Sehubungan dengan adanya pandemic COVID-19 yang sedang melanda Indonesia pada
umumnya, dan Provinsi Bengkulu khususnya, maka sistem pembelajaran di perguruan tinggi
mengalami perubahan, begitupula dengan pelaksanaan skripsi. Alih Pembelajaran akibat pandemi
di lingkungan STIKES Tri Mandiri Sakti juga mengalami perubahan menggunakan metode
Literature Review sebagai salah satu pilihan dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir penganti skripsi.
Dasar pelaksanan perubahan ini adalah surat edaran Kemendikbud RI No.
36962/MPK.A/HK/2020-Pembelajaran secara daring ; Kemendikbud melalui Lembaga Layanan
Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah II (L2DIKTI) mengenai “pencegahan penyebaran COVID-19 di
perguruan tinggi serta Surat edaran ketua STIKES Tri Mandiri Sakti No. 0281-SE/K.01
STIKESTMS/2020–Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar daring.
Proses menulis review sebuah paper atau artikel ilmiah biasa dilakukan untuk mengetahui lebih
dalam mengenai isi dari sebuah paper. Beberapa bidang studi seperti kesehatan biasanya akan
memberikan penugasan atau sistem tugas akir dengan metode ini, hal ini dilakukan untuk
memperkenalkan mahasiswa pada bagian ilmu yang lebih dalam/expert. Review ilmiah merupakan
sebuah proses atau tulisan yang disusun untuk membedah sebuah studi atau penelitian ilmiah.
Tujuan utama melakukan review ilmiah adalah memahami isi dari artikel dengan mengenali
beberapa poin penting dan apa yang diargumentasikan oleh penulis artikel. Jenis review terdiri
dari : traditional review, natarive review, argumentative, literature review, systematic review, dan
scoping review. Pada lingkungan STIKES Tri Mandiri Sakti Bengkulu, khususnya prodi
keperawatan, Skripsi dapat dialuhkan dengan review ilmiah seperti literature review dan atau
systematic review.
2. Tujuan
Tujuan utama dalam melakukan review ilmiah adalah memahami isi dari artikel dengan
mengenali beberapa poin penting dan apa yang diargumentasikan oleh penulis artikel
(Perdana, 2015).
3. Jenis-jenis Review
a. Tradional review
Metode tinjauan pustaka yang umum dilakukan dan hasilnya banyak temukan pada
survey paper.
HALAMAN JUDUL
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
MOTO
KATA PENGANTAR
ABSTRAK (BAHASA INDONESIA:IMRAD: Pendahuluan. Metodelogi, Hasil dan
Pembahasan/Makna)
BAB 4 HASIL
BAB 5 PEMBAHASAN
BAB 6 PENUTUP
6.1 Kesimpulan
6.2 Saran
6.3 Daftar
PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Masalah >> masalah dan fenomena harus digali, perlu justifikasi mengapa literature
review diperlukan, dan ditutup dengan problem statement.
Skala >> pastikan skala dari permasalahan mengerucut dai skala yang besar hingga
terkecil serta dampak.
Kronologi >> perjelas apa factor penyebab, berikan studi penguat untuk penentuan
urgensi dari masalah.
Solusi : kemukakan solusi yang ingin diberikan oleh penulis dalam LR.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah >> tuliskan rumusan masalah dalam proses pencarian LR
1.4 Manfaat
1. Bagi Institusi
2. Bagi mahasiswa
3. Bagi peneliti
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Berisi mengenai konsep teoritis
BAB 3 METODE
3.1 Desain Penelitian
Contoh: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode
studi kepustakaan atau literatur review. Literatur review merupakan
ikhtisar komprehensif tentang penelitian yang sudah dilakukan mengenai
topik yang spesifik untuk menunjukkan kepada pembaca apa yang sudah
diketahui tentang topik tersebut dan apa yang belum diketahui, untuk
mencari rasional dari penelitian yang sudah dilakukan atau untuk ide
penelitian selanjutnya (Denney & Tewksbury, 2013). Studi literatur bisa
didapat dari berbagai sumber baik jurnal, buku, dokumentasi, internet dan
pustaka. Metode studi literatur adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang
berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka, membaca dan
Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh bukan
dari pengamatan langsung, akan tetapi dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh
peneliti terdahulu. Sumber data sekunder yang didapat berupa artikel atau jurnal yang
relevan dengan topic dilakukan menggunakan database melalui Scopus, ProQuest, dan
Scient Direct.
Pencarian artikel atau jurnal menggunakan keyword dan boolean operator (AND, OR
NOT or AND NOT) yang digunakan untuk memperluas atau menspesifikasikan
pencarian, sehingga mempermudah dalam penentuan artikel atau jurnal yang digunakan.
Kata kunci yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu, “sleep quality AND “sleep
disturbance” AND “Intensive Care Unit”.
Harus detail dan jelas meliputi jenis studi (eksperimental, non-eksperimental, dll), bahasa
yang digunakan dan kriteria lain yang dibutuhkan penulis.
Contoh :
Screening abstrak dan diikuti dengan screening teks lengkap, perhatikan relevansi dari
studi. Contoh :
Penyajian hasil literature dalam penulisan skripsi memuat rangkuman hasil dari masing-masing
artikel yang terpilih dalam bentuk tabel. Pada penulisan hasil harus mencakup : tabel hasil
pencarian, tabel yang sesuai dengan tema dari LR, penjelasan tabel, rangkuman temuan dalam
LR (mengikuti hasil temuan literature yang didapatkan).
Contoh :
• Fakta : dijabarkan mengapa dan bagaimana (tidak mengulang angka pada bagian hasil)
• Teori : hasil penelitian dikaitkan dengan toeri yang relevan (apakah memperkuat
atau bertentangan).
• Opini : merupakan pendapat/pandangan peneliti terhadap komparasi fakta dan teori
BAB 6 PENUTUP
Perdana, Rizal Setya. (2015). Menulis Review Sebuah Paper atau Artikel Ilmiah. Fakultas Ilmu
Komputer, Universitas Brawijaya. Diakses dari
http://rizalespe.lecture.ub.ac.id/2015/09/menulis-review-sebuah-paper-atau-artikel-ilmiah/.
1Nursing
student, UFES / CEUNES
2Coordinator of the Cardiology Program of the Multiprofessional Residency of UNIFESP, PhD in Cardiology –
UNIFESP
3Cardiologist, PhD in Cardiology, Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Cardiology – UNIFESP
4Professor at UFES of Semiology Nursing, PhD in nursing USP
5Professor at UFES of Medical-surgical Nursing, PhD in Cardiology- UNIFESP
Article History: Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is one of the expected results for the health sector and an
Received 20th January, 2018 important condition in the evaluation of health care practices and public policies.
Received in revised form Objective: To characterize scientific production in Brazil about QoL in patients with myocardial
07th February, 2018 infarction. Methodology: This is a bibliographical review of the systematic type. The literature
Accepted 19th March, 2018 review was carried out in the databases of the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health
Published online 30th April, 2018 Sciences (LILACS), the Nursing Database (BDEnf) and the Medical Literature Analysis and
Retrieval System online (MEDLINE) from October to December 2017 through the Virtual Health
Key Words: Library (BVS).
Quality of life, Myocardial Infarction, Results: Twelve studies were selected for analysis. The main instrument used was the generic SF-
Acute Coronary Syndrome, 36. The domain with the lowest score was physical aspect, the women presented lower QoL.
Rehabilitation, Evaluation. Myocardial revascularization and supervised cardiac rehabilitation were important in improving
QOL.
Conclusion: It was possible to identify some important aspects in the improvement of QoL and
factors that contribute negatively to the recovery of the physical and mental well being of the
subjects. Future studies are needed to assess differences in coping with the disease in relation to
gender.
Copyright © 2018, Mayara Dos Santos Claudiano et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Mayara Dos Santos Claudiano, Rita Simone Lopes Moreira, Bráulio Luna Filho, Elizabete Regina Araújo de Oliveira and Bruno Henrique Fiorin,
2018. “Quality of life in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A literature review”, International Journal of Development Research, 8, (04), 20099-20105.
by the application of instruments, these are divided into generic instruments that are being used to evaluate QL and to identify
and specific. Generics have in their structure a broad concept of the dimensions of QoL affected by the disease.
approach, although the specific instruments, although they also
evaluate several factors emphasize the symptoms, disabilities or MATERIALS AND METHODS
limitations that a specific disease causes in individuals, evaluate
in a specific and detailed way the aspects of the QoL related to This is a bibliographical review of the systematic type of
a specific pathology (Aguiar et al., 2008). Instruments to assess scientific production through the guiding question: Which
quality of life need to demonstrate reliability and validity. The instruments are being used to evaluate the quality of life in
reliability proves that a measure can be replicated repeatedly in patients after myocardial infarction? The literature review was
the same individuals, obtaining similar results (Alcântara, 2005; carried out in the following databases: Latin American and
Pillati; Pedroso; Gutierrez, 2010). Neglecting these aspects in Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing
an instrument can compromise the reliability of the instrument Database (BDEnf) and Medical Literature Analysis and
and still produce distorted results of the research, so the choice Retrieval System on-line (MEDLINE) in the months of October
of a research instrument is an action that requires a lot of to December of 2017 through the Virtual Health Library (BVS).
attention from the researcher (Pillati; Pedroso; Gutierrez, 2010). For the search, descriptors of the Health Science - DECs and in
The main generic instruments used to evaluate QoL in Brazil the same way in the Medical Subject Headings - MeSH were
are: WHOQOL, developed by the World Health Organization raised, using the Boolean operator "and" for the associations.
Quality of Life group (Pereira; Teixeira; Santos, 2012). The SF- The descriptors used were combined as follows: Quality of Life
36 Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire 36-Item Short Form and Myocardial Infarction; Quality of Life and Myocardial
Health Survey created by Ware and Sherbourne, originally in Infarction and Questionnaire; Quality of Life and Myocardial
the North American English language (Ciconelli et al., 1999). Infarction and Evaluation; Quality of Life and Acute Coronary
That of Flanagam, developed by the American psychologist Syndrome. Included in the review were article-type studies,
Jhon Flanagan (Flanagan, 1982). The specific instruments most produced in Portuguese, Spanish and English, based on the
commonly used in coronary artery disease patients are: the New population with the use of instruments to evaluate the quality of
QLMI questionnaire developed at NewCastle University, life in people after myocardial infarction in Brazil. We excluded
Australia in 1993 (Lim et al, 1993). Seattle Angina articles that did not have as main theme the evaluation of the
Questionnaire (SAQ) was developed in the English language, is quality of life of patients after myocardial infarction, duplicate
specific for the population with stable angina (Franzen, 2005) articles, studies carried out outside Brazil and literature review
and the MIDAS that was developed by the University of Oxford articles. After searching the databases, applying the inclusion
and validated by Fiorin (2017). Studies on QL arise from new and exclusion criteria, the articles were submitted to the
paradigms that have influenced health policies and practices evaluation of the researchers. The first step was to read the title
(Siviero, 2003). The epidemiological transition brought with it of the articles. In the reading of the title, the inclusion criterion
changes in the pattern of death, morbidity and disability caused used was the presence of one of the descriptors in the text. The
by diseases. These changes contributed to the fact that chronic second step was to read the abstract. Regarding the abstract /
diseases and their complications made them predominant in the abstract / summary analysis, the criterion was that the
population (Schramm et al., 2004; Omram, 2001). methodological process was correlated with the application of
instruments to evaluate the quality of life. Subsequently, the
In Brazil, statistics indicate that cardiovascular diseases are the remaining articles were read in full, characterizing the third
fourth cause of hospitalization for the Unified Health System stage of evaluation, to identify if the works dealt with the theme
(SUS). Within this significant group of diseases, ischemic heart of interest. Finally, the studies were analyzed based on relevant
diseases are the most frequent causes of death, with myocardial information that was compiled and analyzed in order to evaluate
infarction being the single most common cause of death in men the main instruments applied to evaluate the quality of life in
and women. In absolute numbers, the total number of deaths due patients after AMI.
to diseases of the cardiovascular system in 2005, in Brazil, was
283,927, of which 84,945 were caused by ischemia of the heart. RESULTS
(Schmitt et al., 2011, Mendes, 2011, Ruff, Braunwald, 2011, The results of the search and selection of the references are
Datasus, 2017). A study about risk factors for cardiovascular shown in figure 1. Using the combination of descriptors, we
diseases points out the justifications that make studies of QOL obtained the following results: Quality of life and myocardial
to patients with heart disease "unquestionable". The first infarction 450 articles, Quality of Life and Myocardial
argument deals with the dilemma of interventions that, although Infarction and questionnaire 171 articles, Quality of life and
they prolong life, compromise their quality; the second of the myocardial infarction and Evaluation 111 articles and Quality
relationship between the effects of a drug on QoL and patient of Life and Acute Coronary Syndrome 123 articles. The
adherence to prescription; and the third of the validation, from research from these combinations totaled 824 articles, in which
the economic point of view of a given intervention (Silva, the titles were read, 786 were excluded because they were not
Souza, 1998). After an episode of infarction, individuals suffer the subject of interest for this research, and 26 excluded because
from constant fear of death and, above all, from the impositions they were duplicates. After the primary analysis, 12 articles
of changes in habits necessary to prevent a new episode of the were selected and analyzed in their entirety. In relation to the
disease. These questions may change the QoL of these subjects characterization of the studies, one article was published in each
(Siviero, 2003). In view of these considerations, this systematic year, in 2007 and 2008, the highest scientific production was
review aims to characterize the scientific production in Brazil published, six articles were published in this period, three in
about QOL in patients with myocardial infarction, to point out each year. The journal that published the largest number of
the articles on QOL in infarcted patients was the Brazilian Society
of Cardiology with 5 articles representing 41.66%, in the other
journals there was 1 publication
20101 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 08, Issue, 04, pp.20099-20105, April, 2018
representing 8.33% each. On the authorship of the studies, as 24.99%, 1 study using the Flanegan scale, 1 Seattle Angina
main author 5 (41.66%) are nurses, 2 (16.66%) physical Questionnaire (SAQ) and 1 WHRQOL, representing 8.33%
educator, 2 (16.66%) physiotherapist, 2 (16.66%) physician each. All studies were of the transverse type. The domain with
and 1 (8, 33%) psychologist. the worst QOL score was physical aspects, presented in article
12 with a score of 3.03 using the SF-36. The domain that
presented the best QOL score was social aspects, presented in
articles 7 and 10 the score of 86 using the SF-36. Articles 3, 5
and 6 did not present the score in the study. Regarding the
sample, the prevalence of males was evident in all studies, and
articles 1 and 9 established as inclusion criteria were male. The
participants' ages ranged from 25 to 83 years. Analyzing the
specific results of each study, article 1 used the New QLMI
instrument and after comparing 45 patients divided into three
groups, found that in cardiac rehabilitation the quantity and / or
intensity of physical exercise is a determining factor for the
improvement of QoL. Article 2 using the SF-36 shows that
factors such as gender, type of employment relationship, time of
disease manifestation and the presence of angina, arrhythmia
and fatigue are important influencers of QOL. According to
article 3, after clinical, surgical or angioplasty treatment there
was an improvement in QoL in all areas of the SF-36, however,
the improvement was more pronounced in patients who
underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. In article 5 using the
SF-36, it was observed that arterial hypertension as a risk factor
presents a high relation with the emotional domain. However,
Figure 1. Search method for locating search references according
using the Mac New QLMI hypertension did not present a
to the descriptors significant correlation with any of the domains.
Box 1. Characterization of the studies, according to the title, author, periodical, year of publication and sample
The sample per study ranged from 30 patients (smaller sample) Article 11 using the SF-36 identified that diabetic patients
to 483 patients (largest sample). There was a predominance of demonstrate a worse physical QoL after myocardial infarction
the use of the SF-36 instrument in six studies, representing when compared to those without the disease. The smokers of
49.98%, followed by Mac New in three studies, representing
the sample presented better QoL in the mental aspect, when the worst general health condition and 100 the best health status
compared to ex-smokers and non-smokers. (Ciconelli, et al., 1999). The SF-36 instrument is widely used
and has been used in studies of the general population
Box 2. Presentation of the instruments used, place of study and the domains of lowest and highest quality of life score
N° Instrument used for QoL assessment. Place of study Lower QoL domain Higher QoL domain
1 Mac New QLMI Clinica Cardiosport Physical 4,83 Emotional 5,82
Ambulatório do Instituto de
Cardiologia do Hospital Regional de
São José. Florianópolis (SC)
2 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Pain 33,9 Functional capacit
Questionnaire Estadual de Campinas (HC- 62,8
UNICAMP)
3 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Instituto do coração (Incor) do * *
Questionnaire Hospital das Clínicas da faculdade
de Medicina da Universidade de São
Paulo.
4 Escala de Qualidade de Vida (EQV) de Hospital de referência estadual em Work 3,23 Famly 5.63
Flanagan doenças torácicas e cardiovasculares,
situado na cidade de Fortaleza-CE.
5 Mac New QLMI e SF-36 - Short Form Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade * *
Life Health Survey Questionnaire Federal de Uberlândia (UFU)
6 Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio * *
Grande do Sul.
7 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Instituto do coração (Incor) do Physical 28 Social aspects 86
Questionnaire Hospital das Clínicas da faculdade
de Medicina da Universidade de São
Paulo.
8 WHRQOL - Health Related Quality of Life Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Environment 59,9 Social aspects 76,3
Grande do Sul (IC/FUC).
9 MacNew Quality of Life after Myocardia Florianópolis - SC Social aspects 4,4 Emotional¨6,91
l Infarction QuestionnaireMacNew
10 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Santa Casa de misericórdia Physical 57,7 Social aspects 86
QuestionnaireMedical Outcomes Survey Hospital da Faculdade de Medicina
(MOS) da Universidade de São Paulo.
11 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Hospital Nossa Senhora da Emotional 7,15 Pain 56,50
Questionnaire Conceição (HNSC), Tubarão – Santa
Catarina
12 SF-36 - Short Form Life Health Survey Real Hospital Português de Physical 3,03 Social aspects 82,2
Questionnaire Beneficência em Pernambuco
subdivided into 3 items, emotional, physical and social (Lim et condition. In addition, article 10 identified a greater
al., 1993, Oldridge et al., 1998, Benetti et al., 2010). As for the involvement in the physical aspects domain, in patients who
domains affected by AMI, the one with the lowest score was were already treated for another cardiovascular disease or who
physical appearance with 3.03. Of the 12 studies that make up used psychotropic drugs during hospitalization (Gallani et al.,
this review, 4 presented a lower score in the physical aspect, 3 2008; Soto et al., 2005 Dessotte et al., 2011). Article 8 evaluated
studies using the SF-36 and 1 questionnaire using the Mac New 168 patients from the WHOQOL instrument, identified that
QLMI. The domain that presented the highest score was social depression is not a direct consequence of AMI and is present
aspects with 86 points, using the SF-36 instrument. Of the 12 before hospital admission, however depressed patients have
articles analyzed, 4 obtained a better score in social aspects, 3 lower scores in all domains evaluated. Other studies have shown
of which used the SF-36 instrument and 1 used WHRQOL - that untreated depression associated with AMI increases
Health Related Quality of Life. In fact, this data is little explored mortality by 70-90% compared to those without depression or
by the authors, however it is possible to observe other studies who are being treated (Lemos et al., 2008; Smolderen et al.,
that, when assessing QOL in subjects after AMI, the social 2017). Regarding the type of treatment, article 3 identified that
aspects domain presents itself as the most well evaluated after clinical, surgical or angioplasty treatment there was an
(Dessote et al., 2011; Failde; Soto, 2006). Regarding the risk improvement in QoL in all areas of the SF-36, however the
factors, article 5 using the SF-36 found that hypertension improvement was more pronounced in patients who underwent
presents high relation with the emotional domain, already using coronary artery bypass grafting . Similarly, article 6 identified
the Mac New QLMI the hypertension did not present significant in a multivariate analysis that revascularization within 30 days
correlation with any of the domains. Article 11 using the SF-36 is a predictor of improvement in QoL, and patients treated with
did not find a significant difference in QoL when comparing coronary artery bypass grafting have a higher score in the score
patients without the disease and patients with arterial than those who underwent angioplasty.
hypertension, but identified that diabetic patients show a worse
physical QoL after AMI when compared to those who did not The same result was observed in a randomized study with 1,810
have the disease. Like this research, a study with 132 patients patients using the SF-36 and the SAQ, where patients treated
identified that smokers had better QoL in the physical aspects with the intervention presented better scores when compared to
dimension and the presence of diabetes was associated with those who were treated conservatively. Article 12, when
worse QoL. evaluating 52 patients through SF-36, before and after three
months of surgery showed that there was improvement in all
This result can be justified by the psychoactive effect of domains. The need for periodic follow-up of patients, intense
nicotine, but nothing has been found in the literature to justify drug administration, side effects and strict control of risk factors
this effect on the QoL of smokers (Alcântara, 2007; Stoco; alter the perception of patients' QoL, and may have contributed
Castro; Sakae, 2009; Soto, 2005). Article 2 evaluated 76 to these results (Souza et al., 2008; Takiut et al. 2007; Kim, et
patients using the SF-36, showing that factors such as gender, al., 2005). After the clinical or surgical treatment, a cardiac
type of employment relationship, time of disease manifestation rehabilitation cycle (CR) is started, a set of activities necessary
and the presence of angina, arrhythmia and fatigue are important to ensure the best possible physical, mental and social
influencers of QoL. When compared to men, women scored conditions of the patient with cardiopathy. In article 1 after
lower on QoL. The same result was found in article 7 when comparing 45 patients, divided into three groups, found that in
analyzing 202 patients after myocardial revascularization CR the amount and / or intensity of physical exercise is a
surgery (Gallani, et al 2003, Nogueira, et al 2008). In a survey determining factor for the improvement of QoL. Therefore, the
of 2,343 patients with coronary heart disease, 720 of whom were QoL in the group of patients who performed aerobic exercises,
women, consistently reported worse QoL after one year of muscular resistance exercises and stretches in a supervised
follow-up. In contrast, article 6 found no difference in QoL manner, five times a week, was superior in relation to the group
variation in relation to gender, age, color or schooling when that practiced spontaneous physical activities or did not perform
analyzing 281 patients using SAQ (Norris, 2004; Souza et al. regular physical activities. Article 9 showed that patients
2008). Regarding the type of employment relationship, the submitted to high intensity aerobic exercise have
active subjects presented better scores than the inactive ones, cardiorespiratory fitness and QOL higher than those who
more than half of the patients were inactive and attributed the performed medium intensity or sedentary exercises. Similarly, a
inactivity to the disease. Article 4 obtained the same result, study of eighty patients using the SF-36 showed significantly
analyzing 30 patients, 21 were inactive and reported that the better values in the physical, mental health and general health
difficulties related to the return of work occur due to fatigue and domains in patients who underwent CR (Benetti et al., 2001;
pain. According to the studies, the variation of the physical Benetti et al., 2010; Mosayebi, Javanmard, Mansourian, 2011).
limitation is directly related to the frequency of angina. As the
variation of the scores increases, characterizing improvement in Conclusion
physical capacity and anginal symptoms, the QoL score also
improves. These findings confirm what the literature shows This review made it possible to construct a synthesis of the
about the impact of coronary disease in society, in addition to studies that evaluate QOL after acute myocardial infarction.
being a disease with serious clinical manifestations, early There was a predominance of the use of generic instruments for
withdrawal of the subject from productive life (Souza, 2008; evaluation. It was possible to identify some important aspects in
Gallani, et al., 2003; Caetano, et al., 2007). The time of disease the improvement of QoL and factors that contribute negatively
manifestation was negatively associated with the functional to the recovery of the physical and mental well being of the
capacity domain, so that subjects with a longer time of disease subjects. Some results were divergent, this may be related to the
manifestation had a lower score in that domain. Similarly, the different instruments used and the demographic and social
study with 132 patients identified that the previous history of differences of the samples. The difference in the quality of life
cardiovascular disease decreases by 5 points at QoL compared of women compared to men was reported in
to those who did not have such
most of the studies bringing an alert about interventions and Indicadores e Dados Básicos - Brasil. Rede Interagencial de
approaches that are performed and that seem to affect women in Informação para a Saúde. [acesso 10 dez 2017]. Disponível
greater proportion. For this reason, future studies are necessary em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/idb2007/ matriz.htm.
to evaluate such differences in the treatment of the disease in Kim, J. et al., 2005. Healthrelated quality of life after
relation to gender. interventional or conservative strategy in patients with
unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
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*******
Situation awareness and the concept of healthcare provider perception: a literature review
Putu Ari Sukriyanti1, Henny Suzana Mediani2, and Ayu Prawesti Priambodo3
1Mahasiswa Pascasarjana Keperawatan Kritis, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung
2,3Dosen Program Studi Magister Keperawatan Fakulltas Keperawatan, Universitas
ABSTRACT
Situation Awareness (SA) is acknowledged as the most important factor in intensive care unit and
SA as nursing strategy in improving deterioration risk identification. To date, there is no SA review
with regard to mitigation and deterioration risk escalation and how healthcare providers’ perception
about SA associated with deteriorating risk, an evidence-based is required. Objectives: To report
analysis result regarding SA associated with mitigation and risk escalation as well as healthcare
providers’ perception about SA associated with deteriorating risk.. Methods: This article is comprised
of full text quantitative and qualitative studies in 2008-2018 which fulfill PICO and SPIDER criteria.
Browsing was conducted in multiple data base namely PubMed, Proquest, Google Scholar, and
Science Direct with keywords “Situation Awareness” or “Non Technical Skill” and “Intensive Care”as
well as “Deterioration”. Articles were selected using Appraisal tool PRISMA resulted in 14 articles.
Result: the SA in nursing is defined in three levels. Error or delayed which occurs in any level will
influence the result of identification process hence affect the mitigation and risk escalation processes.
There is a discrepancy regarding SA concept in operating room team. Eventhough SA is described
in difference subcategories, broadly speaking, these differences are still in line with the three levels
of SA, namely perception on information, comprehension, and projection. Conclusion: the good SA
will increase team awareness on the change in patient’s condition so that deterioration is recognized
as early as possible. The difference in perception regarding SA will bring about negative impact on
patient safety hence it is imperative to figure out nurse perception in order to achieve and sustain SA
in PICU.
Keywords: Deterioration, Intensif Care, Non Technical Skill, and Situation Awareness
ABSTRAK
Situation Awareness (SA) diakui sebagai faktor penting di ruang intensif dan SA sebagai strategi
keperawatan dalam meningkatkan identifikasi risiko deteriorasi. Belum adanya review tentang SA
dan persepsi pemberi pelayanan tentang SA terhadap risiko deteriorasi sehingga perlu dilakukan
review mengenai hal diatas. Tujuannya untuk melaporkan hasil analisa tentang SA terkait tindakan
mitigasi, dan eskalasi risiko serta persepsi pemberi pelayanan tentang SA terhadap risiko
perburukan. Artikel terdiri dari studi kuantitatif dan kualitatif full text tahun 2008-2018 yang memenuhi
kriteria PICO dan SPIDER. Pencarian pada multiple data base yaitu PubMed, Proquest, Google
Scholar, Science Direct dengan kata kunci “Situation Awareness” or “Non Technical Skill” and
“Intensive Care”and “Deterioration”. Artikel diseleksi menggunakan Appraisal tool PRISMA dan
didapatkan 14 artikel. Hasilnya adalah SA di keperawatan didefinisikan dalam tiga level. Kesalahan
atau keterlambatan yang terjadi di salah satu level SA akan mempengaruhi hasil dari proses
identifikasi sehingga berpengaruh terhadap proses mitigasi, dan eskalasi risiko. Terdapat perbedaan
persepsi mengenai konsep SA dalam tim ruang operasi. Meskipun SA didiskripsikan dengan sub
kategori yang berbeda, secara garis besar perbedaan ini tetap mengacu pada tiga level SA yang
telah ada yaitu persepsi terhadap informasi, pemahaman, dan proyeksi. Kesimpulannya SA yang
baik akan meningkatkan kepekaan tim terhadap perubahan kondisi yang terjadi sehingga deteriorasi
dapat dikenali sedini mungkin. Perbedaan persepsi mengenai SA dapat memberikan dampak negatif
terhadap keamanan pasien sehingga penting untuk menggali persepsi perawat dalam mencapai dan
mempertahankan SA di PICU.
Kata Kunci : Deterioration, Intensif Care, Non Technical Skill, and Situation Awareness
50
terhadap kondisi pasien. Hal ini dapat SA terkait tindakan mitigasi, dan eskalasi risiko
meningkatkan kejadian tidak diharapkan serta persepsi pemberi pelayanan tentang SA
(KTD) bahkan kematian. terhadap risiko deteriorasi.
Data menunjukkan bahwa ruang
intensif cenderung memiliki angka kejadian METODE PENELITIAN
yang lebih tinggi dilihat dari kompleksitas Metode dalam penyusunan artikel ini
penyakit dan prosedur tindakan yang adalah critical review artikel full text sepuluh tahun
dilakukan (Merino et al., 2012). Hal ini terakhir yaitu dari tahun 2008-2018 dalam Bahasa
dibuktikan dengan hasil penelitian yang
dilakukan Silas dan Tibballs (2010) yang
melaporkan bahwa KTD di Ruang PICU Royal
Children’s Hospital Australia rerata 0,71
kejadian per pasien. Selain itu, angka
kematian juga telah ditetapkan sebagai salah
satu indikator mutu pelayanan di ruang
intensif (Rydenfelt et al., 2015). Saat ini Angka
kematian Ruang Intensif di Thailand
mencapai 14% (Arslanian-engoren & Scott,
2014) sedangkan di Indonesia perkiraan
angka kematian masih sangat tinggi yaitu
berkisar 25% dari total pasien yang dirawat
(Hardisman, 2008). Tingginya angka
kematian di ruang intensif anak menjadikan
ruang intensif anak sebagai salah satu
ruangan penyumbang terbesar angka
kematian.
Penelitian terdahulu dibidang
keselamatan pasien menemukan bahwa
salah satu faktor penyebab kejadian tidak
diharapkan adalah faktor manusia yang
mencakup situation awareness (SA)
(Sitterding et al., 2012). Kegagalan dalam
mendeteksi perburukan, dan atau tidak
adanya tindakan yang diambil selain
melakukan observasi, serta keterlambatan
penanganan menjadi penyebab kematian
pada pasien yang mengalami deteriorasi
(Beaumont et al., 2008; Sitterding et al.,
2012). Bahkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan
oleh Uramatsu et al. (2017) menemukan
bahwa ketidakadekuatan SA menjadi faktor
penyebab kematian yang signifikan di Jepang
selain faktor penyakit dan keterampilan teknis.
SA tim yang baik mempengaruhi anggota tim
dalam memonitor pasien, memprioritaskan
masalah, dan mengantisipasi kondisi yang
harus segera ditangani (Reader et al, 2011).
Kondisi ini tentunya dapat meningkatkan
outcome pasien, menurunnya angka
kematian dan kesakitan, angka kejadian
infeksi nasokomial, dan tercapainya kepuasan
pasien terhadap pelayanan rumah sakit
(Cooper et al., 2010; Reader et al., 2011) .
Belum adanya review tentang SA
terkait tindakan mitigasi dan eskalasi risiko
deteriorasi dan bagaimana persepsi pemberi
pelayanan tentang SA terhadap risiko
deteriorasi. Hal ini menandakan SA, tindakan
mitigasi, dan eskalasi kurang diketahui
dengan baik di keperawatan dan bahkan
mungkin belum diterapkan dalam praktek
dilapangan sehingga perlu evidence-based
mengenai hal tersebut. Literature review ini
bertujuan melaporkan hasil analisa tentang
Jurnal Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar
Vol. 10 No 01 2019
e-issn : 2622-0148, p-issn : 2087-0035
Inggris pada level VI (Kualitatif Studi) Didapatkan 40 artikel di PubMed, 345 artikel
keatas yang memenuhi kriteria PICO dan di Proquest, 396 artikel di Google Scholar, dan
SPIDER. Karena keterbatasan artikel 107 artikel di Sciene Direct. Artikel diseleksi
maka digunakan studi kualitatif dan menggunakan Appraisal tool PRISMA untuk
kuantitatif untuk mendapatkan hasil mendapatkan artikel yang berkualitas, dan
review yang lebih akurat Pencarian data didapatkan 14 artikel yang sesuai.
base PubMed, Proquest, Google Scholar, Selanjutnya dilakukan pembacaan artikel
Science Direct dengan kata kunci secara intensif dan dibuatkan ringkasan dari
“Deterioration”, “Intensive Care” setiap artikel. Hasil ringkasan kemudian
,“Situation Awareness”, “Non Technical dibuatkan alur dimana hasil penelitian
Skill”. Pencarian dilakukan dengan kualitatif didukung dengan penelitian
menggabungkan kata kunci seperti kuantitatif sehingga diperoleh beberapa sub
Deterioration” and “Intensive Care” and bahasan dari situation awareness, tindakan
“Situation Awareness” or “Non Technical mitigasi, dan eskalasi risiko pasien yang
Skill” untuk mendapatkan artikel yang mengalami deteriorasii
sesuai dengan topik dan tujuan.
51
Identificati
(107)
on
888
artikel
7 561)
ng
14 artikel )
ty
anak
senior)
Singh al. USA Mixed n= 254 kasus - Kesalahan ditemukan
e method dan diskusi pada 32.6% kasus
t (2012) (review dengan lung cancer dan
R 26 33.5% pada kasus
M dan Primary colorectal cancer.
wawancara Care Terdapat kegagalan
semistruktur Provider di masing-masing
) (3 level SA. SA
PCP diskusi framework dapat
2 digunakan
kasus, dan untu
1 k menganalisa
PCP diskusi 3 kesalahan
kasus). diagnostik.
Jurnal Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar
Vol. 10 No 01 2019
e-issn : 2622-0148, p-issn : 2087-0035
Braaten Medic Kualitatif n=10 - Faktor manusia
(2015) al diskriptif peraw termasuk didalamnya
surgic in at medical kemampuan
al surgical mengidentifikasi
horpit dan
al mengenali kondisi
Colorad yang
o
52
membutuhkan
aktivasi RRT menjadi
faktor yang
mempengaruhi
keputusan untuk
mengaktifkan atau
tidak mengaktifkan
RRT.
Jackson, Communit Kuantitatif n=163 RN - Perawat yang
Penprase, y hospital diskriptif bertugas di perinatal
i dan psikiatri sangat
& Grobbel n jaran
(2016) northeast g
United menemukan
States deteriorisasi pada
pasiennya sehingga
diperlukan
pembelajaran dalam
mengidentifikasi
pasien yang
mengalami
perburukan.
Azzopardia, General Kuantitatif n=407 - Ketidakmampuan
Kinney, Paediatri diskriptif dokt untuk mengenali
Moulden, cs, Royal analisis er dan penyakit serius dapat
Children’s perawat menjelask
& Tibballs Hospital, an kegagalan sistem
(2011) Melbourne, MET untuk
Australia menghilangkan
henti jantung dan
kematian secara tiba-
tiba.
Aitken et al. Rumah Quasi n=498 RRT Penerapan Jumlah penerimaan
(2014) Sakit eksperimen and RRS yang tidak
Albert pre dan 86 (Rapid direncanakan ke ICU
Einstein post design cardia Respon meningkat sebesar
College c arrest System) 0.7/ bulan (p = 0,45);
O sementara kasus
f Medicine henti jantung
New York berkurang secara
tidak signifikan yaitu
1.9 /
bulan (p = 0,22).
Uramatsu et Jepang Kuantitatif n=73 - Penyebab
al. (2017) diskriptif reka kematian
m medis paling banyak karena
Non technical skill
(NTS)= 46.6%,
Deseases
progression = 45.2%
dan technical skill
(TS) = 5.5% kasus.
Dari NTS 41.2%
disebabkan karena
situation awareness,
23.5% karena kerja
sama tim dan 8.8%
berhubungan dengan
pembuatan
keputusan.
Jurnal Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar
Vol. 10 No 01 2019
e-issn : 2622-0148, p-issn : 2087-0035
Lavoie, A faculty of Mixed n=15 orang - Instrumen
Cossette, nursing of a method tenaga ahli yang
French– critical care dikembangkan
& Pepin Canadian and 234 memiliki indeks
(2015) University. mahasiswa validitas konten tinggi
S1 yaitu 0.86-1,00.
keperawatan Sebagian
dari bes
kursu ar menunjukkan
s critical care kepuasan pada
diskriminasi, dan
fideliti. Instrumen ini
muncul sebagai alat
penelitian
yang
menjanjikan
Gundrosena RS Quasi n=72 Besed- Tidak ada
, Solligård, Universit eksperimen peraw lecture peningkatan
as di at ICU dengan outcome
& Aadahl Norwegia presentasi pembelajar
(2014) an
dari kedua teknik
belajar yang
diberikan. In situ
53
1. Persepsi Risiko
Mitigasi
2. Pemahaman
3. Proyeksi Eskalasi
Gambar 1.
Diagram Model Konseptual Hubungan SA dan
Identifikasi, Mitigasi, dan Eskalasi
perbedaan ini tetap mengacu pada tiga level untuk tercapainya keselamatan pasien
SA yang telah ada yaitu persepsi terhadap adalah dengan mengetahui kesalahan yang
informasi, pemahaman, dan proyeksi. dilakukan dan mendiskusikan kesalahan ini
Mitchell et al. (2011) dalam dengan tim.
penelitian kualitatifnya menemukan bahwa Penelitian lainnya tentang
dokter bedah dan perawat mendiskripsikan persepsi dokter dan perawat mengenai SA
SA sebagai kondisi dimana mereka adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh
mengetahui apa yang sedang terjadi Jensen et al. (2014). Dalam penelitiannya,
disekelilingnya. Diskripsi ini didapatkan dari SA didiskripsikan oleh dokter dan perawat
empat koding yang digunakan yaitu kamar operasi sebagai hal dalam
mengumpulkan informasi; memahami "mengenali dan memahami konteks" dan
informasi; mengenali dan memahami situasi "mengantisipasi dan berpikir ke depan".
atau perilaku orang lain di ruang operasi; Dalam penelitian ini kategori SA diperluas
serta mengantisipasi dan memproyeksikan dengan kata-kata "konteks" dan "berpikir ke
apa yang terjadi di waktu mendatang. Ada depan". Hal ini menekankan bahwa SA yang
empat komponen SA yang didapatkan baik adalah kemampuan untuk
dalam penelitian ini yaitu mendengarkan, menyesuaikan perilaku dengan konteks
melihat, mengerti, dan antisipasi. yang berubah secara dinamis dan juga
Wauben et al. (2011) menjaga kesadaran terhadap informasi
mengidentifikasi adanya perbedaan yang mungkin terkait dengan masalah
persepsi tentang SA antar tim kamar operasi potensial.
(dokter bedah, dokter anastesi, perawat,
dan perawat anastesi). Dalam penelitian ini KESIMPULAN
SA didiskripsikan dalam tiga sub kategori Peningkatan Situation Awareness akan
yaitu mengumpulkan informasi, memahami meningkatkan keselamatan pasien. SA
informasi, dan proyeksi dan antisipasi sebagai bagian dari proses identifikasi akan
situasi. Tim kamar operasi memiliki persepsi mempengaruhi tindakan mitigasi dan
yang berbeda tentang SA. Hanya dokter eskalasi risiko pada pasien yang mengalami
bedah yang menunjukkan skor yang deteriorasi. SA yang baik akan
adekuat pada sub kategori mengumpulkan meningkatkan kepekaan tim terhadap
informasi. Pada sub kategori memahami perubahan kondisi yang terjadi sehingga
informasi semua tim memiliki persepsi yang deteksi deteriorasi dapat dilakukan sedini
sama dan adekuat. Pada sub kategori mungkin. Adanya perbedaan persepsi
proyeksi dan antisipasi situasi ada mengenai SA dapat memberikan dampak
perbedaan persepsi yang signifikan antar negatif terhadap keselamatan pasien.
tim dan dokter anastesi menunjukkan skor
yang inadekuat pada sub kategori ini. SARAN
Perbedaan persepsi ini akan dapat Penting untuk menggali persepsi perawat
memberikan dampak negatif terhadap tentang SA, tindakan mitigasi, dan eskalasi
keamanan pasien di kamar operasi. risiko pada pasien yang mengalami
Langkah awal deteriorasi di Ruang PICU.
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intensive care unit: The feasibility of in situ simulation and assessing non-technical skills.
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 30(6), 312–317.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2014.06.007
Hardisman. (2008). Lama Rawatan Dan Mortalitas Pasien Intensive Care Unit (ICU) RS Dr. Djamil
Padang Ditinjau dari beberapa Aspek. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas, 32(2), 142–150.
Jackson, S., Penprase, B., & Grobbel, C. (2016). Factors Influencing Registered Nurses’ Decision to Activate an
Adult Rapid Response Team in a Community Hospital. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing,
35(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000162
Lavoie, P., Cossette, S., & Pepin, J. (2016). Testing nursing students’ clinical judgment in a patient deterioration
simulation scenario: Development of a situation awareness instrument. Nurse Education
Today, 38, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.12.015
Lyk-Jensen, H. T., Jepsen, R. M. H. G., Spanager, L., Dieckmann, P., & Østergaard, D. (2014).
Assessing nurse anaesthetists’ non-technical skills in the operating room. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 58(7), 794– 801. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12315
Merino, P., Álvarez, J., Martín, M. C., Alonso, Á., & Gutiérrez, I. (2012). Adverse events in Spanish
intensive care units: The SYREC study. International Journal for Quality in Health Care,
24(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzr083Mitchell, L., Flin, R., Yule, S., Mitchell,
J., Coutts, K., & Youngson, G. (2011). Thinking ahead of the surgeon. An interview study to identify
scrub nurses’ non-technical skills. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(7), 818–828.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.005
Reader, T. W., Flin, R., Mearns, K., & Cuthbertson, B. H. (2011). Team situation awareness and
the anticipation of patient progress during ICU rounds. BMJ Quality and Safety, 20(June),
1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2010.048561
Rydenfelt, K., Engerström, L., Walther, S., Sjöberg, F., Strömberg, U., & Samuelsson, C. (2015).
In-hospital vs. 30- day mortality in the critically ill - A 2-year Swedish intensive care cohort
analysis. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 59(7), 846–858.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12554
Silas, R., & Tibballs, J. (2010). Adverse events and comparison of systematic and voluntary
reporting from a paediatric intensive care unit. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2009.032979
Singh, H., Giardina, T. D., Petersen, L. A., Smith, M. W., Paul, L. W., Dismukes, K., … Thomas, E. J. (2012).
Exploring situational awareness in diagnostic errors in primary care. BMJ Quality & Safety,
21(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000310
Sitterding, M. C., Broome, M. E., Everett, L. Q., & Ebright, P. (2012). Understanding situation
awareness in nursing work: A hybrid concept analysis. Advances in Nursing Science, 35(1),
77–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3182450158
Uramatsu, M., Fujisawa, Y., Mizuno, S., Souma, T., Komatsubara, A., & Miki, T. (2017). Do
failures in non-technical skills contribute to fatal medical accidents in Japan? A review of the
2010–2013 national accident reports. BMJ Open, 7(2), e013678.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013678
Wauben, L. S. G. L., Dekker-van Doorn, C. M., van Wijngaarden, J. D. H., Goossens, R. H. M.,
Huijsman, R., Klein, J., & Lange, J. F. (2011). Discrepant perceptions of communication,
teamwork and situation awareness among surgical team members. International Journal for
Quality in Health Care, 23(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzq079
Jurnal Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar
Vol. 10 No 01 2019
e-issn : 2622-0148, p-issn : 2087-0035
58
ABSTRAK
Stunting merupakan masalah gizi kronis yang menyebabkan anak gagal tumbuh dibandingkan
anak lain seusianya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa artikel yang berhubungan
dengan stunting dan penanganannya. Desain yang digunakan adalah literatur review yaitu
mengumpulkan artikel terkait masalah gizi stunting. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penanganan
stunting dilakukan dengan dua cara yakni melalui intervensi gizi spesifik dan intervensi gizi
sensitif. Salah satu upaya yang temasuk dalam intervensi gizi sensitif adalah pendidikan
kesehatan. Perubahan perilaku terencana sangat dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan
dan kemampuan ibu dalam pencegahan stunting, salah satunya adalah program Mother Smart
Grounding (MSG). Program MSG memiliki keunggulan karena 1) merupakan paket edukasi
berupa penyuluhan konvensional, pembagian booklet, dan demontrasi jajanan sehat berbahan
pangan lokal, 2) fokus pencegahannya tidak hanya tertuju pada 1000 HPK tetapi lebih ditujukan
pada ibu untuk mempersiapkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak sejak dini. Melalui
Program Mother Smart Grounding diharapkan mampu memberi kontribusi yang bermakna
terhadap pencegahan stunting.
TESIS
OLEH
DWI HARIANTO
20151050005
2018
LITERATUR REVIEW TAI CHI DAN LATIHAN NAFAS
PADA ASMA
ABSTRAK
xiii
pg. 20135
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LITERATURE REVIEW OF TAI CHI AND BREATHING EXERCISE
IN ASMA
ABSTRACT
xiv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
saluran napas, batuk, dan lendir hyperse cretion. Asma adalah penyakit
pernapasan kronis yang paling umum di seluruh dunia. Data dari studi
meningkat sebesar 12,6% dari 1990 hingga 2015. (Georga, et al., 2018)
semua kelompok usia, dengan prevalensi global mulai dari 1% hingga 21%
pada orang dewasa , dan dengan hingga 20% anak- anak berusia 6-7 tahun
negara telah melihat penurunan rawat inap dan kematian terkait asma,
beban global untuk pasien dari eksaserbasi dan gejala sehari-hari telah
pg. 20137
Program Studi Ners
kualitas hidup. Di sisi lain, fisik dan mental pasien kesehatan (mis. tingkat
2018)
tahun sebesar 31,56% dan prevalensi terendah 7-28 hari 0,05%. Sementara
status prevalensi yang rawat jalan berdasarkan usia 25-44 tahun 29,95%
obat farmakologi kontrol gejala penuh untuk individu, tetapi tidak sedikit
penderita yang segan untuk mengkonsumsi obat secara terus menerus dan
2016). Pelatihan fisik dapat meningkatkan HRQOL dan fungsi paru pada
pasien dengan asma bronkial sedang dan berat. (Refaat dan Gawish, 2015).
2
yang sama, Tai Chi juga berperan banyak pada komponen kognitif
termasuk kesadaran tubuh yang tinggi, perhatian mental yang terfokus, dan
dewasa yang lebih tua yang sehat dan gangguan neurologis dan dapat
Tai chi merupakan sebuah latihan beladiri yang bisa juga dijadikan
sebagi terapi untuk diri sendiri. Pelatihan Tai Chi ini bisa dipelajari dan
COPD jarang sekali dipelajari dan ditliti dalam keperawatan. Gow (2017).
hidup. Selain itu fisik dan psikologis penderita juga perlu ditingkatkan.
pg. 20139
Program Studi Ners
pernapasan dan akses ke intervensi ini dibatasi untuk sebagian besar pasien
kondisi penderita asma agar gejala asma bisa diturunkan, sebagai mana
hasil pantauan peneliti bahawa latihan Tai Chi yang rutin bisa menurunkan
berdasarkan studi mini review peneliti dari beberapa jurnal, latihan nafas
juga bisa menurunkan gejala kekambuhan dari asma. Oleh karena itu
peneliti ingin meneliti efek Tai Chi dan latihan nafas terhadap asma.
B. Rumusan Masalah
1. Bagaimana efek senam Tai Chi dan latihan pernafasan pada pasien
asma ?
C. Tujuan Penelitian
4
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek senam Tai Chi dan
D. Manfaat Penelitian
1. Manfaat Teoritis
mempertahankan kebugarannya
2. Manfaat Praktis
pg. 20141
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BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
1. Tai Chi
dewasa yang lebih tua dengan kondisi kronis (Zhu, at el., 2016)
aliran Tai Chi yang dianggap sebagai aliran yang utama, yaitu :
kemudian Tai Chi menjadi Populer dan Tai Chi dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu
Tai Chi untuk kesehatan dengan 24 jurus dan Tai Chi untuk bertarung.
pg. 20143
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Manfaat Tai Chi sangat banyak, tapi disini akan dijelaskan
7
3. Pernafasan dalam atau pernapasan perut dapat menigkatkan
8
pg. 20145
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Gaya 18 : sikap berdiri kucing, melangkah kedepan mundur
pegang bola
tinju ganda
2. Latihan Nafas
1. Mencegah Kelelahan
2. Merelaksasi Otot
3. Mengatasi Pegal
4. Menghilangkan Stress
9
11. Meningkatkan Konsentrasi
10
pg. 20147
Program Studi Ners
d) Kemudian keluarkan napas pelan selama 2 detik melalui
e) Ulangi 10x. Dan jaga tubuh tetap rilex dan posisi punggung
tetap tegap.
sedikit dengan pelan sekali bahkan lebih pelan dari saat tarik
nafas.
Prosedur tehniknya :
11
c) Kemudian tarik nafas pelan-pelan sedalam-dalamnya,
Cara melakukannya:
ke 1
udaranya kembali
12
pg. 20149
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B. Tinjauan Tentang Asma
1. Pengertian Asma
2014)
2. Patogenesis
a. Reaksi inflamasi
13
dan pertanda permukaan sel pada sediaan bilas dan biopsi
b. Sensitisasi
(Akib, 2016)
ulang, sesak nafas dan sering kali batuk dan sesak yang menjadi gejala
4. Pathofisiologi
14
pg. 20151
Program Studi Ners
menyebabkan penimbunan asam laktat atau asidosis metabolik.
(Liansyah, 2014)
5. Penatalaksanaan
penyakit, tanda dan gejala asma sampai dengan pengobatan yang bisa
6. Pengobatan
Tai Chi juga meingkatkan aktivitas fisik perorangan (Kristina, at el., 2106)
dan pada anak-anak penderita asma Tai Chi dapat meningkatkan fungsi
15
pg. 20153 Program Studi Ners
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
A. Desain Penelitian
kepada pembaca apa yang sudah diketahui tentang topik tersebut dan apa yang
belum diketahui, untuk mencari rasional dari penelitian yang sudah dilakukan
atau untuk ide penelitian selanjutnya (Denney & Tewksbury, 2013). Literatur
temuan empiris yang terbaru dengan sesuai dengan topiknya (Cisco, 2014).
al., 2014).
16
B. Cara Pengumpulan Data
dengan subyek manusia pada pasien dewasa tentang efek Tai chi dan
latihan Nafas untuk asma dengan rentang waktu penerbitan jurnal tahun
full text.
review. Kriteria jurnal yang terpilih untuk review adalah jurnal yang
didalamnya terdapat tema Thai Chi untuk asma dan Latihan Nafas untuk
Asma.
17
pg. 20155
Program Studi Ners
BAB IV
A. Hasil
Google
sciencedir
ebsco Proquest Schoola
ect
r
‘Tai Chi exercise’ ‘Tai Chi exercise’
breathi
OR’Exercise’OR OR’Exercise’OR
ng Tai Chi
‘breathing ‘breathing
awal exercise exercise
exercises’AND’As exercises’AND’As
s
ma Management’ ma Management’
842
15.510 41.800 2.232
fulltext 353
5 tahun
75 5.123 17.000 82
terakhir
Artikel
22 386 11 80
asli
Disesuik
an
dengan
kata 17 8 4 9
kunci
pencaria
n
Downloa
17 8 4 1
d gratis
Jurnal
yang di 17 5 2 1
review
18
pg. 20157
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Jurnal yang di review berasal dari berbagai negara antara lain :
berikut :
19
4. Menurunkan Gejala Asma
Tai Chi
No Aspek/kualifikasi Jumlah Prosentase
1 Meningkatkan Kualitas Hidup 6 46%
2 Meningkatkan Aktivitas Fisik 2 15%
3 Perbaikan Fungsi Paru 3 23%
4 Menurunkan Gejala Asma 2 15%
Meningkatkan Faktor Keamanan
5
(kesehatan) 0 0
Latihan Nafas
No Aspek/kualifikasi Jumlah Prosentase
1 Meningkatkan Kualitas Hidup 6 50%
2 Meningkatkan Aktivitas Fisik 2 17%
3 Perbaikan Fungsi Paru 1 8%
4 Menurunkan Gejala Asma 3 25%
Meningkatkan Faktor Keamanan
5
(kesehatan) 1 8%
B. Pembahasan
1. Aspek efek senam Tai Chi dan latihan pernafasan pada pasien asma
yang lebih sehat dan kualitas hidup yang lebih baik (Junghansa, et
20
pg. 20159
Program Studi Ners
Dengan latihan yang teratur dan dengan di imbangi dengan pola
istirahat yang teratur asma bisa dikendalikan dengan Tai Chi. Tai Chi
21
menjadi lancar pula, karena suplay oksigen menjadi lancar
22
pg. 20161
Program Studi Ners
d. Perbaikan Fungsi Paru
23
banyak sehinggaseorang perawat perlu mengetahui pentingnyaterapi
(widiatuty, 2008).
C. Keterbatasan Peneliti
mungkin anda penelitian terbaru tentang efek Tai Chi dan latihan
24
pg. 20163
Program Studi Ners
.
BAB V
PENUTUP
A. Simpulan
1. Aspek efek senam Tai Chi dan latihan pernafasan pada pasien asma
pentingnyaterapi komplementer.
B. Saran
25
pg. 20165
Program Studi Ners
2. Bagi rumah sakit atau sarana kesehatan hendaknya membuat jadwal untuk
latihan senam Tai Chi dan latihan pernafasan bukan hanya untuk
Karena selain terapi ini cocok untuk pengobatan tapi juga cocok buat
perawatan kesehatan.
Senam Tai Chi dan Latihan pernafasan yang lebih lengkap lagi.
26
pg. 20167 Program Studi Ners
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
27
Ding, MD. 2014. Effectiveness of T’ai Chi and Qigong on Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. THE JOURNAL OF
ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
Volume 20, Number 2, 2014, pp. 79–86 DOI:
10.1089/acm.2013.0087
Gow BJ,et al. (2017) Can Tai Chi training impact fractal stride time
dynamics, an index of gait health, in older adults? Cross-
sectional and randomized trial studies. PLoS ONE 12(10):
e0186212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186212
28
pg. 20169
Program Studi Ners
Savitri, d. T. (2018, Juli 12). Dipetik Desember 31, 2018, dari Hello
Sehat: https://hellosehat.com/hidup-sehat/tips-sehat/latihan-
pernapasan-untuk-paru-paru/
29
UPT PSLU Jember Regency). Pustaka Kesehatan, 3(1), 74-
81.
Shei R-J, at el., (2016) The role of inspiratory muscle training in the
management of asthma and exercise-induced
bronchoconstriction, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 44:4,
327-334, DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1176546
30
pg. 20171
Program Studi Ners
Wang F. (2014). The Effects of Tai Chi on Depression, Anxiety, and
Psychological Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis Int.J. Behav. Med. 21:605–617 DOI 10.1007/s12529-
013-9351-9
Yan J-H, Guo Y-Z, Yao H-M, Pan L (2013) Effects of Tai Chi in
Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
Preliminary Evidence. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61806.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061806
Zhu Y-T, et al. (2015) Evidence Base of Clinical Studies on Tai Chi: A
Bibliometric Analysis. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120655.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120655
31
pg. 20173 Program Studi Ners
PENINGKATAN KEKUATAN OTOT PADA PASIEN
STROKE ISKHEMIK DENGAN
LATIHAN RANGE OF MOTION
LITERATUR REVIEW
TESIS
OLEH
MARWANTI
20141050018
ABSTRAK
pg. 20175
Program Studi Ners
strenght”+”Stroke iskhemic”. Terdapat 22 artikel yang memenuhi
kriteria inklusi.
Hasil: Range of Motion mempunyai pengaruh untuk meningkatkan
kekuatan otot ekstrimitas secara signifikan terhadap pasien stroke
iskhemik. Melakukan latihan Range of Motion pada penderita
stroke iskhemik merupakan tugas penting bagi perawat, mengingat
perawat merupakan tenaga kesehatan yang paling lama dengan
pasien atau penderita.
Kesimpulan: Latihan Range of Motion dapat meningkatkan
kekuatan otot pada pasien stroke iskhemik dan merupakan bentuk
implementasi perawat yaitu latihan Range of Motion yang telah
dilakukan pada pasien strok iskhemik untuk meningkatkan
kekuatan otot.
xi
INCREASING MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ISCHEMIC
STROKE PATIENTS WITH RANGE OF MOTION
EXERCISES : A LITERATUR REVIEW
ABSTRACT
xii
pg. 20177
Program Studi Ners
Conclusion: Range of Motion exercises can increase muscle
strength in ischemic stroke patients and is a form of nurse
implementation, namely Range of Motion exercises that have been
performed on iskhemic stroke patients to increase muscle strength.
xiii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
pg. 20179
Program Studi Ners
2
(Junaidi, 2011).
pg. 3
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4
menggerakkan otot.
2009).
5
masyarakat.
pg. 5
Program Studi Ners
6
B. Rumusan Masalah
C. Tujuan
1. Tujuan Umum
2. Tujuan Khusus
D. Manfaat
pg. 7
Program Studi Ners
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
A. Landasan Teori
1. Konsep Stroke
a. Definisi Stroke
8
9
b. Klasifikasi Stroke
pg. 9
Program Studi Ners
10
24 jam.
11
berkembang lagi.
pg. 11
Program Studi Ners
12
c. Etiologi Stroke
darah ke otak
embolisme.
kanan.
13
pusing.
jelas.
pg. 13
Program Studi Ners
14
2008).
e. Penatalaksanaan Stroke
pg. 15
Program Studi Ners
16
a. Prinsip-prinsip rehabilitasi
adalah:
17
mengakibatkan komplikasi
kontinuitas perawatan.
pg. 17
Program Studi Ners
18
mischef.
b. Tahap rehabilitasi
kesulitan keluarga.
pasien.
a. Pengertian
pg. 19
Program Studi Ners
20
(Subianto, 2012).
pasca stroke.
pergerakan sendi.
pg. 21
Program Studi Ners
22
2) Kelemahan otot
pg. 23
Program Studi Ners
24
struktur tulang.
(2010)
1) Sistem Kardiovaskuler
2) System respiratori
pernafasan
3) System metabolic
pg. 25
Program Studi Ners
26
4) System muskuloskeletal
muskuloskeletal
sel-sel.
5) Toleransi aktivitas
a) Meningkatkan toleransi
b) Mengurangi kelemahan
6) Faktor psikososial
a) Mengurangi stress
pendampingan (active-assisted)
pg. 27
Program Studi Ners
28
of Motion
waktunya
dengan lengan
pasien
mengarah ke tubuhnya
pg. 29
Program Studi Ners
30
mendekat bahu
lainnya
menjauhinya
6) Rotasi bahu
menghadap kebawah
menghadap ke atas
pg. 31
Program Studi Ners
32
belakang
tangan satunya
mungkin
pg. 33
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34
a) Jelaskan prosedur
pg. 35
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36
pg. 37
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38
pg. 39
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40
normal.
METODE PENELITIAN
A. Desain Penelitian
41
pg. 41
Program Studi Ners
42
adalah
al., 2015).
a. Kriteria inklusi
iskhemik
pg. 43
Program Studi Ners
44
otot
b. Kriteria eksklusi
1) Abstrak saja
ilmiah
pg. 45
Program Studi Ners
BAB IV
A. Hasil
dilakukan review.
46
47
Artikel yang
dikeluarkan; n =
235
Jumlah artikel
dengan full text; n =
a. Desain penelitian
desain penelitian
pg. 47
Program Studi Ners
48
(4,55%).
b. Subjek penelitian
c. Tahun publikasi
d. Bahasa jurnal
(36,36%).
aktif
pg. 49
Program Studi Ners
50
pg. 51
Program Studi Ners
52
(Prok, 2016)..
berkontraksi.
pg. 53
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54
pg. 55
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56
pg. 57
Program Studi Ners
58
pg. 59
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60
Range of Motion.
B. Pembahasan
(2010).
61
pg. 61
Program Studi Ners
62
otot ini akan kembali seperti semula. Hal ini berkaitan dengan
(Yanti et al, 2013), (Elisa at al, 2015), (Csilla at, al, 2016);
(Fajar, 2014).
pg. 63
Program Studi Ners
64
iskhemik.
65
tahanan.
pg. 65
Program Studi Ners
BAB V
PENUTUP
A. Simpulan
B. Saran
66
67
pg. 67
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
pg. 69
Program Studi Ners
The American Academy of Neurology Affirms the valueof this
guidlines. Stroke. 2006;37:1583-1633.Diakses tanggal 9
Juni 2015
dari http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/166757228
Henny Pongantung, Sr Anita Sampe JMJ, Sianimpar Dilsen
Melchi. (2018). Pengaruh Range Of Motion Pada
Ekstremitas Bawah Terhadap
Keseimbangan Berjalan Pada Pasien Pasca Stroke. Jurnal
Ilmiah Kesehatan Diagnosis Volume 12 N omor 3 T ahun
2018 ● eISSN : 2302-2531
Into, R. O. S. P., & Omes, N.A G. (2013).R.2140, (10).
Jaber, R, Hewson, D. J., & Dduchene. J.(2013). Design And
Validation of The Grip-Ball For Measurementof Hand Grip
Strength.
Medical. Http://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Medengphy.2012.07.00
1.
pg. 71
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Hospital Compared With rehabilitattion at Home. A
Randomised Controlled Trial. Health Tecnology Assesment,
Vol.13,No.39.
Potter & Perry. (2010). Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan
Konsep, Proses dan Praktik,Edisi 4, V olume 2. Jakarta:
EGC dari http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed 21626475
Popy Irawati, Rita Sekarsari, Arie Marsita. (2016). Efektifitas
Latihan Range Of Motion Cylindrical Grip Terhadap
Peningkatan Kekuatan Otot Ekstremitas Atas Pada Pasien
Stroke Non Hemoragik. JKFT.
Pramudiarja, U. (2010). Robot untuk Fisioterapi Pasca Stroke.
(Online), (http://us.detikhealth.com/read/2010/04/
18/110228/1340415/763/robot-untukfisioterapi-pasca-
stroke), diakses 27 November 2014.
Prok. W. ( 2016). Pengaruh latihan gerak aktif menggenggam bola
pada pasien stroke diukur dengan Handgrip dynamometer, (4
April).
Reny Chaidir, Ilma Mutia Zuardi. (2014). pengaruh latihan range
of motion pada ekstremitas atas
dengan bola karet terhadap kekuatan otot pasien stroke
non hemoragi. ‘Afiyah. Vol. I, no. I.
Scherbakov & Doehner W . Sarcopenia in Stroke-facts and number
on m uscle loss accounting for disability after stroke. Journal
of Cachecia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2011:2(1):5-8.
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