Pertemuan 6SN0030336 PDF

PENULISAN SUMBER KUTIPAN DAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Definisi
Secara sederhana, kutipan adalah semua kalimat dan atau paragraf yang bukan berasal dari ide/tulisan
Anda. Biasanya seorang penulis atau pengarang mengambil tulisan orang lain untuk menjadi bagian
dalam tulisannya.
Berdasarkan cara mengutipnya, kutipan dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis (Universitas Kristen Petra, 2008) yaitu:
1. Kutipan tidak langsung  yaitu penulis mengambil ide orang lain, kemudian merangkainya
dengan kalimat sendiri. Hal ini berarti penulis tidak menulis sama persis dengan kalimat asli yang
dikutip. Penulis merangkai dan merangkum kalimat berdasarkan artikel atau sumber lain.
2. Kutipan langsung  yaitu menulis ulang ide orang lain sesuai dengan aslinya. Hal ini berarti
penulis langsung menggunakan teknik copy lalu paste tanpa mengubah kalimat aslinya.Ada dua
jenis kutipan langsung, yaitu kutipan langsung panjang dan kutipan langsung pendek. Kedua
kutipan ini berbeda cara menuliskan dan syaratnya.
a. Kutipan langsung pendek
Syarat:
i. APA Style(American Psychological Association)
Jika panjang kalimat yang dikutip tidak lebih dari 40 kata.
ii. MLA Style (Modern Language Asociation)
Jika panjang kalimat yang dikutip tidak lebih dari 4 baris
Cara menuliskan:
Kutipan langsung pendek dituliskan menjadi satu dalam paragraf karya tulis Anda,
tambahkan tanda petik pada kutipan sehingga tanda petik ini menjadi pemisah antara
kalimat Anda dengan kalimat kutipan. Sumber kutipan ditulis sedekat mungkin dengan
kalimat kutipan.
Dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

Kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri “teks kutipan teks kutipan teks
kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan.teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan
teks kutipanteks kutipan” (sumber kutipan). Kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat
sendiri kalimat sendiri.
b. Kutipan langsung panjang

Jenis kutipan ini dikenal juga dengan istilah block quote.
Syarat:
i. APA Style(American Psychological Association)
Jika panjang kalimat yang dikutip lebih dari 40 kata.
ii. MLA Style (Modern Language Asociation)
Jika panjang kalimat yang dikutip lebih dari 4 baris
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Cara menuliskan:
Sesuai dengan istilah yang mengikutinya, yaitu dengan cara membuat blok kalimat yang
dikutip tanpa tanda petik, ukuran font, dan spasi sesuai dengan karya tulis tetapi ditulis
menjorok/masuk 1 cm (5 spasi) dari batas margin kiri tulisan Anda. Oleh karena kalimat
yang dikutip ini tergolong banyak/panjang maka kalimat kutipan dipisahkan dari kalimat
Anda.
Dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

Kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri
teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks
kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks
kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan teks kutipan (sumber
kutipan)
kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat
sendiri kalimat sendiri kalimat sendiri
Di setiap karya tulis ilmiah pasti ada bagian yang diambil dari ide, argumen, analisa, dan atau hasil
penelitian orang lain. Bagian inilah yang dinamakan kutipan. Peran penting dari kutipan adalah dipakai
untuk mendukung argumen dan analisa Anda. Kutipan bisa diambil dari berbagai sumber, baik teks
maupun audio visual, baik dari media print sampai online, juga bisa dokumen yang published maupun
unpublished. Semua jenis dokumen dapat digunakan menjadi bagian dalam tulisan ilmiah Anda, untuk
mendukung karya tulis Anda. Yang perlu diingat setiap kali Anda mengambil ide, argumen, tulisan, hasil
penelitian, dan sebagainya dari orang lain adalah Anda harus mencantumkan asal-usul kutipan Anda
dalam sumber kutipan dan secara mendetail dalam daftar pustaka.
Sumber kutipan adalah penulisan asal usul kutipan secara singkat dalam teks karya
tulis yang paling dekat dengan kutipan.
Daftar pustaka adalah suatu daftar yang memuat semua informasi dari sumber
kutipan secara jelas dan terperinci, yang disusun secara alfabetis.
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Tujuan penulisan sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka
1. Agar terhindar dari tuduhan penjiplakan (plagiarism)
Salah satu fungsi kutipan adalah untuk menguatkan atau mendukung tulisan ilmiah Anda. Oleh
karena itu, Anda harus mencantumkan sumber kutipan Anda secara singkat di bagian akhir setelah
kalimat kutipan atau tepat sebelum kalimat kutipan (paling dekat dengan kalimat kutipan) dan
menuliskan sumbernya secara lengkap pada daftar pustaka. Dengan melakukan ini sebenarnya
Anda sedang menghindarkan diri dari masalah di kemudian hari terkait dengan mengambil hak
cipta karya tulis seseorang tanpa ijin.
2. Menghargai penulis sebelumnya

Ketika Anda menuliskan secara lengkap sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebenarnya Anda
sedang menghargai orang yang mempunyai ide tersebut. Selain itu, juga pengakuan bahwa teks
pada bagian tersebut adalah dari ide, argumen, dan atau analisa orang lain.
3. Membantu pembaca yang ingin tahu lebih dalam mengenai sumber kutipan
Salah satu manfaat dari menuliskan sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka secara lengkap adalah
membantu pembaca yang ingin mengetahui lebih dalam tentang kutipan tersebut. Kadang-kadang
pembaca tertarik untuk membaca lebih dalam tulisan yang Anda kutip. Dengan demikian, pembaca
dapat menelusuri informasi dari sumber kutipan dan kemudian mendapatkan rincian lengkapnya
pada daftar pustaka.
Ada banyak versi atau format untuk menuliskan sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka. Akan tetapi,
Universitas Kristen Petra mengambil dua macam format untuk menuliskan sumber kutipan dan sumber
kutipannya, yaitu APA (American Psychological Association) Style dan MLA (Modern Language Asociation)
Style. Keduanya digunakan sebagai acuan dalam penulisan kutipan dan daftar pustaka untuk tugas akhir
di Universitas Kristen Petra. Oleh karena itu, panduan ini hanya membahas secara mendalam dua cara
tersebut saja.
Catatan penting:
 Format penulisan sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka dalam sebuah karya tulis ilmiah adalah
wajib sama.
o Misalkan, menuliskan sumber kutipan dengan format APA Style maka daftar pustaka
wajib dituliskan juga dengan format APA Style. Demikian juga berlaku jika Anda ingin
menggunakan MLA Style, maka cara mengutip langsung (panjang atau pendek), cara
menuliskan sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka pun menggunakan MLA Style.
 Nama penulis/pengarang yang Anda tuliskan di sumber kutipan, wajib dituliskan dalam daftar
pustaka sebagai kata pertama.
o Jika tidak ada nama penulis/pengarang, maka disebutkan beberapa kata dalam judul. Hal
ini berarti kata-kata judul inilah yang disebutkan sebagai kata pertama dalam daftar
pustaka. Dengan demikian, sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka sudah berfungsi untuk
memudahkan pembaca yang ingin menggali lebih dalam referensi yang Anda gunakan.
 Penulisan sumber kutipan berada di dekat teks kutipan Anda. Penulisan daftar pustaka berada di
halaman paling belakang dengan baris kedua dan seterusnya menjorok masuk 1 cm dari batas
margin kiri
 Gelar kebangsawanan maupun gelar akademik tidak ditulis dalam sumber kutipan dan daftar
pustaka
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 Penulisan penanggalan dan istilah penting lainnya (singkatan) dalam Bahasa Inggris, berlaku
untuk semua jenis karya, baik yang berbahasa Indonesia, Inggris, Italia, dan bahasa lainnya.
1. APA STYLE Edisi ke 6 (2010)

Secara umum cara menuliskan:
1. Sumber kutipan: nama belakang/keluarga penulis/pengarang (th eauthor) dan tahun (year) dari
sumber kutipan
Contoh: (Azaria, 2014)
(Santoso, Azaria, & Tan, 2015)
Jika kutipan langsung maka wajib ditambahkan nomor halaman (page dituliskan dengan p. atau
pages dituliskan dengan pp.). Jika nomor halaman tidak ada maka bisa digantikan dengan chapter
atau paragraf ke berapa.
Contoh: (Azaria, 2014, p. 15)
(Santoso, 2015, chap. 5)
2. Daftar pustaka
a) Penulisan nama pengarang pertama dan seterusnya: nama belakang/keluarga diikuti dengan
inisial nama depan dan tengah (jika ada)
Contoh:
Nama Penulisan
Sally Azaria Azaria, S.
Kwik Kian Gie Kwik, K.G.
Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, P.
Joyce Elliot-Spencer Elliot-Spencer, J.
b) (Hanya) huruf pertama dari judul karya atau judul tambahan ditulis menggunakan huruf
kapital.
c) Pada sumber online, tuliskan secara lengkap URL nya dengan cara menuliskan kata “retrieved
from” sebelum URL dan tidak dituliskan tanggal akses (tanggal unduh atau melihat web
tersebut).
d) Untuk Prosiding yang diakses secara online maka gantikan kota terbit dan penerbit dengan
nomor DOI (Digital Object Identifier) atau URL, seperti dalam artikel jurnal online. (lihat
contoh:Buku >> Prosiding)
 Nomor DOI (Digital Object Identifier) adalah penanda yang spesifik dan tetap untuk
dokumen online yang terdaftar.
e) Nama negara dari kota terbit dituliskan setelah kota terbit dan dipisahkan dengan tanda
koma.
f) Tidak ada kata yang digarisbawahi, termasuk URL.
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Berikut ini adalah cara menuliskan pada beberapa jenis sumber dengan APA Style (George Forbes Memorial
Library, Lincoln University, 2011):
A. BUKU/THESIS/PROSIDING SEMINAR
Format dasar
Nama Penulis/Pengarang. (tahun terbit/publikasi). Judul utama buku: Anak judul buku.(edisi ke berapa, jika ada).
Kota terbit, Negara atau Singkatan Negara Bagian di Amerika: Penerbit.
Buku dengan satu hingga

lima pengarang
Sumber Kutipan Kaufman, Perlman and Speciner (1995) found[Kutipan pertama]
Kaufman et al. (1995) found … This security technique is not always effective
(Kaufman et al.).[Kutipan berikutnya]
Daftar Pustaka Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., & Speciner, M. (1995). Network security: Private
communication in a public world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Buku dengan enam atau
lebih pengarang
Sumber Kutipan (Yang et al, 2009)
Daftar Pustaka Yang, K.L. et al. (2009). The real customers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Buku tanpa pengarang Jika tidak ada nama pengarang maka dituliskan judul bukunya, dengan dicetak
miring.
Sumber Kutipan (Longman Dictionary, 2003)

Daftar Pustaka Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th ed.). (2003). Harlow, England:
Longman.
Buku dengan editor(s)
Sumber kutipan (Persley & Hill 1992)
Daftar Pustaka Persley, D. M.& Hill, M. (Ed.). (1992). Diseases of fruit crops (2nd ed.). Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia: Department of Primary Industries.
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Encyclopedia/ kamus
Sumber kutipan
(Bergmann, 1993)
Daftar Pustaka Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago, USA: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Online encyclopedia
Gunakan alamat URL dari artikel
bukan halaman depan web
Sumber kutipan (“Christchurch”, 2007, ¶Para 5)

Daftar Pustaka Christchurch. (2007). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9082394
Penulis adalah sebuah
organisasi
Sumber kutipan Tuliskan nama organisasi/lembaga secara lengkap

(Statistics New Zealand, 1998)
Asosiasi dan instansi pemerintah dapat disingkat pada penyebutan kedua kalinya.
(New Zealand Qualifications Authority [NZQA], 2008)[Kutipan Pertama]
(NZQA, 2008)[Kutipan berikutnya]
Daftar Pustaka Statistics New Zealand. (1998). Samoan people in New Zealand. Wellington, New
Zealand: Author.
Thesis atau Disertasi
Sumber kutipan (Brown, 1995)

Daftar Pustaka Brown, T. N. (1995). Simulation of the development of the root system and
associated microbial community of Pinus radiata. (Unpublished doctoral
thesis).Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
Sumber kutipan (Xie, 2007, pp. 59-61)

Daftar Pustaka Xie, Z. (2007). Modelling genetic regulatory networks: A new model for circadian
rhythms in Drosophila and investigation of genetic noise in a viral infection
process (Doctoral thesis, LincolnUniversity, 2007). Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10182/31
Prosiding (Salah satu
karya, bukan semuanya)
Sumber kutipan (Brackley, 1995, p. 51)

Daftar Pustaka Brackley, P. (1995).Through other eyes. In D. H. Owen & B. F. Frey (Eds.),Ergonomics
tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the
New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, 16-17 February 1995(pp. 50-52).
Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society
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Prosiding secara utuh (Owen & Frey, 1995)
Sumber kutipan Owen, D. H., & Frey, B. F. (Eds.). (1995). Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future:
Daftar Pustaka Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society,
Lincoln, 16-17 February 1995. Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand
Ergonomics Society.
B. PERIODICAL>> Artikel dari Koran, Majalah, Jurnal

Format Dasar
Nama Penulis atau Pengarang. (tahun publikasi). Judul utama artikel: Anak judul artikel. Judul/Nama
Serial,Volume (nomor issue), halaman. doi:###/###
Artikel dalam jurnal
Sumber Kutipan (Quarrie, Cantu, and Chalmers, 2002)

Daftar Pustaka Quarrie, K. L., Cantu, R. C., & Chalmers, D. J. (2002). Rugby union injuries to the
cervical spine and spinal cord. Sports Medicine,32(10), 633-653.
Artikel online dengan
DOI
(Ancrenaz, Dabek, and O’Neil, 2007, pp. 2445-2447)
Sumber Kutipan Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a
Daftar Pustaka role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11),
2443-2448. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050289
Artikel online tanpa DOI
Sumber Kutipan (Nielsen, 2009, p. 1195)

Daftar Pustaka Nielsen, L. (2009). Green farm subsidies sponsoring eco labeling: is the separation of
market access and subsidies regulation in WTO law sustainable?. Journal of
World Trade,43(6), 1193-1222. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.kluwerlawonline.com/productinfo.php?pubcode=TRAD
Artikel tanpa nama Gunakan beberapa kata pertama dari judul utama (yang dituliskan dalam tanda
pengarang petik “ ”)dan tahun pada sumber kutipan.
Sumber Kutipan (“Painting life”, 2000, pp. 24-25)

Daftar Pustaka Painting life in the southern beech forest. (2000). Forest and Bird, 297(12), 24-25.
Artikel Koran
**Tanpa Pengarang
Sumber Kutipan (“Scientist discounts”, January 16, 1995)
Daftar Pustaka Scientist discounts lamp radioactivity. (1995, January 16). The Press, p. 2.
**Dengan Pengarang (English, December 28, 1996)

Sumber Kutipan English, P. (1996, December 28). Anguish as moths escape spraying. New Zealand
Daftar Pustaka Herald, p. A1.
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**Versi online
Sumber Kutipan (Bruce, December 13, 2007)
Daftar Pustaka Bruce, D. (2007, December 13). Chairman frustrated by ‘nonsense’. Otago Daily
Times. Retrieved from http://www.odt.co.nz
C. WEB PAGES
Format Dasar
Nama Penulis atau Pengarang. (tahun, bulan tanggal artikel). Judul/Nama dari web page: Anak judul dari page.
Retrieved from URL
ATAU
Nama Penulis atau Pengarang. (n.d.). Judul/Nama dari web page: Anak judul dari page. Retrieved bulan tanggal,
tahun, from URL
Web pages
**dengan Pengarang
Sumber Kutipan (Kedgley, June 7, 2004)
Daftar Pustaka Kedgley, S. (2004, June 7). Greens launch Food Revolution. Retrieved from
http://www.greens.org.nz/searchdocs/PR7545.html
**Tanpa Pengarang
Sumber Kutipan (Kiwi, April 13, 2010)
Daftar Pustaka Kiwi. (2010, April 13). Retrieved April 14, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Kiwi
**Tanpa Tanggal
Sumber Kutipan (“New Zealand”, n.d)
Daftar Pustaka New Zealand Dragon Boat Association. (n.d.). NZDBA Membership.Retrieved from
http://www.nzdba.co.nz/Home/Membership.php
Video
Sumber Kutipan (Norton, November 4, 2006)

Daftar Pustaka Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video
file].Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
Website secara Tidak boleh dimasukkan dalam daftar pustaka. Setiap halaman yang Anda gunakan
keseluruhan dalam kutipan wajib dijabarkan satu per satu.
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D. MATERI PERKULIAHAN
Bagi mahasiswa, kadang-kadang materi perkuliahan digunakan sebagai acuan referensi dalam
tulisan ilmiah. Padahal, biasanya materi kuliah tersebut tidak diterbitkan secara formal seperti buku
dan jurnal (tidak mempunyai nomor ISBN). Jika materi tersebut berupa artikel jurnal atau bagian
dari buku (booksection) maka tulislah sumber kutipan dan daftar pustaka seperti yang sudah
dijabarkan di atas. Jika tidak, maka berikut ini adalah beberapa kategorinya (George Forbes
Memorial Library, Lincoln University, 2011).
Jika Anda hendak mengutip dari apa yang disampaikan oleh dosen Anda ketika
Dosen memberikan mereka presentasi, kutiplah itu sebagai “personal communication” (tidak
catatan dan berbicara dimasukkan dalam daftar pustaka tetapi ada bukti misalkan hasil rekaman
dalam kelas suara)
(J. Bowring, personal communication, October 3, 2009)
Handouts Handout yang diberikan selama perkuliahan, tutorial, atau kunjungan lapangan,
tuliskan sebagai “unpublished paper presented at a meeting” dalam daftar
pustaka
(Bowring, 2009)[penulisan sumber kutipan]
Bowring, J. (2009). Otahuna images in pictures. Paper presented at lecture

for LASC 316, Innovative Design, Lincoln University.
[penulisan di daftar pustaka]
Materialyang ditulis oleh dosen dalam buku perkuliahan yang tidak diterbitkan
Buku kuliah
di penerbit (tidak ada nomor ISBN), tuliskan sebagai “publication of limited
circulation” dalam daftar pustaka. Nomor halaman yang dikutip wajib dituliskan
dalam kutipan. Jika tidak ada nomor halaman, tuliskan judul bab nya.
(Ross, 2009, pp. 23-45)
[penulisan sumber kutipan>> Nama Penulis/Pengarang, tahun, halaman]
(Ross, 2009, Topic – Outdoor Recreation section, ¶ 4)
[penulisan sumber kutipan jika tidak ada nomor halaman>>Nama

Penulis/Pengarang, Judul Bab, paragraf ke berapa]
Ross, J. (2009). RECN 110 Concepts in Sport and Recreation reading resource
book. [Available from LincolnUniversity to enrolled students.]
[penulisan di daftar pustaka]
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Materi yang diunggah di web site dosen, tuliskan sebagai “publication of limited
Materi online
circulation” dalam daftar pustaka.
(Bowring, 2009)[penulisan sumber kutipan]
Bowring, J. (2009). Lecture 4: Otahuna images in pictures [PowerPoint

slides]. [Available from Lincoln University myLincoln LASC 316 Web
site.] [penulisan di daftar pustaka]
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2. MLA STYLE Edisi ke 7 (2009)
Secara umum cara menuliskan:
1. Sumber kutipan yang dicantumkan dalam teks tulisan ilmiah Anda, secara umum formatnya adalah
author(s) dan page (page to page). Author(s) merupakan penulis atau pengarang sedangkan page
adalah halaman. Nama penulis yang dicantumkan di dalam teks kutipan hanya nama keluarga atau
nama belakang.
Contoh: (Azaria 20)
(Santoso, Azaria, and Tan 18-21)
2. Daftar Pustaka:
a) Penulisan nama pengarang pertama adalah nama keluarga/belakang, diikuti dengan nama
depan dan nama tengah (jika ada) secara lengkap.
Contoh
Nama Penulisan
Sally Azaria Azaria, Sally
Kwik Kian Gie Kwik, Kian Gie
Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, Philip
Joyce Elliot-Spencer Elliot-Spencer, Joyce
Penulisan nama pengarang kedua dan seterusnya dituliskan secara lengkap sesuai dengan
urutan yang sebenarnya (tidak dibalik atau nama keluarga/nama belakang tidak dituliskan
terlebih dahulu).
b) Tidak (lagi) menggunakan garis bawah (underline). Judul buku dan judul periodical menggunakan
cetak miring (italicized).
c) Menuliskan jenis media (media type) yang digunakan sebagai sumber kutipan, dituliskan setelah
tahun terbit.
a. Print = jika mengutip dari semua yang dicetak
b. Web = jika mengutip secara online
c. Email = jika mengutip dari surat elektronik
d. Lecture = jika mengutip dari bahan perkuliahan yang diterbitkan secara terbatas
d) Semua yang masuk dalam daftar pustaka adalah karya yang sudah diterbitkan atau unggah
(published), baik berupa cetakan maupun online, misalnya cetakan, situs, televisi, DVD, dan
sebagainya
e) URL tidak perlu dituliskan. Dituliskan alamat lengkap website (URL) hanya jika diminta.
f) Wajib menuliskan tanggal akses/tanggal unduh (urutan penulisan: setelah jenis media yang
digunakan)
g) Beberapa istilah singkatan yang diijinkan jika karya yang dikutip tidak mempunyai:
a. Nomor halaman (no pages number) = n.pag.
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b. Tanggal/tahun terbit (no date) = n.d.
c. Penerbit atau kota terbit = n.p.
Berikut ini adalah cara menuliskan pada beberapa jenis sumber dengan MLA Style (Killam Library,
Dalhousie University, 2009; The Library, Durham College & UOIT, 2011):
A. BUKU/THESIS/PROSIDING SEMINAR
Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. Judul utama

Sebutkan jenismedia buku: Anak judul buku.Edisi ke berapa, jika ada.Kota terbit: Penerbit,
yang digunakan: print, tahun terbit/publikasi. Jenis media yang digunakan.
web, e-mail, lecture,
dan sebagainya
Buku dengan satu
penulis
Sumber kutipan Penulis/pengarangdan nomor halaman ditempatkandalam tanda
kurungsetelahteks yang relevan.
(Barnet 97)
Daftar pustaka Barnet, Sylvan. The Practical Guide to Writing. Toronto: Longman,
2003. Print.
Buku tanpa nama Jika tidak disebutkan nama penulisnya maka gunakan judul utama dari
penulisnya karya tulis tersebut. Jika judul dirasa terlalu panjang, maka gunakan
beberapa kata pertama dari judul.
Sumber kutipan (Encyclopedia of Virginia 212)
Daftar pustaka Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. Print.

Buku dengan dua Namapenulis pertama dibalik (family name terlebih dahulu), penulis
atau tiga penulis berikutnya ditulis biasa (tidak dibalik)
Sumber kutipan (Booth, Colomb, and Williams 190)
Daftar pustaka Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of
Research. 2nded. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.
Buku dengan empat Hanya tuliskan nama penulis pertama dan diikuti dengan et al.
atau lebih penulis
Sumber kutipan (Barclay et al. 144-145)
Daftar pustaka Barclay, Michael, et al. Have Not Been the Same: The Can Rock
Renaissance, 1985-95. Toronto: ECW, 2001. Print.
Edited, compiled, or Gunakan singkatan yang sesuai, ed. jika satu editor, eds. jika lebih dari satu
translated book editor; trans. jika terjemahan; comps. jika disusun
Sumber kutipan (Greenspan and Rosenberg 77)
Daftar pustaka Greenspan, Edward, and Marc Rosenberg, eds. Martin’s Annual Criminal
Code: Student Edition 2010. Aurora: Canada Law Book, 2009. Print.
12
Book Chapter Digunakan ketika buku mempunyai penulis berbeda-beda setiap bab
Sumber kutipan (Naremore 266)
Daftar pustaka Naremore, James. “Hitchcock at the Margins of Noir.” Alfred

Hitchcock:Centenary Essays. Eds. Richard Allen and S. Ishii-Gonzales.
London: BFI, 1999. 263-277. Print.
Dokumen Jika ada nama penulis, maka wajib ditulis nama penulisnya. Jika tidak ada
Pemerintah maka dapat ditulis seperti pola organisasi sebagai penulis.
Sumber kutipan (Fitzgerald 33)
Daftar pustaka Fitzgerald, Robin. Fear of Crime and the Neighbourhood Context in
Canadian Cities. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2008. Print.
Organisasi sebagai Yang termasuk di dalamnya adalah organisasi pemerintah, asosiasi,
penulis perusahaan, dan sebagainya.
Sumber kutipan Canada was the first nation to ratify the treaty (Canada. Dept. of Foreign
Affairs and International Trade 17).
According to a document released by the Canadian Department of

Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada was the first nation to
ratify the treaty (17).
Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Freedom From

Daftar pustaka Fear: Canada's Foreign Policy for Human Security. Ottawa: DFAIT, 2002.
Print.
Jika nama pengarang/penulis tidak ada maka gunakan beberapa kata dari
Ensiklopedia atau
judul artikel yang digunakan.
Kamus
(Bercuson 101)
Sumber kutipan
(“Existentialism” 203)
Bercuson, David Jay. “Canada.” The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago:

Daftar pustaka
World Book, 2006. 93-106. Print.
“Existentialism.” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London:
Routledge, 1998. 199-204. Print.
Sebutkan kedua sumber kutipan dalam karya tulis Anda. Akan tetapi
Mengutip dari
dalam daftar pustaka, tuliskan hanya sumber yang Anda lihat saja.
sebuah kutipan
(Brockman, 1990, as cited in Peele, 1994, p. 45)[sumber kutipan]
Catatan: Sebaiknya
Anda selalu
Peele, S. (1994). The surprising truth about addiction. Psychology Today,
mencoba untuk
37(3), 43-45.[tertulis di daftar pustaka –Brockman tidak dituliskan]
menemukan
dokumen aslinya
13
Satu pengarang Judul karya ditulis di teks kutipan (beberapa kata judul atau judul penuh).
dengan beberapa Dalam daftar pustaka, nama pengarang untuk judul karya kedua bisa
karya tulis dihilangkan dan digantikan oleh 3 hyphens dan tanda titik (---.)
(Barnet, Practical Guide 87)

Sumber kutipan (Barnet, Short Guide to Writing 17)
Barnet, Sylvan. The Practical Guide to Writing. Toronto: Longman, 2003.

Daftar pustaka Print.
---. A Short Guide to Writing about Art. 4ed. New York: Harper Collins
College, 1993. Print.
B. PERIODICAL>> Artikel dari Koran, Majalah, Jurnal
Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. “Judul Artikel”.

Sebutkan jenismedia Nama Koran/Jurnal/ Majalah. Volume.issue (tahun): halaman (page-
yang digunakan: print, range). Jenis media yang digunakan.
web, e-mail, lecture,
dan sebagainya
Jurnal
Sumber kutipan (Keary 614)
Daftar pustaka Keary, Anne. “Dancing with Strangers: Europeans and Australians at First
Contact.” Canadian Journal of History 41.2 (2006): 613-616. Print.
Majalah
Sumber kutipan (Geddes 21)
Daftar Pustaka Geddes, John. “A Natural Remedy?” Maclean’s 4 June 2007: 20-22. Print.
Jika mengutip secara tidak langsung dari satu artikel secara keseluruhan,
maka nomor halaman tidak perlu dituliskan.
Sumber kutipan (“An Unlikely Champion”)
Daftar Pustaka “An Unlikely Champion of the Rule of Law.” Maclean’s 11 June 2007: 31.
Print.
Jika Anda mengutip dari web, gantikan kata Print dengan kata Web serta
tambahkan tanggal akses/unduh setelah kata Web. Contoh bisa dilihat di
electronic materials (web pages).
14
Koran
*dengan pengarang
Sumber Kutipan (Aziza)
Daftar Pustaka Aziza, Kurnia Sari. (2015, October 2). “Kamsia Ahok Sampai 2017 Saja”.
Kompas.com. N.p. 2 October 2015. Web. 2 October 2015.
**tanpa pengarang
Sumber kutipan (“Ignorance” 12)
Daftar Pustaka “Ignorance, Politics and the Way of Democracy.” Toronto Star 16
June2007: 12. Print.
Jika mengutip dari web, gantikan kata Print dengan Web serta tambahkan
tanggal akses/unduh setelah kata Web. Contoh bisa dilihat di electronic
materials (web pages).
C. WEB PAGES
Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. “Judul Artikel”.

Sebutkan jenismedia Nama Website. Penerbit atau N.p jika tidak ada penerbit,
yang digunakan: print, tanggal/tahun publikasi atau n.d. jika tidak ada tanggal. Web (Jenis
web, e-mail, lecture, Media). Tanggal akses.
dan sebagainya
Website
Sumber Kutipan (“Works of Joyce Wieland”)

(Wong)
Daftar Pustaka “Works of Joyce Wieland.” Celebrating Women’s Achievements: Women

Artists in Canada. National Library of Canada, 2000. Web. 29 Mar.
2009.
Wong, Jessica. “Celebrating the Kid Inside.” CBC News. Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. 30 July 2004. Web. 20 Aug. 2008.
Jika URL diminta Wong, Jessica. “Celebrating the Kid Inside.” CBC News. Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. 30 July 2004. Web. 20 Aug. 2008.
<http://www.cbc.ca/arts/features/rejuvenile>.
Jurnal online tanpa
nomor halaman
Sumber Kutipan (Stenson)

Daftar Pustaka Stenson, Kevin.“Governing the Local: Sovereignty, Social Governance and
Community Safety.” Social Work & Society 6:2 (2008): n. pag. Web. 22
Mar. 2009.
15
Sumber Rujukan:
George Forbes Memorial Library, Lincoln University. (2010). APA style referencing, 6th Edition.
Canterbury, New Zaeland: Author. Retrieved from
http://library.lincoln.ac.nz/Documents/Library/APA-Style-Referencing.pdf
Killam Library, Dalhousie University. (2009). MLA style (7th): Guick guide. Nova Scotia (NS), Canada:
Author. Retrieved from https://libraries.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/library/
Style_Guides/mla_style7%20(1).pdf
The Library, Durham College & UOIT. (2011). Your guide to bibliography citation: MLA citation style.
Oshawa, Canada: Author. Retrieved from http://www.durhamcollege.ca/wp-
content/uploads/MLA.pdf
Universitas Kristen Petra. (2008). Pedoman tata tulis tugas akhir mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Petra.
Surabaya, Indonesia: Author.
Panduan ini disiapkan/disusun oleh Sally Azaria, S.Sos., M.PPO. (Dosen pada Departemen Mata Kuliah
Umum Universitas Kristen Petra)
16
Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and
bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter
and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in
literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and,
often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less
appropriate to the author-date system.
The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social
sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by
author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share
a similar style. Click on the tabs below to see some common examples of materials cited in
each style, including examples of common electronic sources. For numerous specific
examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.





Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate citations using the notes and bibliography system.
Examples of notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source. For
more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For
examples of the same citations using the author-date system, click on the Author-Date tab
above.
Book
One author
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New
York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin, 2006.
Two or more authors

1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New
York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York:
Knopf, 2007.
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the
first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . .
.
2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . .
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 91–92.
2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London:
Cape, 1988), 242–55.
2. García Márquez, Cholera, 33.
García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London:
Cape, 1988.
Chapter or other part of a book

1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy
of War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
2. Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82.
Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.”
In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui,
Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

1. Quintus Tullius Cicero, “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,” in Rome: Late
Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of
Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.
2. Cicero, “Canvassing for the Consulship,” 35.
Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic
and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of
Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh,
trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

1. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi.
2. Rieger, introduction, xxxiii.
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher
or discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a
chapter or other number.
1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.
2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
3. Austen, Pride and Prejudice.
4. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19.
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Journal article
Article in a print journal
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page
range for the whole article.
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009):
440.
2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53.
Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.
Article in an online journal
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID
that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead
to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required
by your publisher or discipline.
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social

Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010,
doi:10.1086/599247.
2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social

Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
Article in a newspaper or popular magazine

Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and
Robert Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a
note, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the
more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL;
include an access date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is
identified, begin the citation with the article title.
1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68.
2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28, 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69.
4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.”
Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010.
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
Book review
1. David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book
Review, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
2. Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner.”

Kamp, David. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book
Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
Thesis or dissertation
1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song
Dynasty” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).
2. Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires.”
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”
PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.
Paper presented at a meeting or conference

1. Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the
Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the
Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009).
2. Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.”
Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.
Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of
July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal
citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject
to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.
1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009,

http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July
19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
3. “Google Privacy Policy.”
4. “Toy Safety Facts.”
Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.

http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19,
2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-
Posner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted
from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
There is no need to add pseud. after an apparently fictitious or informal name. (If an access
date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)
1. Jack, February 25, 2010 (7:03 p.m.), comment on Richard Posner, “Double Exports in
Five Years?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21, 2010,
http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-years-
posner.html.
2. Jack, comment on Posner, “Double Exports.”
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/.
E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on
March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a
bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010.
Item in a commercial database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an
accession number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited
above is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for
dissertations and theses.
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”
PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
University of California Berkeley Library
APA Style Citations (American Psychological Association)
This guide provides basic guidelines and examples for citing sources following the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, commonly referred to as "APA style."
• APA style requires that you provide, in your text, brief parenthetical references identifying each work referred to. The APA
format for parenthetical references is described on pages 2-3 of this guide.
• At the end of your paper, provide an alphabetized "Reference List" containing complete citations for all works cited or referred to
in your paper. General rules governing APA reference list entries begin on page 3 of this guide.
Reference List - Examples for Print Publications
BOOKS
General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
Examples: Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales:
Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
CHAPTER IN A BOOK
General Format Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. nnn-nnn). Location:
Publisher.
Examples: Stein, A. (1997). Sex after 'sexuality': From sexology to post-
structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism (pp.
158-172). London: Sage.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
General Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author. C. C. (2004). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume, page-numbers.
Examples: McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The
conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy.
Social Problems, 50, 348-373.
Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing
this world through poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual
art. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55(2),
84-93.
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
General Format Author, A. A. if named or Article title if no author. (2004, Month day).
Title of article if not given before [useful descriptive
information]. Title of Magazine, volume if given, page-numbers.
Examples: Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive
control. Science, 303, 969-970.
The disability gulag [Letter to the editor]. (2003, December 14). The
New York Times Magazine, 28.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
General Format Author if named or Article title if no author. (2004, Month day). Title
of article if not given before [useful descriptive information].
Title of Newspaper, p/pp. nn-nn.
Examples: Nagourney, E. (2003, October 28). Impatience, at your own risk. The New
York Times, p. F6.
Skin deep: 'Cosmetic wellness' helps people feel good about their looks.
(2004, March 24). The Modesto Bee, p. G1.
Created by Instructional Services, Moffitt Library, University of California, Berkeley. Copyright 2004 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Page 2 of 4 pages
REVIEW ARTICLES
General Format Review author. (2004, Month day as needed). Review title [Review of the
medium Title of item reviewed: Subtitle]. Title of Periodical,
publication information following appropriate format above.
Examples: Petrakis, J. (2004, February 24). Regrets. [Review of the motion picture
The fog of war]. The Christian Century, 121, 66-67.
Zulu, I. M. (1997). [Review of the book The opening of the American
mind: Canons, culture, and history]. College & Research
Libraries, 58, 487-488.
Examples for Electronic Publications
0NLINE ARTICLE IN PERIODICAL

General Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume, page-numbers. Retrieved Month day,
year, from source.
Examples: Fredrickson, B. L. (n. d.). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a.
Retrieved February 9, 2004, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Clinton, K. (2004, January). Marriage mishegas. The Progressive, 68, 38.
Retrieved February 9, 2004, from the Expanded Academic ASAP
database.
Hopkins, N., & Moore, C. (2001). Categorizing the neighbors: Identity,
distance, and stereotyping. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 239-
252. Retrieved February 9, 2004, from the JSTOR database.
ONLINE BOOK
General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Retrieved Month
day, year, from source.
Examples: Coward, H. G., & Maguire, D. C. (Eds.). (1999). Visions of a new earth:
Religious perspectives on population, consumption, and ecology.
Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Retrieved February
9, 2004, from the NetLibrary database.
Goldman, E. (1914). The social significance of the modern drama. Boston:
Richard G. Badger. Retrieved February 9, 2004, from University of
California Berkeley Digital Library Sunsite website:
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Drama/index.html
WEBSITES
General Format Author. (2004). Title of webpage: Subtitle if needed, Retrieved Month
day, year, from source.
Examples: NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct. (n.d.). Operations
plan 2001-02 and 2002-03: Strategic planning and budgeting for the
2002-03 and 2003-04 Academic Years. Retrieved February 9, 2004,
from http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/governance/assoc-wide/
sportsmanship_ethics/index.html
In-Text Parenthetical References with APA style

When you refer to or base your ideas on another person's work, you must provide your reader with a reference to that work in your
text. If you quote from or refer to an exact part of another's work, you must provide your reader with the specific page, pages, or other
parts of the work you are referring to. General rules for APA in-text citations are on p. 4 of this guide.
In order to keep parenthetical expressions as brief as clarity and accuracy can permit, APA style recommends that you not repeat in
parentheses anything unamibuously stated previously in your text. If you identify the author, work, or part of a work in nearby text,
you can simply provide in parentheses the date and page number(s) or other necessary information to specify what passage you are
citing. If your text contains the year, do not repeat it.
Page 3 of 4 pages
IN-TEXT PARENTHETICAL REFERENCE CORRESPONDING REFERENCE LIST ENTRY

Citing a work with one named author
Your text or quotation here (Clinton, Clinton, K. (2004, January). Marriage mishegas.
2004). The Progressive, 68, 38. Retrieved February
OR 9, 2004, from the Expanded Academic ASAP
As Clinton (2004) stated, your text database.
continues.
Citing a work with two to six authors or editors as authors
Your text or quotation here (Coward & Coward, H. G. & Maguire, D. C. (Eds.). (1999).
Maguire, 1999, p. 45). Visions of a new earth: Religious
OR perspectives on population, consumption,
According to Coward and Maguire (1999, p. and ecology. Albany, NY: State University
45), your text continues. of New York Press. Retrieved February 9,
2004, from the NetLibrary database.
Citing a work with same last name as another in your Reference List
Your text or quotation here (A. Stein, Stein, A. (1997). Sex after 'sexuality': From
1997). sexology to post-structuralism. In D. Owen
OR (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism.
As reported by A. Stein (1997), your text London: Sage.
continues. Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of
workplaces: Accessing this world through
poetry, narrative literature, music, and
visual art. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice & Research, 55(2), 84-93.
Citing a work with no author named and/or undated:
Your text or quotation here (NCAA Committee NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical
on Sportsmanship, n.d.). Conduct. (n.d.). Operations plan 2001-02
OR and 2002-03: Strategic planning and
According to the NCAA Committee on budgeting for the 2002-03 and 2003-04
Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct (n.d.), Academic Years. Retrieved February 9, 2004,
your text continues. from http://www1.ncaa.org/
membership/governance/assoc-wide/
sportsmanship_ethics/index.html
APA style Rules Governing Reference Lists
• General. List the elements that identify the work's author title, publication date, and its publisher. For online publications,
you add elements stating where and when you retrieved the document.
o Your reference list should be alphabetized by the last name of the author (or first title word, if no author) so that your
reader can find the complete citation belong to each of your in-text parenthetical references.
o APA style suggests the reference list be titled as such and views the term "Bibliography" as a broader designation to be
used if your list of references includes more than works referred to in your paper.
• Punctuation. Periods are generally used to end elements in references. Commas are generally used to separate items within
an element, except for colon between location and publisher of books and for parentheses around (year of publication),
(Eds.), and (page numbers for a chapter in a book). If two or more authors, separate them with commas. Precede the last
author named with , & (not the word "and").
• Capitalization. Capitalize only the first letter (and any proper nouns) of titles and subtitles of articles, books, chapters, and
unpublished periodicals. Capitalize the first letter of all significant words in titles of published periodicals.
• Italics. Italicize titles of books and periodicals (journals, newspapers, magazines, etc.). Italicize the volume number only of
periodicals.
• Authors. All authors' last names are inverted (last name first), and first names are abbreviated to the authors' initials. For one
to six authors, list all. For seven or more, list the first six followed by a comma and et al.
o Corporate authors. Corporate names as authors are written out; capitalize the first letter of significant words. A parent
body precedes a subdivision within an organization.
o Editors. For an edited book without a named author, treat the editors as authors (inverted order), and include (Ed.) or
(Eds.) in parentheses after the last editor's name. Editors' names and other names not in the author position (e.g.,
translators) are not inverted and are followed by an abbreviated designation in parentheses.
o No named author or editor. Move the title to the author position before the date.
• Publication date. The year of publication is enclosed in parentheses and precedes the title, generally after the authors' names.
For works with no author or editor, put the title first and follow it by the year of publication. For magazines, newsletters, and
Page 4 of 4 pages
newspapers, provide the month, month and day, or quarter of the issue if following the year in format (YYYY, Month dd) or
(YYYY, Season). If there is no date available, enter (n.d.).
• Volume, issue, and page numbers. For periodicals with continuous pagination throughout a volume, provide only the
volume number (italicized), a comma, then the inclusive page numbers. If and only if each issue begins with page 1, give the
issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume: 38(2), 12-17. Precede page numbers with p. or pp. only for
chapters in books, newspaper articles, and when unavoidably required for clarity.
• Publishers and place of publication. For publishers, give the city and state or country if the city is not well known for
publishing or is ambiguous. Omit superfluous terms like "Publishers," "Co.," or "Inc." but include "Press" or "Books." Use 2-
letter abbreviations for states if needed. Do not abbreviate "University." If two or more publisher locations are listed, give
the first or the home office location if known.
• Reviews. The review author is listed first. Review title follows publication date in format appropriate to the type of
periodical. In brackets provide a statement identifying the article as a review, the medium being reviewed and its title
[Review of the book/motion picture/television program/etc. Title of reviewed item]. Finish by
providing the rest of the periodical citation. If a review is untitled and/or lacks an author, use the material in brackets as the
title; retain the brackets.
• Electronic publications. For online publications, follow the rules for print insofar as possible.
o Page numbers may be irrelevant.
o After the body of the reference, provide a "Retrieved" statement telling the date retrieved and source. The source may
be the URL or the name of an indexing service or journal database where the article was located. Do not provide the
URL for well known providers of journal articles or books such as a library database.
o Omit the final period if a citation ends with a URL.
o If an online journal is an exact reproduction of the print publication (e.g., JSTOR, NetLibrary, and most PDF
documents), and you did not consult the print version, cite as if print (with page numbers) and include [Electronic
version] as the last element of the article title.
APA style Rules Governing In-text Parenthetical References

• At the appropriate point in your text, insert a brief parenthetical reference consisting usually of the last name(s) of the
author(s), a comma, and the year of publication. Your reader can use your reference list to obtain the full reference.
• Do no include suffixes such as Jr. or qualifiers like Ed. Do not include months or days even if in the reference list.
• For quotations and references to a specific part of a work, follow the year of publication with a comma and provide the page
number(s) or identify the section you refer to. Precede the page numbers with p. or pp. or para. or sect. as
appropriate. For web pages without page numbers, be as specific as possible in order to help your reader find what you are
referring to.
• For un-authored works, use the first few words of whatever is the first element of the reference in your reference list,
followed by the date and other specifics needed.
• If you have more than one work by authors with the same last name, provide initials (before the last name, not inverted order)
for each author in the text and in parenthetical citations.
• For undated works, include n.d. for "no date."
• For works by two authors, provide the last names of both every time the work is cited in the text. For three to five authors,
provide the last names of all authors the first time referred to in the text, and in subsequent references, provide only the last
name of the first author followed by et al. If more than six authors provide only the last name of the first author and
shorted the rest to et al.
Need More Help??

If you have questions or citations not covered by the examples in these guides, please consult one of the following official APA style
guides. If you consult other, less official manuals or online style guides that purport to explain APA style, please be aware that these
sometimes contain errors which conflict with official APA guides:
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association, 2001. The official APA style guide.
Call number: BF11 A5 P8 (Doe & Moffitt Reference and other locations)
• Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association. An official excerpt from the
APA Publication Manual above.
No call number: From the American Psychological Association website, http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
(5/7/04) JB
CHICAGO CITATION STYLE
Notes and Bibliography System for History
OKANAGAN COLLEGE LIBRARY
The Okanagan College History Department requires the use of The Chicago Manual of Style’s 16th ed. 2010 notes and
bibliography system for the documentation of references in student papers.
For more detailed information please refer to:

 Mary Lynn Rampolla’s Pocket Guide to Writing in History (Reference collection, all campuses: D13 .R295 2015).
 University of Chicago’s The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. 2010 (Reference collection, all campuses: Z 253 .U69
2010 and online from the Library website)
 Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide online from the Library website
General Rules
Why provide footnotes or endnotes?
 To indicate the exact source of every quotation used.
 To acknowledge indebtedness to others for opinions, ideas, or work product (e.g., statistics).
 To provide authority for facts that are not common knowledge, or that the reader might be inclined to doubt.
 To provide information that would disrupt the flow of the argument if it was included in the essay itself.
Footnotes and Endnotes

 Notes may be placed at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper (endnotes). In footnotes, the
number of the note is superscripted (has a smaller font and is set slightly higher on the line than normal text). In
endnotes, the number is not superscripted.
 The names of the author(s) appear in the conventional order (i.e. first-name first). The source will tell you whether
the author’s full first name or initials should be used.
 The first line of each note is indented.
 Each note is single spaced, but there is a double space between notes.
 Sources cited in the notes must appear in the bibliography, with the exception of reference works, personal
communications, and individual blog entries.
Bibliographies
 Begin the bibliography on a separate page at the end of the paper (after the endnotes).
 Arrange entries alphabetically by the author’s last name (or by the title if the author is anonymous).
 List the first author of each work with the last name first. List additional authors first-name first.
 When an author appears more than once in a bibliography the ditto sign for his or her name appears
as a line of six hyphens followed by a period: ------. (See sample bibliography below).
 Begin the first line of each entry at the left margin. Additional lines in the entry are indented (this is called a
hanging indent).
Model Footnote – Book
Author Place of publication Page #

1
Terry Glavin, A Death Feast in Dimlahamid (Vancouver: New Star Books, 1990), 106.
Footnote # Publication date

Publisher name
Title of book (in italics)
Chicago Citation Style. Notes and Bibliography. Okanagan College History Department and Library. Last updated Spring 2016. 1
Books
Book with a single author
1
Notes Terry Glavin, A Death Feast in Dimlahamid (Vancouver: New Star Books, 1990), 106.
Bibliography Glavin, Terry. A Death Feast in Dimlahamid. Vancouver: New Star Books, 1990.
Comments Shortened notes:

If you have only one source by the author, provide the author’s name and page number in subsequent notes to that
same source.
2
Glavin, 108.
If you have used more than one source by the author, provide the author’s name, an abbreviated title, and the page
number in subsequent notes.
3
Glavin, Death Feast, 108.
Use ibid. for notes that refer to the same source as the note immediately preceeding it (ibid. is an abbreviation for
the Latin word ibidem, meaning “in the same place”). If the note refers to the same source but different page
numbers, include the page numbers in the note.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid., 97.
Book with two or three authors (or editors)
6
Notes Carole Shammas, Marylynn Salmon, and Michel Dahlin, Inheritance in America: From Colonial Times to the
Present (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 97.
Short note:
7
Shammas, Salmon and Dahlin, Inheritance in America, 142.
Bibliography Shammas, Carole, Marylynn Salmon, and Michel Dahlin. Inheritance in America: From Colonial Times to the
Present. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
Comments In the bibliography, the first author is listed last name first, and the second author is listed first name first.
Book with more than three authors (or editors)

8
Notes Alison Prentice et al., Canadian Women: A History (Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), 121-23.
Short note:
9
Prentice et al., Canadian Women, 134.
Bibliography Prentice, Alison, Paula Bourne, Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Beth Light, Wendy Mitchinson, and Naomi Black. Canadian
Women: A History. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.
Comments In notes, only the name of the first author is given, followed by et al. (et al. is a Latin abbreviation meaning “and
others”). In the bibliography, all the authors’ names are listed.
E-book from a library database

10
Notes Menno Boldt, Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self-Government (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 1993), http://site.ebrary.com/lib/okanagan/docDetail.action?docID=10200930, 23.
11
M. R. D. Foot and I. C. B. Dear, eds., Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001), 154. doi: 10.1093 /acref/9780198604464.001.0001.
Bibliography Boldt, Menno. Surviving as Indians: The Challenge of Self-Government. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1993. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/okanagan/docDetail.action?docID=10200930.
Foot, M. R. D and I. C. B. Dear, eds. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
doi:10.1093 /acref/9780198604464.001.0001.
Comments A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string of numbers and letters permanently applied to the content of an
article or E-book.
E-books are cited exactly the same as a print book, with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the note or
bibliography entry. If the library database provides a stable URL, provide that one..
If the work is paginated, include the page number in your footnote. If the work is unpaginated, provide a chapter
number or section title.
E-book freely available online
12
Notes Grey Owl, The Men of the Last Frontier (1932; Project Gutenberg, 2011), chap. 5,
http://www.gutenberg.ca/ebooks/greyowl-menofthelastfrontier/greyowl-menofthelastfrontier-00-e.html
Short note:
13
Grey Owl, Men of the Last Frontier, chap. 3.
Bibliography Grey Owl. The Men of the Last Frontier. Reprint of the 1932 New York edition, Project Gutenberg, 2011.
Comments If the book is a reprint edition, include both the original publication date and the newer, electronic publication
date, as well as the name of the online collection from which it was retrieved.
If it is a contemporary book from Google Books or other online e-book collection, cite the book as you would a
print book and include the URL at the end of the citation.
Edited Book / Edition other than the first

Notes 14
Mona Gleason et al., eds., Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women’s History, 6th ed. (Don Mills,
ON: Oxford University Press, 2011), 165-6.
Short note:
15
Gleason et al., Rethinking Canada, 210.
Bibliography Gleason, Mona, Tamara Myers, and Adele Perry, eds. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women’s History, 6th
ed. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Comments For lesser-known Canadian and American cities, or cities that might be confused with another city of the same
name, include a two-letter state or province postal abbreviation. Well known cities (e.g. New York, Toronto) do not
require the state or province to be included.
Chapter or article in an edited book
Notes Roger Sarty, “Canada and the Great Rapprochement 1902-1914,” in The North Atlantic Triangle in a
16
Changing World: Anglo-American-Canadian Relations, 1902-1956, ed. B.J.C. McKercher and Lawrence Aronson
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 19.
Short note:
17
Sarty, “Canada and the Great Rapprochement, 1902-1914,” 134-6.
Bibliography Sarty, Roger. “Canada and the Great Rapprochement, 1902-1914.” In The North Atlantic Triangle in a Changing
World: Anglo-American-Canadian Relations, 1902-1956, edited by B.J.C. McKercher and Lawrence
Aronson, 12-47. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
Comments In the bibliography entry, include the page range of the chapter within the book.
Page ranges: for numbers less than 100, use all digits. For numbers higher than 100, use only the changed digits
(e.g. 25-29; 109-11; 345-7; 228-34; 398-402)
Institutional author / Online document from a website
18
Notes University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2010), 65.
19
Truth and Reconcilliation Commission of Canada, Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future:
Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (Winnipeg, MB: Truth and
Reconcilliation Commission of Canada, 2015), 24. http://www.trc.ca.
Short Note:
20
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Honouring the Truth, 25.
Bibliography University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Truth and Reconcilliation Commission of Canada. Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of
the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Winnipeg, MB: Truth and
Reconcilliation Commission of Canada, 2015. http://www.trc.ca.
Comments An institutional author may be an organization, association, corporation, committee, etc. Provide the organization
as author in the bibliography even if the organization is also the publisher.
Note that the online version is cited exactly the same as a print version, with the addition of a URL.
Unknown Author
21
Notes The Lottery (London: J. Watts, 1732), 18.
Bibliography The Lottery. London: J. Watts, 1732.

Book series with more than one volume
22
Notes Edward Hallett Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), 3: 170-3.
Bibliography If you used only one volume in the series:

Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923. Vol. 3. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966.
If you used more than one volume in the series:

Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923. 3 vols. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966.
Comments If a single volume in a multivolume work has a separate title, include it after the volume number.
Book in a series
23
Notes Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925,
The Canadian Social History Series, ed. Gregory S. Kealey (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991), 53.
Bibliography Valverde, Mariana. The Age of Light, Soap, and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925. The
Canadian Social History Series, edited by Gregory S. Kealey. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991.
Book in translation
24
Notes Alexander Solzhenitsyn, August 1914, trans. Michael Glenny (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), 110.
Bibliography Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. August 1914. Translated by Michael Glenny. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.
Comments The author's name appears first. The name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s) or translator(s) appear after the title.
In the bibliography, spell out the terms: ‘edited by’, ‘translated by’, or ‘compiled by’. In notes, use the abbreviation
“trans.” "ed.” or "comp."
If more than one role is listed in addition to the author, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the
original source.
Reprint edition
25
Notes Herbert Westerby, History of Pianoforte Music (1924; reprint, New York, Da Capo Press, 1971), 11.
Citations are to the 1971 edition.
26
Grey Owl. The Men of the Last Frontier. (1932; Project Gutenberg, 2011), chap. 5,
Bibliography Westerby, Herbert. History of Pianoforte Music. 1924. Reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1971.
Grey Owl. The Men of the Last Frontier. Reprint of the 1932 New York edition, Project Gutenberg, 2011.
Model Footnote – Journal Article

Footnote # Author Title of journal article Title of journal (in italics)
Constance B. Backhouse, “Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada,” Law and
19
History Review 6, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 233.

Page #
Vol. # Issue # Publication date
Articles
Journal article in print
Notes 27
Constance B. Backhouse, “Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada,” Law and
History Review 6, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 233.
Short note:
28
Backhouse, “Married Women’s Property Law,” 244.
Bibliography Backhouse, Constance B. “Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada.” Law and History
Review 6, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 211-57.
Comments Journal citations should include the volume number as well as the issue number and month or season (if
available). Put volume and issue numbers in arabic numerals. Seasons are capitalized and spelled out in full.
Months may be abbreviated or spelled out in full.
Journal article from a library database – URLs
Notes James L. McClain, “Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630,” Journal
29
of Japanese Studies 6, no. 2 (Summer 1980): 269, http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy. okanagan.bc.ca/stable/132323.

30
Adele Perry, "From "the hot-bed of vice" to the "good and well-ordered Christian home": First Nations
Housing and Reform in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia," Ethnohistory 50, no. 4 (2003): 587-610, Project
Muse.
Bibliography McClain, James L. “Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630.” Journal of
Japanese Studies 6, no. 2 (Summer 1980): 267-99. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca
/stable/132323.
Perry, Adele. "From "the hot-bed of vice" to the "good and well-ordered Christian home": First Nations Housing
and Reform in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia." Ethnohistory 50, no. 4 (2003): 587-610. Project
Muse.
Comments When citing a URL from a library database, do not use the URL from the browser’s address bar. Use a shortened,
stable URL provided by the database (look for an icon or link called permalink, stable URL or persistent link).
If no stable URL or DOI is available, then include the database name (as in the second example above).
Journal article from a library database – DOIs
Notes Gary Warrick, “European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-
31
Petun),” World Archaeology 35, no. 2 (2003): 272, doi:10.1080/0043824032000111416.
Bibliography Warrick, Gary. “European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-Petun).” World
Archaeology 35, no. 2 (2003): 258-275. doi:10.1080/0043824032000111416.
Comments A DOI is always preferable to a URL in a citation. If no DOI is available, use a stable URL.
Journal article freely available on the internet
Notes Trudi Johnson, “Women and Inheritance in Nineteenth-Century Newfoundland,” Journal of the
32
Canadian Historical Association 13, no. 1 (2002): 5, http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/031151ar.
Bibliography Johnson, Trudi. “Women and Inheritance in Nineteenth-Century Newfoundland.” Journal of the Canadian
Historical Association 13, no. 1 (2002): 1-22. http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/031151ar.
Comments Cite the paragraph number [e.g., par. 16] if no page numbers are provided in a full-text article.
Book review
33
Notes Edward N. Lutwak, review of The Cold War, by John Lewis Gaddis, Times Literary Supplement, March
24, 2006, 5.
Bibliography Lutwak, Edward N. Review of The Cold War, by John Lewis Gaddis. Times Literary Supplement, March 24,
2006, 5.
Magazine article
Notes Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner, “Doctors without Science: A Brief History of Quackery, From
34
Leeches to Ostrich Eggs,” The Walrus, December 2015, http://thewalrus.ca/doctors-without-science/.

35
Ken MacQueen and Michael Friscolanti, "Who gets to be Canadian?" Maclean's, October 19, 2015, 18.
Bibliography Tetlock, Philip E. and Dan Gardner, “Doctors without Science: A Brief History of Quackery, From Leeches to
Ostrich Eggs.” The Walrus, December 2015. http://thewalrus.ca/doctors-without-science/.
MacQueen, Ken, and Michael Friscolanti. "Who gets to be Canadian?" Maclean's. October 19, 2015.
Comments Weekly and monthly magazines are usually cited by date only, even if they have volume and issue numbers. Cite
the specific page in your note, but do not include the page range in the bibliography.
Newspaper article
Notes 36
“Bull and the Gun,” Edmonton Journal, August 18, 1990, G1.
Bibliography Newspaper articles are not usually cited in bibliographies.
Online news source
Notes “Vietnam-China row over South China Sea plane landing,” BBC News, January 6, 2016,
37
http://www.bbc.com/ news/world-asia-35216579.
Bibliography “Vietnam-China row over South China Sea plane landing,” BBC News, January 6, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/
news/world-asia-35216579.
Reference Materials (Dictionaries and Encyclopedias)

Printed reference works
Notes 38
Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, s.v. “Laval, François de.”
39
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “Charivari.”
Bibliography Reference works are not usually entered in the bibliography.
Comments The abbreviation s.v. signifies the Latin sub verbo, meaning “under the word.”
Online reference works

Notes Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “Charivari,” March 2012, http://www.oed.com
40
/view/Entry/30734.
41
Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 12, s.v. “Davie, Theodore,” accessed April 25, 2012,
http://www.biographi.ca/.
Bibliography Reference works are not usually entered in the bibliography.
Comments An online reference work is cited the same way as a printed work, with the addition of the date of last revision, or
the access date. If the entry cites a stable URL address, include it. Otherwise, use the URL for the homepage. The
first example above includes the date of last revision and a stable URL. The second includes the date of access and
the homepage of the online dictionary.
Other
Unpublished thesis or dissertation
Notes John S. Lutz, “Losing Steam: Structural Change in the Manufacturing Economy of British Columbia,
42
1860-1915” (master’s thesis, University of Victoria, 1988), 67.

Bibliography Lutz, John S. “Losing Steam: Structural Change in the Manufacturing Economy of British Columbia, 1860-1915.”
Master’s thesis, University of Victoria, 1988.
Government document / Institutional author
43
Notes British Columbia, Report of Royal Commission on Matters Relating to the Sect of Doukhobors in the
Province of British Columbia, 1912 (Victoria: King’s Printer, 1913), T22.
Parks Canada, State of Canada’s Natural and Historic Places 2011, Ottawa, 2011. http://www.pc.gc.ca
44
/eng/docs/pc/rpts/elnhc-scnhp/2011/index.aspx.
Bibliography British Columbia. Report of Royal Commission on Matters Relating to the Sect of Doukhobors in the Province of
British Columbia, 1912. Victoria: King’s Printer, 1913.
Parks Canada. State of Canada’s Natural and Historic Places 2011. Ottawa, 2011. http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs
/pc/rpts/elnhc-scnhp/2011/index.aspx.
Interview
45
Notes Timothy McVeigh, interview by Ed Bradley, 60 Minutes, Columbia Broadcasting System, March 26,
2000.
Bibliography McVeigh, Timothy. Interview by Ed Bradley. 60 Minutes. Columbia Broadcasting System, March 26, 2000.
Personal communication
46
Notes Peter Russell, telephone interview by author, October 2, 2006.
Bibliography Do not list personal communication in your bibliography.
Sound recording -- Music

Notes 47
Billy Bragg, “Help Save the Youth of America,” in Talking with the Taxman about Poetry, Elektra
B000002H40, 1990, compact disc.
Bibliography Bragg, Billy. “Help Save the Youth of America.” In Talking with the Taxman about Poetry. Elektra B000002H40,
1990, compact disc.
Sound recording – Speech

Notes Tommy Douglas, “Disallowance of Saskatchewan Legislation, 1945,” in Tommy Douglas, introduction
48
and commentary by Pierre Berton, ed. H. S. Lee and Laurier LaPierre, McClelland and Stewart/RCA Recording
Services, T-56966, 1971, 33 1/3 rpm.
Bibliography Douglas, Tommy. “Disallowance of Saskatchewan Legislation, 1945.” In Tommy Douglas. Introduction and
commentary by Pierre Berton. Edited by H. S. Lee and Laurier LaPierre. McClelland and Stewart/RCA
Recording Services. T-56966. 1971. 33 1/3 rpm.
Sound recording – Online
Notes Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1933, transcript and Adobe Flash audio,
49
18:59, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail

/3280.
Bibliography Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. “First Inaugural Address.” March 4, 1933. Transcript and Adobe Flash audio, 18:59.
Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/president/speeches
/detail/3280.
Film
Notes “Looking for Louise,” Thelma & Louise, dir. Ridley Scott (1991; Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home
50
Entertainment, 2004), DVD.

Bibliography Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. 1991. Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.
Comments The note above refers to a specific scene or DVD chapter. Include this information if relevant.
Include the year for both the original film and the DVD version. When citing online multimedia, include the same
information for a film, but also add a URL and access date.
Web page -- no author
Notes “Our History, Our Health,” First Nations Health Authority, accessed December 20, 2015,
51
http://www.fnha.ca/wellness/our-history-our-health.
Bibliography “Our History, Our Health.” First Nations Health Authority. Accessed December 20, 2015. http://www.fnha.ca
/wellness/our-history-our-health.
Comments Cite individual web pages rather than entire websites.
Entries should include the following elements, where available: the title or a description of the web page, the
author’s name, the owner or sponsor of the site, the URL, and the date. If there is no date, then include an access
date.
Web page – with author
Notes Anthony S. Wohl, “Victorian Racism,” The Victorian Web, accessed January 20, 2016,
52
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/race/rc5.html.
Bibliography Wohl, Anthony S. “Victorian Racism.” The Victorian Web. Accessed January 20, 2016,
Blogs
Notes K. Mandla, “The Elephant in the Room: A Coda,” Motho ke motho ka botho (blog),
53
http://kmandla.wordpress.com.
Bibliography Blog entries are not cited in the bibliography, unless you cite several entries from the blog.
Comments For blogs, cite the author, the entry title, the blog title, and the URL. Add the word blog in parentheses following
the blog title, unless the word blog appears in the title itself.
Document from a digital primary source collection
54
Notes Hilda Hay, Hilda Hay to William Hay, December 10th 1943, letter, from Canadian Letters and Images
Project, accessed December 17, 2015, http://www.canadianletters.ca/content/document-8360.
55
W. P. Upham, Map of Salem Village 1692, map, from Salem Witch Trials: Documentary Archive and
Transcription Project, accessed December 21, 2015, http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/maps/index.html.
Bibliography Hay, Hilda. Hilda Hay to William Hay, December 10th 1943. Letter. From Canadian Letters and Images Project.
Accessed December 17, 2015. http://www.canadianletters.ca/content/document-8360.
Upham, W. P. Map of Salem Village 1692. Map. From Salem Witch Trials: Documentary Archive and
Transcription Project. Accessed December 21, 2015. http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/maps/index.html.
Sample Title Page
The Sayer Trial:

Power and Justice in Rupert’s Land
John Doe
History 112: Canada to 1867
Dr. Jane Smith
November 19, 2012
Sample Footnoted Page
Doe 3
Christopher Lasch writes that “Americans took it as axiomatic, a cherished article of political
faith, that freedom had to rest on the broad distribution of property ownership.”7 Many
English liberals, influenced by republican traditions, shared this belief: in England, it was
widely held that the United States and Switzerland were structurally democratic because of
their widespread property ownership.8 But the idealization of the independent property-owner
went deeper than a concern for material independence. It was also rooted in an appraisal of
character. According to Eugenio F. Biagini, John Stuart Mill “was committed to peasant
proprietorship on moral and political grounds.”9 Mill
praised the homestead farmer as the model citizen.... While the factory
proletarian was trained to work as part of a machine, the farmer was
employed from childhood in an activity fostering independent thinking and
creativity, and was free from the anguish and crushing misery that affected
the factory worker.10
The history of general opposition to the division or specialization of labour, based on its
detrimental effect on individual character formation, pre-dates the industrial revolution among
republicans. Republicans despised professional armies and politicians, which, they argued,
contributed to masculine passivity and dependence.11
_______________________
7Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991),
204.
8Eugenio
F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-
1880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 88.
9
Ibid., 86.
10
Ibid.
11Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 177.
Sample Bibliography
Bibliography
Backhouse, Constance B. “Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada.” Law and
History Review 6, no. 2 (Fall 1988): 211-257.
------. Petticoats and Prejudice: Women and Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada. Toronto: Women’s
Press, 1991.
Biagini, Eugenio F. Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone,
1860-1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Bragg, Billy. “Help Save the Youth of America.” Talking with the Taxman about Poetry. Elektra
B000002H40, 1990, compact disc.
Foot, M. R. D and I. C. B. Dear, eds. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001. doi: 10.1093/acref/9780198604464.001.0001.
Glavin, Terry. A Death Feast in Dimlahamid. Vancouver: New Star Books, 1990.
------. Nemiah: The Unconquered Country. Vancouver: New Star Books, 1992.
Gleason, Mona, Tamara Myers, and Adele Perry, eds. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women’s
History. 6th ed. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Lasch, Christopher. The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics. New York: W.W. Norton,
1991.
McClain, James L. “Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630.”
Journal of Japanese Studies 6, no. 2 (Summer 1980): 267-99. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.
okanagan.bc.ca/stable/132323.
Shammas, Carole, Marylynn Salmon, and Michel Dahlin. Inheritance in America: From Colonial
Times to the Present. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. August 1914. Translated by Michael Glenny. Harmondsworth: Penguin,

1974.
Warrick, Gary. “European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-
Petun).” World Archaeology 35, no. 2 (2003): 258-275. doi:10.1080/004382403200011
1416.
Wohl, Anthony S. “Victorian Racism.” The Victorian Web. Accessed January 20, 2016,
Chicago Style Citations
(Author-Date Style)
This guide provides basic guidelines and examples for citing sources using The Chicago Manual
of Style, 16th edition. Chicago style includes two options for citing sources. This guide covers the
author-date style for writers who use parenthetical references as a means of giving attribution to
sources. Guidelines for creating parenthetical references are included at the end of this guide.
Citations for Electronic Sources: URLs are required for online sources. If a DOI (digital object
identifier) number is available, this should be inserted in the place of the URL preceded by “doi:”
Books
Format:
Book: Author Last, First. Year of Pub. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher.
One Author Sample Citation:
Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism,

and a New Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Format:
Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. Title. Location of
Publisher: Publisher.
[Note: If a book is credited to 4 to 10 authors, include all authors in the bibliographic

citation. In the parenthetical citation, include the first author’s name followed by “et
Book: al.” If more than 10 authors are cited, include the first 7 authors in the bibliographic
Two or More citation followed by “et al.”]
Authors
Sample Citation:
Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. 1990. Singular Texts/Plural Authors:

Perspectives on Collaborative Writing. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press.
Patten, Michael A., Guy McCaskie, and Philip Unitt. 2003. Birds of the
Salton Sea: Status, Biogeography, and Ecology. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher.
URL.
Sample Citation:
Electronic
Book Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New
Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. http://www.netlibrary.com.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title of Chapter/Article.” In Title, edited by
First Last, inclusive page numbers. Location of Publisher: Publisher,
Year.
Chapter
in a Book Sample Citation:
Wells, Ida B. 1995. “Lynch Law in All its Phases.” In With Pen and Voice:
A Critical Anthology of Nineteenth-Century African-American
Women, edited by Shirley Wilson Logan, 80-99. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press.
Format:
Original Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title. Translated by First Name
Last. Location of Publisher: Publisher.
Translated
Book Sample Citation:
Eisenstein, Sergei. 1968. Film Sense. Translated by Jay Leyda. London: Faber
and Faber.
[Note: The Chicago style suggests that only specialized encyclopedias, dictionaries,
and other reference works be included in the list of References.]
Specialized
Format:
Encyclopedias, Author Last Name, First. Year of Publication. Title of Book.
Dictionaries, & Ed. First Name Last of editor if necessary. Edition information if available.
Multi-Volume Location of Publisher: Publisher.
Works
Sample Citation:
Murphy, Bruce F. 1999. Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. New York:
St. Martins.
Journals
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.” Journal Name volume # (issue #): inclusive
page numbers.
Journal Article: [Note: Day, month or season of publication are rarely included if an issue number is
present.]
Print
Sample Citation:
Haraway, Donna J. 1994. “A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies,
Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies.” Configurations 2 (1): 59-71.
Format:
Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. “Title.” Journal Name
volume # (no. issue #): inclusive page numbers.
Journal Article:
[Note: If an article is credited to 4 to 10 authors, include all authors in the
Two or More bibliographic citation. In the parenthetical citation, include the first author’s name
Authors followed by “et al.” If more than 10 authors are cited, include the first 7 authors in the
bibliographic citation followed by “et al.”]
Sample Citation:
Gautreau, Ronald, and Jeffrey M. Cohen. 1997. “Birth and Death of a
Black Hole.” American Journal of Physics 65: 444-446.
Pridmore, William, Mitchell Chamlin, and Adam Trahan. 1997. “A Test of Competing
Hypotheses about Homicide Following Terrorist Attacks: An Interrupted Time
Series Analysis of September 11 and Oklahoma City.” Journal of Quantitative
Criminology 24 (December): 381-96.
Format:
Journal Article: Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.” Journal Name volume # (issue #): inclusive
page numbers if available. URL or doi number.
From a Full-Text Sample Citation:

Database Ferrell, Robert H. 1990. “Truman's Place in History.” Reviews in American
History 18 (1): 1-9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2702718.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.” Journal Name volume #, no. issue #
(Month Day of Pub): inclusive page numbers, URL.
[Note on page numbers: If online articles do not include page numbers, leave this
Journal Article: space blank in the citation. See the sample. Note on dates: If a season is provided
instead of a publication date, include the season in place of the Month and Day. See
Online sample.]
Sample Citation:
Jobe, Karen D. 2000. “Women and the Language of Hackerdom: The
Gendered Nature of Hacker Jargon.” Kairos 5, no. 2 (Fall),
http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/5.2/binder.html?coverbweb/jobe/
women&hackerdom.htm.
Magazines
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.” Magazine Name, Month Day.
Magazine Article: [Note: Chicago Notes style does not require page numbers for a magazine article,
although these may be included. Page numbers should be included in parenthetical
Print citations.]
Sample Citation:
Swartz, Mimi. 2002. “An Enron Yard Sale.” New Yorker, May 6.
Format:
Magazine Article: Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. “Title.” Magazine
Name, Month Day.
Two Authors Sample Citation:

Silver, Marc, and James M. Pethokoukis. 2002. “Attack of the Cloned Light
Sabers.” U.S. News & World Report, May 13.
Format:
Magazine Article: Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.” Magazine Name, Month Day. URL or doi.
Sample Citation:
from a Swartz, Mimi. 2002. “An Enron Yard Sale.” New Yorker, May 6.
Full-Text Database http://search.ebscohost.com.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.” Magazine Name, Month Day.
URL.
Magazine Article:
Sample Citation:
Online Leonard, Andrew. 2005. “Embracing the Dark Side of the Brand.” Salon, May 18.
http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2005/05/18/star_wars_lego/index.np.html.
Newspapers
Articles from daily newspapers are rarely cited in Chicago style; however, these sources may be
referenced within the text. If articles from daily newspapers must be cited in the bibliography,
writers should use the following forms.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.” Newspaper Name, Month Day of
Publication.
Newspaper Article:
[Note: Chicago Notes style does not require page numbers for a newspaper article,
Print although these may be included. Page numbers should be included in parenthetical
citations.]
Sample Citation:
Lewin, Tamar. 2003. “Disability Requests Reflect Changes in SAT Procedure.”
New York Times, November 8.
Format:
Newspaper Article: Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.” Newspaper Name,
Month Day of Pub. URL.
from a Sample Citation:

Flores, Matt. 2001. “San Antonio, Texas-Area Business Students Manage
Full-Text Database Real Portfolio.” San Antonio Express-News, December 18.
http://search.ebscohost.com.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.” Newspaper Name,
Month Day of Publication. URL.
Newspaper Article:
Sample Citation:
Online Mapes, Lynda V. 2005. “Unearthing Tse-whit-zen.” Seattle Times, May 25.
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/local/klallam/index.html.
Electronic Sources
Format:
Multi-Page Last Name, First of Author. Year of Pub. Title of Site. Last modified or Accessed
Month Day, Year. URL.
Internet Site:
Sample Citation:
Entire Site Weissmann, Anne. 2006. Ernest Haeckel: Art Forms in Nature. Accessed
January 14, 2007. http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/haeckel/index.html.
Format:
Multi-Page Author Last, First. Year of Publication. "Title of Page." Title of Site. Last modified
or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Internet Site:
Sample Citation:
Single Page Sun, Yee-Fan. 2005. "Shacking Up." DigsMagazine.com. Accessed March 2, 2005.
on Site http://www.digsmagazine.com/lounge/lounge_shackingup.htm.
Format:
Multi-Page Corporate Author Name. Year of Publication. Title of Site. Last modified or
Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Internet Site:
Sample Citation:
Corporate Author Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2005. American President. Last modified 2010. http://
www.americanpresident.com.
Format:
Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title of Site. Last modified or Accessed
Month Day, Year. URL.
Personal
Home Page Sample Citation:
Harvey, Billy. 2004. Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours. Accessed
May 24, 2008. http://billyharvey.com.
Parenthetical References
The Chicago Author-Date style requires the use of parenthetical references in the text of the
essay as well as a list of citations on a “References” page at the end of a text. Parenthetical
references should be placed at the end of the sentence, before the period, when a resource has
been used. If the sentence is either long enough or complex enough so that the cited portion of
the sentence is not obvious, the parenthetical reference may instead be inserted immediately
after the use of information from the source. Page numbers should be included whenever
possible.
General Form: (Author Last Name Year of Publication, Page #)
Example: (Smith 1992, 142)
The following examples illustrate parenthetical reference formats for works with more than one
author.
(Smith and Johnson 1998, 14)
(Smith, Johnson, and White 2001, 42)
(Smith et al. 1998, 203)
(National Alliance for Social Consideration 1932, 11)
When organizations or corporate authors are the author of a text, the name of the organization
may be shortened to its most basic title. Abbreviations for the organization are not encouraged.
In the Chicago style, daily newspapers are rarely included in a list of References. Instead,
attribution may be given to information from a daily newspaper in a parenthetical reference.
General Form: (Newspaper Name, Day Month Year of Publication, Section and Page #)
Examples: (San Antonio Express-News, 2 June 2005, B2)
(New York Times, 2 June 2005, A2)
(Durant Daily Democrat, 2 June 2005, 3)
The Chicago style guide does not offer examples for creating parenthetical references when there
is no given author. Standard practice has been to include the title of the work in place of the
author. The title should be formatted in the same manner as the formatting in the References list
entry.
(Plagiarism and You 2002, 142)
("Five Ways to Protect Yourself" 2000, 33)
Electronic sources commonly lack a date of publication, as do other sources. When there is no
date of publication listed for a source, include the abbreviation "n.d." in place of the date.
(Statistics for Water Rights n.d.)
For further information on citing sources using the Chicago style, see pages 796-810 in The
Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.
University of California Berkeley Library
MLA Style Citations (Modern Language Association)
This guide provides examples and the basic guidelines for citing sources following the MLA Style Manual.
MLA style requires that you provide, in the text, brief parenthetical references identifying the exact part of each work you quote or
base your ideas on (page number or section). Examples of MLA parenthetical references are on pages 5-6 of this guide.
At the end of your paper, you must also provide an alphabetical list of "Works Cited" listing the complete citation for each work
referred to parenthetically or in the text of your paper. in your parenthetical references.
Works Cited List - Examples for Print Resources

BOOKS
General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname.
Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication.
Single author: Talevski, Nick. The Unofficial Encyclopedia of the Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.
Multiple authors: Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of
Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.
For works by more than three authors or editors, you may list all as above or only the first followed by
a comma and et al.
Editor(s) as author(s): Antony, Louise M., and Charlotte E. Witt, eds. A Mind of One's Own: Feminist
Essays on Reason and Objectivity. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview, 2002.
Translated work: Racine, Jean. Jean Racine's Phaedra: A Tragedy: A New Verse Translation of
Phèdre. Trans. Edwin Morgan. Manchester, Eng.: Carcanet, 2000.
Multi-volume work: Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Unpublished Dostoyevsky: Diaries and Notebooks
(1860-81). Ed. Carl R. Proffer. Trans. T. S. Berczynski, et al. 3
vols. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1973-1976.
Corporate author: US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Trident Society. The Book of Navy
Songs. Arr. and harmonized Joseph W. Crosley. Garden City: Doubleday,
1926.
No author named on title The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses.
page: 1st ed. Trans. and commentary Richard Elliott Friedman. San Francisco:
Harper, 2003.
The New York Public Library American History Desk. New York: Hyperion, 2003.
The formats above for names of authors, editors, translators, etc. may be applied to all similar situations, below.
CHAPTER IN A BOOK or WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY or COLLECTION

General Format AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Book Chapter or Work in Other
Collection." Title of Book, Anthology, or Collection. Place of
Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Page numbers.
Chapter in a book: Johnson, D. Barton. "Nabokov and the Sixties." Discourse and Ideology in
Nabokov's Prose. Ed. David H. J. Larmour. London: Routledge, 2002.
139-49.
Work in an anthology: Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock
beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie.
New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title of
Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of
Publication): Page numbers.
Continuous pagination Matar, Nabil. "English Accounts of Captivity in North Africa and the Middle
through each volume: East: 1577-1625." Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001): 553-72.
Each numbered issue begins LaGuardia, David. "Masculinity and Metaphors of Reading in the Tiers Livre,
with page 1: 16-18." Esprit Createur 43.3 (2003): 5-15.
No issue numbers and each Franken, Lynn. "Carnival of Silence: Bakhtin and Hugo's Notre-Dame de
issue begins with page 1: Paris." The Comparatist: Journal of the Southern Comparative
Literature Association 25 (May 2001): 110-32.
Created by Instructional Services, Moffitt Library, University of California, Berkeley. Copyright 2004 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Page 2
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
General Format AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day
Month Year of Publication: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non-
consecutive.
Consecutive pages; "The Decade of the Spy." Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.
no author named:
Non-consecutive pages; Heiling, Jean M. "E-Global Library: The Academic Campus Library Meets
the Internet." Searcher June 2001:34+
author named:
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper [City
of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of Publication,
edition: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non-consecutive.
Consecutive pages: Fabricant, Florence. "From Italy, a New Culinary Movement Offers a Wry
Answer to Fast Food." New York Times 15 Nov. 1989, national ed.: B6-7.
Non-consecutive pages; Dubay, Ann. "Revenge of the Pink Collars?" Press Democrat [Santa Rosa, CA]
21 Mar. 2004, city ed.: G1+.
city not in title:
MEDIA (Sound recordings, videos, films, radio/TV programs)

Films and videos Title. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Performer(s)FirstName(s) Last Name(s).
Distributor or Publisher, year of release.
Film: Curse of Frankenstein. Dir. Terence Fisher. Perf. Christopher Lee, Peter
Cushing, Hazel Court, and Robert Urquhart. Clarion/Warner Bros., 1989.
Video recording: London International Advertising Awards: U.S. Golden Oldies. Videorecording.
New York: London Intl. Advertising Awards, n.d.
Sound recordings Group-or-Artist-or-ComposerLastName, FirstName. "Title of Song If Relevant."
Title of Recording. Type of recording if not CD. Manufacturer. Year of
Issue.
Specific song on a CD: Anonymous 4. "Wayfaring Stranger." American Angels: Songs of Hope,
Redemption and Glory. Harmonia Mundi USA, 2004.
Performance on a DVD: Begitchev, W. P., and V. Geltzer. Swan Lake: Ballet in Four Acts. Chor.
Rudolf Nureyev. Music by Piotr I. Tchaikovsky. Perf. Margot Fonteyn,
Nureyev, and Vienna State Opera Ballet. Vienna Symphony Orch. Cond.
John Lanchbery. 1966. DVD. PolyGram Video, 1998.
For additional formats and examples see MLA Handbook, 5.8.1-5.
REVIEWS
General Format ReviewAuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Review If Given." Rev. of
Title of Item Reviewed by Author#1FirstName(s) Lastname, and
Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of Journal, Magazine, or
Newspaper [remaining publication information as in examples above]: Page numbers.
Book review in journal; each Clough, Patricia T. "The Making of the Alcoholic Hero: Social Problems and
issue begins with page 1: Subject Identities." Rev. of Hollywood Shot by Shot by Norman K.
Denzin. Semiotica 93.1-2 (1993): 187-94.
For additional examples see MLA Handbook, 5.7.7 and 5.9.4d.
INTERVIEWS
General Format IntervieweeLastName, FirstName(s). Interview, Type of interview, or "Title
of Interview If Given." By InterviewerFirstName LastName if
important. Publication information following the appropriate format above: Page
numbers if appropriate.
Interviewee named; untitled Hersch, Fred. Interview. By Aaron Cohen. Down Beat April 2004: 20.
interview:
Titled newspaper article; Peccerelli, Fredy. "'The Bones Tell the Story': Revealing History's Darker
Days." New York Times 30 Mar. 2004, late ed.: F2.
routine staff interviewer:
Interview you conducted Litwack, Leon. Personal interview. 12 Apr. 2004.
including date of interview:
For additional examples see MLA Handbook, 5.8.7 and 5.9.9e.
Page 3
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
General Format Name of Government. Name of Agency #1. Name of Agency #2. Title. Number of
Congress, Session of Congress. Number of publication. Place of
Publication: Publisher, Date of publication.
Agency as author: United States. Cong. House. Committee on Un-American Activities. Subversive
Involvement in Disruption of 1968 Democratic Party National
Convention. Hearing before the Committee on Un-American Activities.
90th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 1968.
There are many forms and irregularities in citing government publications. For more examples, see MLA Handbook, 5.6.21.
DISSERTATIONS and THESES

General Format AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Dissertation." Diss. Degree-Granting
(Unpublished works) Institution, Year.
For theses, replace Diss. with MA Thesis. or MS Thesis.
Unpublished dissertations: Fernandez, Nadine Therese. "Race, Romance, and Revolution: The Cultural
Politics of Interracial Encounters in Cuba." Diss. U of California,
Berkeley, 1996.
Treat published dissertations like published books, but insert the type of degree, granting institution, and date between the title and the
publication information. MLA style does not consider inclusion in Dissertation Abstracts to be "published"; treat as unpublished.
Electronic Publications (Web and Internet)

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
From a Library Provide in this order, omitting what is not available or relevant:
Subscription Service Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title
with Full Text (e.g., Gale of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of
Publication): Page numbers or beginning page-. Title of Database.
Group/InfoTrac, ProQuest)
Name of Service. Subscribing Library or Consortium, Location of
Library if Needed to Identify It. Day Month Year of access <URL of
database search page>.
Pagination provided in PDF Salter, David. "'Born to Thraldom and Penance': Wives and Mothers in Middle
version: English Romance." Essays and Studies Annual (2002): 41-59. Expanded
Academic ASAP. Gale Group/InfoTrac. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec.
2003 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/>.
Only starting page number Hattersley, Michael. "Rock's Role in Gay Liberation." Harvard Gay and
provided: Lesbian Review 30.2: 16-. Gender Watch. ProQuest. UC Berkeley
Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://gw.proquest.com/>.
From a Journal Provide in this order, omitting what is not appropriate or relevant:
Publisher Site or Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title
Database Distributing of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of
Publication): Page numbers. Title of Site or Database if Different
Journals (usually from Title of Journal. Day Month Year of access <URL>.
reproducing print version in
PDF format)
JSTOR article: Santi, Enrico Mario. "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban
Reconciliation." MLN 113 (Mar. 1998): 407-425. JSTOR. UC Berkeley
Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.jstor.org>.
From journal publisher: Goetz, Peggy J. "The Effects of Bilingualism on Theory of Mind
Development." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6 (2003): 1-15.
Cambridge Journals Online. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003
<http://journals.cambridge.org>.
From journal distributor: Berman, Ruth, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, and Sven Strömqvist. "Discourse
Stance: Written and Spoken Language." Written Language & Literacy 5
(2002): 253-87. Ingenta Select. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003
<http://ceres.ingentaselect.com/vl=1325936/cl=79/nw=1/rpsv/~3632/v5n2/
s5/p253>.
Journal available only Provide in this order, omitting what is not appropriate or relevant:
in Web edition (no Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title
print equivalent of Article." Title of Journal Volume if given (Year or Date of
Publication): Page numbers if available. Day Month Year of access
available) <URL>.
No pagination: Paik, Peter Yoonsuk. "Smart Bombs, Serial Killing, and the Rapture: The
Vanishing Bodies of Imperial Apocalypticism." Postmodern Culture 14.1
(Sep. 2003). 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/>.
Page 4
ONLINE MAGAZINE ARTICLES

General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day
Month Year of Article or Publication: page-numbers if provided. Day
Month Year of access <URL>.
Date of publication from Harvey, Miles. "Welcome to Armageddon: The White House Hasn't Found Any
article, not issue; no pages: Weapons of Mass Destruction Because It's Looking in the Wrong Place."
Rolling Stone 23 Mar. 2004. 31 Mar. 2004
<http://www.rollingstone.com/features/nationalaffairs/
featuregen.asp?pid=2834>.
ONLINE NEWSPAPER or NEWSWIRE ARTICLES

From a Library AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper [City
Subscription Service of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of Publication,
edition: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non-consecutive. Day Month
with Full Text (e.g., Year of access <URL>.
Lexis-Nexis, NewsBank)
Lexis-Nexis: Schevitz, Tanya. "Regent Ties Dropout Rate to Admissions Policy: He Says
Those with Low Entry Scores More Likely To Quit." San Francisco
Chronicle 8 Nov. 2003, final ed.: A19. Lexis-Nexis Academic. UC
Berkeley Libraries. 31 Mar. 2004 <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/
form/academic/s_guidednews.html>.
New York Times in Historical "Emma Goldman Hailed As Equal of Willa Cather As 'Best Cook.'" New York
Newspapers Index: Times 19 Mar. 1933: E2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York
Times, 1857-Current file. UC Berkeley Libraries. 31 Mar. 2004
<http://uclibs.org/PID/11381>.
From a Website or AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper or
Newswire [City of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of
Web News Service Publication. Day Month Year of access <URL>.
Newswire: Wardell, Jane. "Europe Shocked at Images of Killing of Americans in Iraq."
Associated Press 1 Apr., 2004. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.boston.com/
dailynews/092/world/Europe_shocked_at_images_of_ki:.shtml>.
ONLINE BOOKS
From a Database Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of
Provided by a Library Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Day Month
Year of access <URL>.
NetLibrary: Allen, Carolyn. Following Djuna: Women Lovers and the Erotics of Loss.
Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996. NetLibrary. UC Berkeley Libraries. 1
Apr. 2004 <http://www.netlibrary.berkeley.edu>.
Published on a Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of
Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Day Month
Website of electronic Year of access <URL>.
texts
An e-text supplier: Melville, Herman. Moby Dick, or The Whale. Charlottesville: U of Virginia
Library, Electronic Text Center. 1 Apr. 2004
<http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Mel2Mob.html>.
A WEBSITE or WEB PAGE WITHIN A WEBSITE

General Format Author Following Applicable Rules Above. "Title: Subtitle of Part of Web
Page, if appropriate." Title: Subtitle: Section of Page if
appropriate. Sponsoring/Publishing Agency, If Given. Additional
significant descriptive information. Date of Electronic Publication or
other Date, such as Last Updated. Day Month Year of access <URL>.
Published by an academic A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples. Div. of Classics, Dept. of
institution: Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures, & Cultures, U of Kentucky.
1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/rhetoric.html>.
Published by an individual: Carter, Raphael. "'Hermaphrodite Protagonist': The Misreading of Bone
Dance." Androgyny RAQ (Rarely Asked Questions). 1 Apr. 2004.
<http://www.chaparraltree.com/raq/bonedanc.shtml>
Website published by Public Agenda. "Two-thirds of parents say having one parent stay home is an
corporate author, with unrealistic option in today's world." Issue Guides: CHILD CARE:
People's Chief Concerns. June 2000. Sponsored by The Danforth
sponsors:
Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard
Foundation, and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Television
interview conducted June 1-15, 2000. 1 Apr. 2004
<http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/
pcc_detail.cfm?issue_type=childcare&list=3>.
Page 5
In-Text Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style
Wherever you incorporate another's words, facts, or ideas in your paper, you must indicate to your readers not only the works you
used but also exactly where in the work you found the material. MLA style requires you do this using brief parenthetical references
mentioning the author and page number(s) referred to. It is therefore wise to prepare the works-cited list first, so that your in-text
references will match whatever is the initial element in the alphabetized list. General rules governing MLA in-text citations begin on
page 7 of this guide.
For readability, keep references brief. Do not repeat what is incorporated into nearby text. If your text gives the author's name (or
title for works listed by title), provide only page numbers or section identifiers in parentheses.
IN-TEXT REFERENCE CORRESPONDING WORKS-CITED ENTRY

Citing an entire work, a one-page work, or a work with no page numbers or other clear subdivisions
Fabricant's article in the New York Times Fabricant, Florence. "From Italy, a New Culinary
was one of the first allusions to slow food Movement Offers a Wry Answer to Fast Food."
in the U.S. New York Times 15 Nov. 1989, national ed.:
B6-7.
Hersch made this point repeatedly when Hersch, Fred. Interview. By Aaron Cohen. Down
interviewed. Beat April 2004: 20.
Paik writes eloquently about this theme. Paik, Peter Yoonsuk. "Smart Bombs, Serial
Killing, and the Rapture: The Vanishing
Bodies of Imperial Apocalypticism."
Postmodern Culture 14.1 (Sep. 2003). 12
Dec. 2003
<http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/>.
Citing a passage within a work with page numbers - one author
Your text or "quoted passage" here LaGuardia, David. "Masculinity and Metaphors of
(LaGuardia 7-8). Reading in the Tiers Livre, 16-18." Esprit
OR Createur 43.3 (2003): 5-15.
LaGuardia observes, "Quoted passage" (7-8).
Citing a work by multiple authors
Your text or "quoted passage" here (Berman, Berman, Ruth, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, and Sven
Ragnardóttir, and Strömqvist 256). Strömqvist. "Discourse Stance: Written and
OR Spoken Language." Written Language &
As reported by Berman, Ragnardóttir, and Literacy 5 (2002): 253-287. Ingenta Select.
Strömqvist (256), your text continues. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003
<http://ceres.ingentaselect.com/
If more than three authors, cite consistently with your vl=1325936/cl=79/nw=1/rpsv/~3632/v5n2/
work-cited list: list all last names or the first, et al. s5/p253>.
Citing a work by a corporate author
"Quoted passage" (US Naval 33). US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Trident
OR Society. The Book of Navy Songs. Arr. and
A song published by the US Naval Academy in harmonized by Joseph W. Crosley. Garden
1926 makes this clear (33). City: Doubleday, 1926.
Citing a work listed by title
This occurred frequently at that time (NYPL The New York Public Library American History
American History Desk 302). Desk. New York: Hyperion, 2003.
OR
This is documented even in the New York
Public Library American History Desk (302).
Citing within a multi-volume work
"Quoted passage here" (Dostoyevsky 2: 38- Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Unpublished Dostoevsky:
39). Diaries and Notebooks (1860-81). Ed. Carl
OR R. Proffer. Trans. T. S. Berczynski, et al.
Dostoyevsky's echoes this in his diaries 3 vols. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1973-1976.
sometimes (2: 38-39).
Citing more than one passage in the same reference
...as noticed in Nabokov often (140, 146- Johnson, D. Barton. "Nabokov and the Sixties."
47). Discourse and Ideology in Nabokov's Prose.
OR Ed. David H. J. Larmour. London: Routledge,
Johnson saw this in Nabokov often (140, 2002. 139-49.
146-47).
Page 6
IN-TEXT REFERENCE CORRESPONDING WORKS-CITED ENTRY

Citing more than one work in the same reference
Two writers noted this (Fernandez 55-56, Fernandez, Nadine Therese. "Race, Romance, and
130; Santi 410). Revolution: The Cultural Politics of Interracial
Encounters in Cuba." Diss. U of California,
OR Berkeley, 1996.
This is noted by both Fernandez (55-56, Santi, Enrico Mario. "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric
130) and Santi (410). of Cuban Reconciliation." MLN 113 (Mar. 1998):
407-425. JSTOR. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec.
2003 <http://www.jstor.org>.
MLA Style Rules Governing Reference Lists
• General. List the elements that identify the work's author, title, and publication information. For online publications, you add
elements stating where and when you retrieved the document and giving your reader the means to retrieve it again if it is still
available.
o Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references. Commas are generally used to separate items within
an element, except for colon between location and publisher of books.
o Capitalization. In English-language titles and sub-titles, capitalize the first letter of the first word, the last word, and all
principal words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions). Do not capitalize articles,
prepositions, coordinating conjunctions or the to in infinitives. For titles in other languages see the MLA Handbook, 3.8.
o Italics vs. underlining. MLA style recommends always underlining instead of using italics. This applies to titles of books
and periodicals and to other elements in your paper where italics might seem appropriate. This is because italics may not be
sufficiently distinctive and recognizable for material that is to be graded or edited. If you wish to use italics, ask your
instructor.
o Heading. The works-cited list is sometimes referred to as a "bibliography," but MLA style recommends using a more
descriptive heading such as "Works Cited," "Works Consulted," or "Annotated Works Cited."
• Authors. Provide the names of authors exactly as given on the work (do not abbreviate, and supply additional information in
brackets only if it will help your reader). Invert the name only of the first author given for alphabetizing. For two or three
authors, provide all names, separated by commas with and before the last (not &). For more than three authors, give only the first
author, followed by a comma and et al. Or you may list all authors named in the work.
o Corporate authors. Corporate authors are groups whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Insert the
corporate author as author (before the title) even is identical to the publisher. Corporate names as authors are written out.
Omit initial articles in corporate authors' names (a, an, the).
o Editors. For an edited book without a named author, treat the editors as authors (name precedes the title, first named in
inverted order).
o Translators. Following the individual work or volume translated, after a period, state Trans. translator (not inverted).
o Anonymous works. If no author or editor is named, begin the entry with the title. Do not use Anon. or Anonymous.
o Reviewers and review citations. Give the reviewer's name (if provided) as author, then the title of the review title (if there
is one) in quotes, followed by a period, as an article title. Then write: Rev. of (neither underlined nor in quotes) followed
by the title of the work reviewed, a comma, the word by and the names of the author(s) of the work. If the author is an
editor or translator, substitute ed. or trans. for by.
o Interviews. As author, use the person interviewed (name inverted). After the title of the interview (in quotes) and the title of
the work in which published (underlined), each followed by a period. Provide the interviewer's name after: By . See MLA
Handbook 5.8.7 and 5.9.9e.
• Titles. Titles follow authors (or editors if no named author). Titles of articles and chapters or other parts of larger works are in
double quotation marks. Titles of books, periodicals, and other whole works are underlined. Separate titles with periods (inside
final quotations and not underlined). Provide the full title of books and other works, including leading articles (a, an, the), except
in titles of periodicals such as journals or newspapers (e.g., New York Times). Use a colon and space to separate a title from a
sub-title unless the title ends with ?, !, or −.
• Publication information:
o Publishers' names. Omit the articles (a, an, the), business abbreviations (e.g., Co., Inc.), and descriptive words (Books,
House, Press, Publishers). Shorten "university" to U and "university press" to UP. Omit first names and initials in
publishers (e.g., Norton, not W.W.Norton; Wiley not John Wiley). Use standard abbreviations as in MLA Handbook 7.4.
Use commonly accepted abbreviations, like GPO, UMI.
o Place of publication. If several cities are list, provide only the first. For cities outside the United States, provide the
abbreviation for the country if it might be ambiguous for your reader (Cambridge, Eng. to distinguish from Cambridge).
o Publication date not provided. If there is no date available, enter (n.d.).
• Periodical elements:
o Volume, issue, and page numbers. For journals with continuous pagination throughout a volume, follow the journal title
(underlined) by the volume number, the year of publication (in parentheses), a colon, and the inclusive page numbers. If each
issue begins with page 1, add a period and the issue number directly after the volume number: 14.2 If there are no issue
Page 7
numbers and each issue begins with page 1, designate the issue by including the month or season in parentheses before the
year of publication: (May 1992). For annual publications where the year is the volume number, state Annual in place of
the volume number.
o Issue dates and page numbers in newspaper and magazine articles. Follow the title of the publication by the date of the
issue in DD Month YYYY order, without parentheses. For newspapers, provide the edition, preceded by a comma, and then
the section if relevant. Follow this publication information by a colon and a space. Provide the inclusive page numbers if the
article appears on consecutive pages. If the article begins on one page and then skips to another page, provide only the initial
page followed by +: 17+ or C6+. Do not include volume or issue numbers even if provided.
• Electronic publications. For online publications, follow the rules for print insofar as possible. For electronic sources not
accessed through the Web, see the MLA Handbook, 5.9.5-9. For web-based publications, provide as applicable, in this sequence:
1. If a print version is referred to, provide a complete citation as you would for the print version.
2. Provide information about the electronic source used, such as the title of the site (underlined), the date of electronic
publication of latest update, the name of any sponsoring organization for the site, an editor's name, a version number, and
similar information. If no print equivalent exists, provide only the information about the electronic resource.
3. Provide the date you accessed the document in day Month year format, followed by a period.
4. Give the URL immediately following the date of access. Enclose URLs in angle brackets < > and place a period after
the end bracket. If a URL must be broken, break it only after a slash /, and never introduce hyphens. Include the initial
http:// or other protocol identifier.
5. The purpose for giving the URL is to allow your reader to retrieve the document again. One of the following may
therefore be preferable to providing a long, complicated URL:
• If the URL is very long, complicated, or unique to a specific access, provide the URL of the search page from which
your reader could retrieve the document (as in JSTOR articles).
• If the best way to tell your reader how to find the document is to tell how to navigate from a URL, enter the word
Path: and follow it by the sequence of links to click on from a stable, reasonable URL. Separate the links with
semi-colon.
MLA Style Rules Governing In-text Parenthetical References
In parentheses, provide the last name of the author (do no include suffixes such as Jr.) followed by the year of publication. Do not
include months or days even if in the reference list. Do not include ed., trans., or comp.
All references in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited.
Provide the page number(s) or parts after the author and date for quotations and references to a specific part of the work. Page
numbers are unnecessary when referring to a whole work.
For web pages without page numbers, be as specific as possible in order to help your reader find what you are referring to.
For un-authored works, use the first few words of whatever is the first element of the reference in your reference list, followed by
the date and other specifics needed.
If you have more than one work by authors with the same last name, provide initials (before the last name, not inverted order) for
each author in the text and in parenthetical citations.
If you have more than one work by the same author, provide a word of title in addition to the last name.
MLA style does not recommend the use of footnotes or endnotes in research papers except to add a content note not appropriate
as part of the text of the paper.
Need More Specific Example or Help??

If you consult other, less official manuals or online style guides that purport to explain MLA style, please be aware that these
sometimes contain errors which conflict with these official MLA guides:
• Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of
America, 2003.
Known as the "MLA Handbook," a synthesis of the rules most important for research papers, omitting some of the
scholarly publishing details and options.
Call number: LB2369 .G53 2003 (Doe & Moffitt Reference and other locations)
• Gibaldi, Joseph. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York: Modern Language
Association of America, 1998.
A comprehensive guide for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers, providing details on copyright,
legal issues, and writing theses, dissertations, and scholarly publishing.
Call number: PN147 .G444 1998 (Doe Reference and other locations)
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PENULISAN SUMBER KUTIPAN DAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

b. Kutipan langsung panjang

Dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:

2. Menghargai penulis sebelumnya

1. APA STYLE Edisi ke 6 (2010)

Sally Azaria Azaria, S.

Kwik Kian Gie Kwik, K.G.

Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, P.

Joyce Elliot-Spencer Elliot-Spencer, J.

Buku dengan satu hingga

Sumber Kutipan Kaufman, Perlman and Speciner (1995) found[Kutipan pertama]

Sumber Kutipan (Longman Dictionary, 2003)

Sumber kutipan (Persley & Hill 1992)

Sumber kutipan (“Christchurch”, 2007, ¶Para 5)

Sumber kutipan Tuliskan nama organisasi/lembaga secara lengkap

(NZQA, 2008)[Kutipan berikutnya]

Sumber kutipan (Brown, 1995)

Sumber kutipan (Xie, 2007, pp. 59-61)

Sumber kutipan (Brackley, 1995, p. 51)

B. PERIODICAL>> Artikel dari Koran, Majalah, Jurnal

Artikel dalam jurnal

Sumber Kutipan (Quarrie, Cantu, and Chalmers, 2002)

Sumber Kutipan (Nielsen, 2009, p. 1195)

Sumber Kutipan (“Painting life”, 2000, pp. 24-25)

**Dengan Pengarang (English, December 28, 1996)

Sumber Kutipan (Norton, November 4, 2006)

(J. Bowring, personal communication, October 3, 2009)

(Bowring, 2009)[penulisan sumber kutipan]

Bowring, J. (2009). Otahuna images in pictures. Paper presented at lecture

(Ross, 2009, pp. 23-45)

[penulisan sumber kutipan>> Nama Penulis/Pengarang, tahun, halaman]

(Ross, 2009, Topic – Outdoor Recreation section, ¶ 4)

[penulisan sumber kutipan jika tidak ada nomor halaman>>Nama

[penulisan di daftar pustaka]

(Bowring, 2009)[penulisan sumber kutipan]

Bowring, J. (2009). Lecture 4: Otahuna images in pictures [PowerPoint

Sally Azaria Azaria, Sally

Kwik Kian Gie Kwik, Kian Gie

Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, Philip

Joyce Elliot-Spencer Elliot-Spencer, Joyce

Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. Judul utama

Sumber kutipan (Encyclopedia of Virginia 212)

Daftar pustaka Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. Print.

Sumber kutipan (Booth, Colomb, and Williams 190)

Sumber kutipan (Greenspan and Rosenberg 77)

Sumber kutipan (Naremore 266)

Daftar pustaka Naremore, James. “Hitchcock at the Margins of Noir.” Alfred

Sumber kutipan (Fitzgerald 33)

According to a document released by the Canadian Department of

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Freedom From

Bercuson, David Jay. “Canada.” The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago:

(Barnet, Practical Guide 87)

Barnet, Sylvan. The Practical Guide to Writing. Toronto: Longman, 2003.

B. PERIODICAL>> Artikel dari Koran, Majalah, Jurnal

Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. “Judul Artikel”.

Sumber kutipan (Keary 614)

Sumber kutipan (Geddes 21)

Sumber kutipan (“An Unlikely Champion”)

Format dasar Nama keluarga/belakang penulis/pengarang, nama depan. “Judul Artikel”.

Sumber Kutipan (“Works of Joyce Wieland”)

Daftar Pustaka “Works of Joyce Wieland.” Celebrating Women’s Achievements: Women

Sumber Kutipan (Stenson)