Konsep

Pembentukan
Tata Surya &
Bumi
GEOLOGI DASAR

http://www.travelgrove.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Earth-from-
outer space jpg
Bumi dan Propertinya
 mean distance from Sun 149,598,262 km (1.0 AU)
eccentricity of orbit 0.0167
inclination of orbit to ecliptic 0.000°
Earth year (sidereal period of
365.256 days
revolution)
mean orbital velocity 29.78 km/sec
equatorial radius 6,378.14 km
polar radius 6,356.78 km
surface area 510,064,472 km2
mass 5.972 × 1024 kg
mean density 5.51 g/cm3
mean surface gravity 980 cm/sec2
escape velocity 11.2 km/sec
rotation period (Earth sidereal 23.9345 hr (23 hr 56 min 4 sec)
day) of mean solar time
24.0657 hr (24 hr 3 min 57 sec)
Earth mean solar day
of mean sidereal time
inclination of Equator to orbit 23.44°
magnetic field strength at
0.3 gauss (but weakening)
Equator
dipole moment 7.9 × 1025 gauss/cm3
tilt angle of magnetic axis 11.5°
molecular nitrogen, 78%;
molecular oxygen, 21%;
atmospheric composition (by
argon, 0.93%; carbon dioxide,
volume)
0.0395% (presently rising);
water, about 1% (variable)
mean surface pressure 1 bar
mean surface temperature 288 K (59 °F, 15 °C)
http://www.britannica.com/place/Earth number of known moons 1 (the Moon)
Bumi dan Tata Surya
Monroe, dkk., 2007
Monroe, dkk., 2007
Planet Terrestrial dan
Jovian
 Planet Terrestrial: berukuran kecil, densitas tinggi
(tersusun atas inti metal dan kerak-mantel silikat),
tidak memiliki (merkurius) hingga memiliki
atmosfer yang tebal (venus).

 Planet Jovian: berukuran besar, memiliki cincin,

densitas rendah dengan inti batuan dikelilingi
atmosfer yang tebal.
Planet Terrestrial dan
Jovian
 Planet Terrestrial
 Merkurius
 Venus
 Bumi
 Mars
 Planet Jovian
 Jupiter
 Saturnus
 Uranus
 Neptunus
Mengapa Planet Dalam Tersusun atas Batuan
sementara Planet Luar Berupa Gas?11
Ada tiga alasan utama:

 Di tempat terbentuknya planet-planet kebumian kondisinya

terlampau panas bagi gas raksasa untuk berkondensasi
membentuk partikel padat.

 Ketika Matahari memulai reaksi termonuklir di pusatnya,

angin Matahari (solar wind; aliran partikel bermuatan yang
keluar dari Matahari) meniup gas dan debu menjauh dari
daerah tempat terbentuknya planet-planet kebumian. Di
jarak yang semakin jauh, kekuatan angin Matahari pun
berkurang.

 Fisik planet-planet kebumian relatif lebih kecil, sehingga

gravitasi tidak mampu menahan lepasnya gas-gas ringan
ke angkasa. Berbeda halnya dengan planet-planet gas
raksasa yang memiliki gravitasi lebih kuat, sehingga mampu
menahan gas-gas dalam jumlah besar.
 12

Kemiripan Di antara Mereka…

 Diduga, pada masa lalu air pernah hadir di seluruh planet
kebumian dalam fase yang berbeda-beda.
 Di Venus dan Merkurius air sudah lama menguap
karena dekat-
nya jarak dengan Matahari.
 Di Mars, air masih ada di daerah kutub dan di dekat
permukaan.
 Di Bumi, air berada dalam kondisi yang
memungkinkannya hadir
dalam fase cair.
 13

Fakta Lainnya…
 Merkurius tidak memiliki atmosfer karena jarak yang
terlampau
dekat dengan Matahari. Ketiadaan atmosfer
berkontribusi pada
tingginya temperatur permukaan planet.

 Venus justru memiliki atmosfer yang sangat tebal,

yang menghasilkan efek rumah kaca berketerusan
(runaway greenhouse effect) sehingga menjadikannya
planet terpanas di Tata Surya!
 14

Kemiripan Di antara Mereka…

 Badai yang besar merupakan hal yang umum di
Jupiter, Saturnus, dan Neptunus. Di Neptunus, angin
yang kuat (mencapai 1100 km/jam) diamati di dekat
ekuator. Sementara di Jupiter, juga di dekat
ekuatornya, dikenal the Great Red Spot yang
merupakan badai raksasa dengan kecepatan
mencapai 500 km/jam.
 Planet-planet gas semuanya memiliki sistem cincin
yang tersusun atas partikel-partikel es kecil, debu, dan
batuan.
Teori Pembentukan
Bumi dan Tata Surya
Big Bang Theory
 13.7 billion years ago
 Creation of all matter
 Hydrogen and Helium the first
 More complex elements evolved
through time
Teori Pembentukan Bumi dan
Tata Surya
 Teori Nebula
 Teori Bintang Kembar
 Teori Pasang Surut Gas (tidal)
 Teori Planetesimal
Teori Nebula
 Teori Nebula (kabut) dikemukakan oleh Kant-Lapplace
pada tahun 1755.
 Kabut jagat raya yang berkumpul dan berputar,
membentuk matahari dan planet-planetnya.
Teori Bintang Kembar
 Dikemukakan oleh RA
Lyttleton pada 1956.
 Dua bintang yang saling
berdekatan, salah satu
bintang hancur
membentuk planet-planet.
Teori Pasang-surut
 Teori ini dikemukakan oleh
Jeans-Jeffrey pada 1917
 Bintang besar melewati
matahari, menyebabkan
lidah gas yang panas
terlontar keluar dari
matahari dan membentuk
planet-planet.
Teori Planetesimal
 Dikemukakan oleh Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton
pada 1901.
 Terlepasnya sebagian materi dari matahari akibat hampir
bertabrakan dengan bintang lain.
 Materi yang terlepas kemudian membentuk gumpalan
planetesimal dan mendingin membentuk planet.
 Origin of the Universe
The universe began
about 14.4 billion years
ago
The Big Bang Theory
states that, in the
beginning, the universe
was all in one place
All of its matter and
energy were squished
into an infinitely small
point, a singularity
Then it exploded
 Origin of the Universe

The tremendous amount

of material blown out by
the explosion eventually
formed the stars and
galaxies
After about 10 billion
years, our solar system
began to form
 Birth of the Solar System
We know how the Earth and Solar System are today
and this allows us to work backwards and determine
how the Earth and Solar System were formed
Plus we can out into the universe for clues on how
stars and planets are currently being formed
 The Nebular Hypothesis
In cosmogony, the Nebular Hypothesis is the
currently accepted argument about how a
Solar System can form
 Other Solar Systems
We have now discovered over two hundred planets
orbiting other stars
The processes that created our solar system have
also created an uncountable number of other solar
systems
 The Nebular Hypothesis
A large gas cloud (nebula) begins to condense
Most of the mass is in the center, there is
turbulence in the outer parts
 The Nebular Hypothesis

The turbulent
eddies collect
matter measuring
meters across
Small chunks
grow and collide,
eventually
becoming large
aggregates of
gas and solid
chunks
 The Nebular Hypothesis
Pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope show newborn
stars emerging from dense, compact pockets of interstellar
gas called evaporating gaseous globules
 The Nebular Hypothesis
Gravitational attraction causes the mass of gas and
dust to slowly contract and it begins to rotate
The dust and matter slowly falls towards the center
Protostar
False Color Image of Protostar

The multi-colored area shows a dust disk surrounding

a newborn star
The red-orange area at the center represents the
brightest region, which contains the young star
It is surrounded by the cooler, dusty disk, which
appears as yellow, green and blue
The diameter of the disk is about 20 times larger than
our entire solar system
 The Sun
After sufficient mass and density was achieved in
the Sun, the temperature rose to one million °C,
resulting in thermonuclear fusion.
H atom + H atom = He atom + energy
Birth of the Solar System
 Protoplanets
Gravitational forces allow the inner planets to
accrue and compact solid matter (including light
and heavy atoms)
Solar radiation blew gases (primarily hydrogen,
helium) away from inner planets
These gases were collected and condensed into
the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Beyond Neptune, ice and frozen gases form Pluto,
Sedna and the Kuiper Belt Objects
Left-over debris form comets and asteroids
Birth of the Solar System
Size of the Planets
 Venus, Earth and Mars

These maps are color coded to display different

elevations on the surface of each planet

Fig. 1.9
 The Age of the Earth
Earth is ~ 4,570,000,000 years old
Meteorites give us access to debris left over
from the formation of the solar system
We can date meteorites using radioactive
isotopes and their decay products
Geologic Time
Bombardment From Space
For the first half billion years of its existence, the
surface of the Earth was repeatedly pulverized by
asteroids and comets of all sizes
One of these collisions formed the Moon
 Formation of the Moon
The Giant Impact
Hypothesis predicts that
around 50 million years
after the initial creation of
Earth, a planet about the
size of Mars collided with
Earth
This idea was first
proposed about 30 years
ago, but it took
calculations by modern
high-speed computers to
prove the feasibility
 Formation of the Moon
This collision had to be very spectacular!
A considerable amount of material was blown off into
space, but most fell back onto the Earth
 Formation of the Moon
Part of the material from the collision remained in
orbit around the Earth
By the process collision and accretion, this orbiting
material coalesced into the Moon
The early Moon orbited very close to the Earth
 The Early Earth Heats Up
Three major factors that caused heating and melting in
the early Earth’s interior:

1. Collisions (Transfer of
kinetic energy into
heat)
2. Compression
3. Radioactivity of
elements (e.g.
uranium, potassium, or
thorium)
 The Core
About 100 million years after initial accretion,
temperatures at depths of 400 to 800 km below
the Earth’s surface reach the melting point of iron

In a process called global

chemical differential, the
heavier elements, including the
melted iron, began to sink
down into the core of the Earth,
while the lighter elements such
as oxygen and silica floated up
towards the surface
 Global Chemical Differentiation
This global chemical differential was completed by about
4.3 billion years ago, and the Earth had developed a
inner and outer core, a mantle and crust
 Chemical Composition of Earth
Each of the major layers has a distinctive
chemical composition, with the crust being
quite different from the Earth as a whole

Whole Earth: Crust:

Fe+O+Si+Mg = 93% Si+O+Al = 82%
Chemical Composition of Earth
Lithosphere: strong, rocky outer shell of the solid
Earth including all the crust and the upper part of
the mantle to a depth of ~100 km (forms the
plates)
Asthenosphere: weak,ductile layer of the mantle
beneath the lithosphere; deforms to
accommodate the motions of the overlying
plates
Deep Mantle: mantle beneath the asthenosphere
(~400 to 2900 km in depth)
Outer core: liquid shell composed of mostly iron
Inner core: innermost sphere composed primarily
of solid iron
Chemical Composition of Earth
Continents: Formed from solidified magma that
floated up from the Mantle

Oceans and Atmosphere:

Fluid and gaseous outer
layers believed to have
been created by out-
gassing of gases and fluids
from volcanic eruptions (in
a process called volatile
transfer)
 The Evolving Atmosphere
Right after its creation, the Earth is thought to have
had a thin atmosphere composed primarily of helium
(He) and hydrogen (H) gases

The Earths gravity

could not hold these
light gases and they
easily escaped into
outer space
Today, H and He are
very rare in our
atmosphere
 The Evolving Atmosphere
For the next several hundred million years, volcanic
out-gassing began to create a thicker atmosphere
composed of a wide variety of gases
The gases that were released were probably similar to
those created by modern volcanic eruptions
 The Evolving Atmosphere
These would include:
Water vapor (H2O)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)
Note that oxygen (O2) gas is not created by
volcanic eruptions
 Creating the Oceans
It is hypothesized that water vapor escaping from the
interior of the Earth via countless volcanic eruptions
created the oceans (this took hundreds of millions of
years)
Creating the Oceans
Astronomers also
hypothesize that comets
impacting the Earth were
a major source of water
that contributed to
creation of the oceans
Remember, that comets
are best described as
“dirty ice balls”
 Creating the Oceans
The earliest evidence of surface water on Earth
dates back about 3.8 billion years
Geologic Time
 A billion Year Old Earth
By 3.5 billion years ago, when the Earth was a billion
years old, it had a thick atmosphere composed of
CO2, methane, water vapor and other volcanic
gases

By human standards
this early atmosphere
was very poisonous
It contained almost no
oxygen
Remember, today our
atmosphere is 21%
oxygen
 A billion Year Old Earth
By 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth also had
extensive oceans and seas of salt water, which
contained many dissolved elements, such as iron
 A billion Year Old Earth

But most important, by 3.5 billion years

ago, there was life on Earth
The Continents
By 2.5 billion years ago, the
continents had been formed
The density of the continental
crust (2.8 gr/cm3) is lighter that
the crust found on ocean
bottoms (3.2 gr/cm3), so the
continents rise above the ocean
floor
A question that remains
unanswered is, when did plate
tectonics start?
Geologic Time