Keberlanjutan Manusia Sebagai Masyarakat 1:

12 Ekonomi & Lingkungan

BI2001 Pengetahuan Lingkungan

 Kaitan sistem ekonomi dengan biosfer

 Pemberian nilai terhadap modal alam,
pengendalian pencemaran, dan pemanfaatan
sumberdaya
 Penggunaan perangkat ekonomi dalam
penanganan masalah Lingkungan
 Kaitan kemiskinan & masalah lingkungan

Pustaka Utama : Miller & Spoolman (2012); Botkin & Keller (2011); Status
Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012
 Sistem Ekonomi didukung 3 Tipe Sumberdaya
2

 Kegiatan ekonomi di dalam prakteknya didukung oleh 3 SUMBERDAYA , terutama Modal Alam
 Keberlangsungan ekonomi tergantung dari keberlanjutan Modal Alam :
 Dimanfaatkan sesuai daya dukungnya
 Dilindungi dari tindakan yang dapat merusak atau mendegradasinya
Environmental Security Is Necessary For Economic Security
And Is At Least As Important As National Security
3
 Pertumbuhan ekonomi konvensional yang saat ini berjalan dinilai UNSUSTAINABLE, karena dapat mengurangi atau mendegradasi SDA yang
menjadi modal alamiah sehingga pembangunan ekonomi terganggu;
 Salah satu alasan mengapa pasar sering gagal di bidang perlindungan lingkungan adalah tidak diberikannya nilai moneter untuk manfaat
yang diberikan oleh modal alam bumi atau efek berbahaya dari berbagai aktivitas manusia terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia.
 Contoh 1 : ketika penebangan kayu di hutan telah menimbulkan gangguan/degradasi terhadap layanan ekologis hutan dalam
penyediaan air, serapan karbon, biodiversitas, wisata alam. Dampak yang terjadi seringkali tidak dinilai;
 Contoh 2 : polusi air dan udara akibat limbah industri yang mengganggu kesehatan manusia, berapa resiko kesehatan yang harus
ditanggung akibat pencemaran tersebut ? Resiko akibat polusi terhadap kesehatan dalam ekonomi konvensional tidak dinilai;
 Perkembangan pendekatan ekonomi mengarah ke Ekonomi lingkungan memasukan nilai ekosistem/lingkungan sebagai bagian dari Sistem
Ekonominya yang dikenal sebagai ECOLOGICAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMY
5

 Analisis ekonomi dapat membantu kita memahami mengapa sumber daya lingkungan telah kurang dilestarikan di masa
lalu dan bagaimana kita bisa lebih efektif mencapai konservasi di masa depan .
 Analisis ekonomi diterapkan pada dua macam masalah lingkungan : penggunaan sumber daya yang diinginkan dan
meminimalkan polusi.
 Sumber mungkin milik umum atau dikendalikan swasta . Jenis kepemilikan mempengaruhi metode yang tersedia untuk
mencapai tujuan lingkungan . Ada kecenderungan untuk eksploitasi berlebihan terhadap sumber daya umum - properti
dan panen untuk kepunahan sumber daya yang tidak penting yang tingkat pertumbuhan bawaan rendah , seperti yang
disarankan di Hardin yang " tragedy of the commons . "
Nilai mendatang (future values)dibandingkan dengan nilai sekarang (present values) bisa menjadi penentu penting dari
tingkat eksploitasi .
 Hubungan antara risiko dan manfaat mempengaruhi kesediaan kita untuk membayar untuk lingkungan yang baik
 Metode untuk mencapai tujuan lingkungan termasuk bujukan moral , kontrol langsung , proses pasar , dan investasi
pemerintah . Banyak jenis kontrol telah diterapkan untuk polusi dan penggunaan sumber daya yang diinginkan .
“I believe the 21st century will be dominated by the concept of
NATURAL CAPITAL, just as the 20th century was dominated by
financial capital” (Achim Steiner)
 Degradasi Lingkungan
dan Valuasi Ekonomi

o Perkembangan pendekatan ekonomi

mengarah ke ekonomi lingkungan yang selalu
mempertimbangkan m nilai ekosistem sebagai
bagian dari Sistem Ekonominya yang dikenal
sebagai ECOLOGICAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMY
• integrate economic and ecological
knowledge in order to estimate the
economic and ecological values of
ecosystem services;
• to evaluate the costs and benefits of
actions that could be taken to prevent
the decline of these services;
o Dikembangkan metode penilaian
ekonomi lingkungan untuk menilai
besaran nilai ekosistem yang
terdegradasi akibat pengurangan atau
degradasi yang terjadi;
 USE VALUES NON USE VALUES
V DIRECT INDIRECT OPTION EXISTENCE
A Wood Product (Timber,fuel) Watershed Protection Future Uses Biodiversity
Non Wood Products ( Food,
L Nutrient Cycling Culture, Heritage
Medicine, Genetic Material)
U Educational, Recreational, And
Air Pollution Reduction Intrinsic Worth
E Cultural Uses
S Human Habitat Carbon Storage
Amenities

T
Market Prices & Analysis Production Function Contingent Valuation Contingent Valuation
E
C
Related goods and approaches Preventive Expenditure
H
N
I Contingent Valuation Replacement Costs
Q
U Hedonic Prices Contingent Valuation
E
Replacement Cost
S

Nilai Ekosistem dan Teknik Penilaiannya

Kontribusi Jasa
Lingkungan Air dari
Hutan Konservasi Cagar
Alam Burangrang
o Air Minum
o Budidaya/Pertanian
Tahapan Valuasi Ekonomi

Penentuan Tujuan

Penentuan Daerah/Wilayah
yang divaluasi

IDENTIFIKASI MANFAAT
JASLING

KUANTIFIKASI JASLING

VALUASI NILAI JASLING

Estimasi Dampak Degradasi/Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup
 How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us
to Deal with Environmental Problems?
18

Reducing poverty can help us to reduce population growth, resource use, and environmental degradation
1.4 billion people—a number greater than the entire population of China and 4.5 times the size of the U.S.
population—struggle to survive on an income equivalent to less than $1.25 a day

Poverty has numerous harmful health and environmental effects. Reducing poverty benefits individuals, economies,
and the environment, while empowering women and helping to slow population growth
Most neoclassical economists believe that a growing economy can help the poor by creating more jobs and
providing greater tax revenues, which can be used to help the poor to help themselves. This economic
process is often referred to as the trickle-down effect. However, since 1960, most of the benefits of global
economic growth, as measured by income, have been flooding up to the rich, rather than trickling down to workers
at the bottom of the economic ladder.

Since 1980, this wealth gap between the rich and the poor has grown. In 2005, the United Nations calculated
that the world’s 500 richest people earned more than the world’s 416 million poorest people. South African
President Thabo Mbeki told delegates at the 2003 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, “A
global human society based on poverty for many and prosperity for a few, characterized by islands of wealth,
surrounded by a sea of poverty, is unsustainable.”
19

To assist in reducing poverty process, governments, businesses, international lending agencies, and wealthy individuals in more-
developed countries could also undertake these measures:
 Mount a massive global effort to combat malnutrition and the infectious diseases that kill millionsof people prematurely
 Provide universal primary school education for the world’s nearly 800 million illiterate adults (According to Nobel Prize–winning
economist Amartya Sen, “Illiteracy and innumeracy are a greater threat to humanity than terrorism.” Illiteracy can also foster
terrorism and strife within countries by creating large numbers of unemployed individuals who have little hope of improving their
lives or those of their children.
 Provide assistance to stabilize population growth in less-developed countries as soon as possible, mostly by investing in family
planning, reducing poverty, and elevating the social and economic status of women.
 Focus on sharply reducing the total and per capita ecological footprints of their own countries as well as those of rapidly
growing less-developed countries such as China and India
 Make large investments in small-scale infrastructure such as solar-cell power facilities in villages as well as sustainable
agriculture projects that would enable less-developed nations to work towards more energy-efficient and sustainable
economies.
 Encourage lending agencies to make small loans to poor people who want to increase their income
 How Can We Make the Transition to More
Environmentally Sustainable Economies?
20

BANDINGKAN PENGELUARAN
DANA DI KEDUA GRAFIK
DISAMPING INI !
21
22
23
24
25

Perkembangan ESB (Environmental Sustainable

Business) membuka peluang karir yang luas di
berbagai bidang ekonomi

We have an economy that tells us that it is

cheaper to degrade our life support system than to
renew, restore, and sustain it. . . Working for the
earth is not a way to get rich, it is a way to be
rich.
 Paul Hawken