated in the surgical ward. researcher explained the objectives and
The treatment was given for 2 hours on the procedures of the study, and asked for the
first day and then the level of awareness patient's willingness to be the respondent
and Mean Arterial Pressure was measured in the study and signed the informed
(posttest 1). After than, the treatment was consent.
continued for 2 hours and then the level of
awareness and Mean Arterial Pressure was Data analysis
measured again (posttest 2). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for
data analysis because the result of
Instrument normality test using Shapiro Wilk showed
Level of awareness and mean arterial <0.05, which indicated that the data were
pressure were measured in this study. not in normal distribution.
Level of awareness was measured using
GCS instruments (Glasgow Coma Scale) to
describe intracranial pressure. GCS 9 -12 RESULTS
refers to moderate intracranial pressure Characteristics of respondents
increase, and GCS 13-15 refers to 13-15. Table 1 shows that 33.3% of patients with head
While Mean Arterial Pressure or average injury aged 15-25 years, 30% of them aged 26-
of arterial pressure was calculated by 35%, and the rest aged 36-65 years. The
majority of respondents were male (60%),
measuring blood pressure then counting
having head injury caused by motor vehicle
systole multiply diastole and divided by accidents (73.3%), and 83.3% of them had
three. Measurement of Mean Arterial mild head injury.
Pressure to explain the intracranial
Table 1. Distribution of respondents based on age, gender, cause of head injury, head injury classification
Characteristics n %
Age
15 – 25 10 33.3%
26 – 35 9 30%
36 – 45 2 6.67%
46 – 55 5 16.67%
56 – 65 4 13.33%
Gender
Male 18 60%
Female 12 40%
©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
91
Cause of head injury
Motor vehicle accidents 22 73.3%
Work-related accidents 2 6.7%
Falls 4 13%
Blunt trauma 2 6.7%
Classification
Mild head injury 25 83.3%
Moderate head injury 5 16.67%
Variables n Mean SD
Level of Awareness
30° Head-up position
Posttest 1 15 13.67 1.44
Posttest 2 15 14.87 0.32
15° Head-up position
Posttest 1 15 14.40 0.91
Posttest 2 15 14.60 0.91
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
30° Head-up position
Posttest 1 15 80.42 18.5
Posttest 2 15 93.76 5.57
15° Head-up position
Posttest 1 15 85.01 15.3
Posttest 2 15 81.05 15.4
The result of the awareness level on the 30° awareness on the 15° head-up position, the
head-up position in 15 respondents in posttest mean of awareness level in posttest 1 was
1 showed that 26.67% of respondents had 14.40 and in posttest 2 was 14.60. For the
awareness level 9-12 and 73.33% of them had mean arterial pressure, in the 30° head-up
awareness level 13-15. In posttest 2, it was position, MAP in the posttest 1 was 80.42 and
100% of respondents had awareness level posttest 2 was 93.76. While in the 15° head-up
ranged 13-15. Table 2 shows that the mean position, MAP in the posttest 1 was 85.01 and
level of awareness in posttest 1 was 13.67 and posttest 2 was 81.05.
in posttest 2 was 14.87. While the level of
Table 3. Effect of the 30° head-up position on intracranial pressure changes using Wilcoxon signed rank test
©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
92
Wilcoxon signed rank test as shown in the Pressure (MAP) variable was measured in
Table 3 showed p-value 0.010 (<0.05), this study because of the particularity of
which indicated that there was a the clinical symptoms in head injury
statistically significant effect of the 30° namely decreased level of consciousness
head-up position on level of awareness and change in blood pressure. Besides,
compared to the 15° head-up position. MAP is used in the formula: Cerebral
However, there were statistically Perfusion Pressure = Mean Arterial
significant effects of both 30° and 15° Pressure - Intracranial Pressure.10
head-up position on mean arterial pressure Cerebral Perfusion Pressure is the pressure
with p-value 0.031 and 0.035 (<0.05). of brain perfusion, which is related to the
intracranial pressure.
DISCUSSION On the other hand, Olviani8 states
This study aimed to analyze the effect of that Mean Arterial Pressure should be
the 30° head-up position on changes in maintained above 60 mmHg to ensure
intracranial pressure in patients with head perfusion to the brain, coronary artery and
injury. Intracranial pressure was described kidney during head-up position. In
in terms of awareness level and mean addition, an increase in blood pressure or
arterial pressure. Findings of this study enlarged pulse pressure (the difference
revealed that there was a statistically between systolic and diastolic blood
significant effect of the 30° head-up pressure) or changes in vital signs is a
position on level of awareness. This is in clinical symptom of increased intracranial
line with previous study found that 93.3% pressure.12 Changes in systole and diastole
of patients post-op trepanation had will also affect the value of mean arterial
composmentis awareness after given 30° pressure in patients with head injury.
head-up position in 30 minutes. Positioning is one of the familiar
The 30° head-up position aims to forms of nursing intervention in the
secure the patient in the fulfillment of application of patient care. The 30° head-
oxygenation in order to avoid hypoxia in up position is part of progressive
the patient, and intracranial pressure may mobilization of level I in head-injured
be stable within the normal range.11 In patients who can be non-pharmacological
addition, this position is more effective to techniques to maintain intracranial
maintain the level of consciousness pressure stability. The 30° head-up
because it affects the anatomical position position can launch venous drainage from
of the human body which then affects the the head and stable condition; and prevent
patient's hemodynamics. The 30° head-up neck flexion, head rotation, cough and
position is also effective for brain sneeze.
homeostasis and prevent secondary brain However, the effect of the 30° head-
damage by respiratory function stability to up position on intracranial pressure is
maintain adequate cerebral perfusion.12 influenced by many factors include drug
Findings of this study also revealed factors, history of hypertension and other
that there was statistically significant effect nonpharmacological techniques. Drug
of both 30° and 15° head-up position on factors are excluded in this study due to the
mean arterial pressure. This is consistent researchers limitations in controlling the
with previous study indicated that head-up half-life of the drug, and the other
position in the range 15-30° could decrease confounding factors such as prior history
cerebral perfusion pressure and stabilize of disease were also excluded because in
mean arterial pressure.8 The Mean Arterial
©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
93
the study there were no respondents with 3. Riyadina W, Subik IP. Profil
prior history of hypertension. keparahan cedera pada korban
At the time of the study, some kecelakaan sepeda motor di
patients were not able to tilt to one side of Instalasi Gawat Darurat RSUP
the body so that this limitation affected the Fatmawati. Universa Medicina.
progressive mobilization of level I for head 2016;26(2):64-72.
injury patients. In addition, in this study, 4. Puvanachandra P, Hyder AA. The
the researcher also had a limitation in burden of traumatic brain injury in
managing pharmacological treatment that Asia: a call for research. Pak J
might impact on intracranial pressuree, Neurol Sci. 2009;4(1):27-32.
such as sedation with morphine IV, 5. Frieden TR, Houry D, Baldwin G.
tracheal intubation, mechanical hyper- Report to Congress on Traumatic
ventilation (PaCO2˂30 mmHg), Brain Injury in the United States:
hyperosmotic drugs (manitol 0.25-0.5 g / Epidemiology and Rehabilitation:
kg), diuretics (furosemide 5-20 mg), National Center for Injury
paralysis (pancuronium 1-4 mg) and LCS Prevention and Control; Division of
drainage.7 However, this study provides Unintentional Injury Prevention.
the insight of knowledge regarding the Atlanta, GA. ; 2015.
effect of the 30° head-up position on 6. Clarinta U, Iyos RN. Cedera
intracranial pressure change. Kepala Berat dengan Perdarahan
Subraknoid. Journal Medula Unila.
2016;4(4):188-193.
CONCLUSION 7. Dunn LT. Raised intracranial
It can be concluded that there was a pressure. Journal of Neurology,
significant effect of the 30° head-up Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
position on intracranial pressure changes, 2002;73(suppl 1):i23-i27.
particularly in the level of awareness and 8. Olviani Y. PENGARUH
mean arterial pressure in patients with head PELAKSANAAN MOBILISASI
injury. It is recommended that for health PROGRESIF LEVEL I
workers to provide knowledge regarding TERHADAP NILAI
this intervention to prevent increased MONITORING HEMODINAMIK
intracranial pressure. Further study is NON INVASIF PADA PASIEN
needed to examine the 30° head-up CEREBRAL INJURY DI RUANG
position on intracranial pressure, in cluding ICU RSUD ULIN
pulse rates, breathing, pain level, vomiting BANJARMASIN TAHUN 2015.
and pupillary response. Caring. 2015;2(1):37-48.
9. Mahfoud F, Beck J, Raabe A.
Intracranial pressure pulse
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©Public Health of Indonesia – YCAB Publisher, Volume 3, Issue 3, July-August 2017 |
95
POSISI HEAD UP 300 SEBAGAI UPAYA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SATURASI
OKSIGEN PADA PASIEN STROKE HEMORAGIK DAN NON HEMORAGIK
Martina Ekacahyaningtyas1, Dwi Setyarini2, Wahyu Rima Agustin3, Noerma Shovie Rizqiea4
Program Studi Sarjana Keperawatan, STIKes Kusuma Husada Surakarta
1
mekacahyaningtyas@gmail.com
ABSTRAK
Stroke merupakan defisit neurologis yang mempunyai awitan tiba–tiba, berlangsung lebih dari 24
jam dan disebabkan oleh penyakit serebrovascular. Posisi Head up adalah posisi datar dengan
kepala lebih tinggi 300 dengan posisi tubuh dalam keadaan sejajar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk
mengetahui pengaruh posisi head up 300 terhadap saturasi oksigen pada pasien stroke. Desain
Penelitian ini menggunakan Quasi Experiment Design dengan pendekatan One Group Pretest-
Posttest Design. Teknik sampling dengan consecutive sampling. Jumlah responden sebanyak 30
orang. Penelitian ini dilakukan di ICU RSUD dr. Soediran Mangun Sumarso Wonogiri. Hasil
analisa status hemodinamik pada saturasi oksigen menunjukkan nilai P value = 0.009 sehingga
terdapat pengaruh posisi Head Up terhadap saturasi oksigen pada pasien stroke. Kesimpulan yang
diperoleh dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil ada perbedaan yang bermakna rata-rata saturasi
oksigen sebelum dan setelah tindakan posisi head up 300.
ABSTRACT
Stroke is a neurological deficit that has a sudden onset, lasts more than 24 hours, and is caused by
cerebrovascular disease. Head-up position is a position in which the body is laid flat in the back
and the head is raised 30 degrees higher than the body. The objective of this research is to
investigate the effect of head-up position on the oxygen saturation of stroke patients. This research
used the quasi-experimental design with one group, pre test-posttest design approach. It was
conducted at the Intensive Care Unit of Local General Hospital of dr. Soediran Mangun Sumarso
Wonogiri. Consecutive sampling technique was used to determine its samples. The samples
consisted of 30 respondents. The result of the hemodynamic status analysis on the oxygen
saturation shows that the p-value was 0.009. Thus, there was an effect of head-up position on the
hemodynamic status of stroke patients. In conclusion, there was a significant difference of oxygen
saturation prior to and following the head-up position intervention.
154
155 Jurnal Kesmasindo. Volume 5, Nomor 2, Juli 2012, hlm. 154- 168
60-70 mmHg dengan posisi flat atau Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah
elevasi kepala di bawah 15- 300 serta semua pasien stroke hemoragik
belum adanya SPO ( Standar Prosedur sedangkan Pengambilan sampel
Operasi ) untuk mengatur posisi dilakukan dengan metode non
kepala pada pasien dengan kasus probability sampling melalui
stroke hemoragik. purposive sampling dengan kriteria
inklusi yaitu :a) Pasien stroke
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
hemoragik dengan perawatan di IGD,
Mengetahui pengaruh elevasi posisi
bangsal Asoka, Dahlia dan bangsal
kepala pada klien stroke hemoragik
Mawar dan Cempaka RSUD Margono
terhadap tekanan rata-rata arterial,
Soekarjo Purwokerto b) Usia pasien ≥
tekanan darah dan tekanan intra
21 tahun c) Pasien dalam kondisi sadar
kranial di Rumah Sakit Margono
atau koma d)Telah ditegakan
Soekarjo Purwokerto Tahun 2011.
diagnosis medis stroke hemoragik
METODE PENELITIAN dengan CT scan e) Lama perawatan
Tabel 4.2 Tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, MAP sebelum dilakukan
intervensi pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan
Mean
Variabel Kelompok SD Min-Maks 95 % CI
Median
Tekanan Darah Kontrol 169,38 15,20 150-200 162,46-
Sistolik 170,00 176,30
Intervensi 176,05 24,65 130-240 164,82-
172,00 187,27
Tekanan Darah Kontrol 93,76 9,909 80-110 89,25-
Diastolik 90,00 98,27
Intervensi 109,71 14,67 90-150 103,04-
110,00 116,39
MAP Kontrol 120,809 13,16 103-156 114,81-
120,00 126,80
intervensi 132,86 21,64 90-190 123,01-
127,00 142,721
Mean
Variabel Kelompok SD Min-Maks 95 % CI
Median
Tekanan Darah Kontrol 167,86 18,81 140-210 159,29-
Sistolik 165,00 176,42
Intervensi 151,81 24,00 110-200 140,88-
150,00 162,74
Tekanan Darah Kontrol 89,90 7,98 80-100 86,30-
Diastolik 90,00 9351
Intervensi 97,95 16,53 70-147 90,42-
100 105,48
MAP Kontrol 117,04 10,01 102-138 112,48-
118,67 121,60
intervensi 116,59 20,00 83-174 107-
113,00 125,70
dibandingkan dengan kelompok
Dari hasil analisis dapat dilihat
intervensi 116,59.
bahwa rata-rata tekanan darah sistolik
kelompok intervensi lebih tinggi yaitu Menurut The seventh report of
151,81 mmHg, dibandingkan dengan the joint national commitee on
tekanan darah sistolik kelompok prevention, detection, eveluation, and
kontrol yaitu 167,86 mmHg. treatment of high pressure (2006)
Sedangkan rata-rata tekanan darah dalam Sudoyo, Setiyohadi, Alwi,
diastolik kelompok intervensi lebih Simadibrata, et.al, (2006) klasifikasi
tinggi yaitu 97,95 mmHg tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik
dibandingkan dengan kelompok responden setelah perlakuan masih
kontrol yaitu 89,90 mmHg. Rata–rata relatif tinggi yaitu termasuk hipertensi
tekanan arterial pada kelompok derajat 2 yaitu sistolik ≥ 160 mmHg
kontrol lebih tinggi 117,04 dan diastolik ≥ 110 mmHg.
161 Jurnal Kesmasindo. Volume 5, Nomor 2, Juli 2012, hlm. 154- 168
Tabel 4.6 Analisis pengaruh tekanan darah sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada
kelompok kontrol
Tabel 4.7 Analisis pengaruh tekanan darah sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada
kelompok intervensi
Tabel 4.9 Analisis pengaruh MAP sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada
kelompok intervensi.
Tabel 4.10 Analisis pengaruh TIK sebelum dan sesudah tindakan pada kelompok
kontrol
TIK Tidak ada TIK Ada TIK Total Pvalue
Pre klp kontrol 1 20 21 0,058
Post klp kontrol 1 20 21
165 Jurnal Kesmasindo. Volume 5, Nomor 2, Juli 2012, hlm. 154- 168
Tabel 4.11 Analisis pengaruh TIK sebelum dan sesudah tindakan pada kelompok
perlakuan
G. Keterbatasan penelitian