KATA PENGANTAR

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 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................................... i

DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... ii

BAB I PENDAHULU

A. Pengertian Litosfer dan Manfaatnya bagi Kehidupan.............................................. 1

1. Pengertian Litosfer ............................................................................................. 1
a. Inti Bumi ....................................................................................................... 1
b. Mantel ........................................................................................................... 2
c. Kerak Bumi ................................................................................................... 2
2. Manfaat Litosfer bagi Kehidupan ....................................................................... 2
B. Batuan Pembentuk Permukaan Bumi ....................................................................... 2
a. Batuan Beku ........................................................................................................ 3
b. Batuan Sedimen .................................................................................................. 3
c. Batuan Metamorf ................................................................................................ 4
C. Bentuk Muka Bumi Akibat Tenaga Endogen ........................................................... 4
1. Vulkanisme .......................................................................................................... 5
a. Terbentuknya dapur Magma di lapisam dalam kulit bumi ............................ 5
b. Intrusi Magma ................................................................................................ 5
c. Ekstrusi Magma ............................................................................................. 5
d. Material Letusan Gunung Api ....................................................................... 8
2. Tektonisme .......................................................................................................... 10
a. Orogenesis ..................................................................................................... 10
b. Epirogenesis ................................................................................................... 11
c. Bentuk Muka Bumi Akbiat Eksogen ............................................................. 11.

BAB II PEDOSFER

A. Pengertian Tanah dan Proses Pembentukan Tanah .................................................... 14

1. Pengertian Tanah .................................................................................................. 14
2. Komposisi Tanah .................................................................................................. 14
3. Faktor Pembentukan Tanah .................................................................................. 14
4. Sifat Sifat Tanah ................................................................................................... 15
B. Profil Tanah dan Jenis Jenis Tanah di Indonesia ....................................................... 15
C. Kerusakan Tanah dan Usaha Konservarsinya ............................................................ 18
D. Lahan Potensial dan Lahan Kritis .............................................................................. 20

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