y
n
a
p
m
o
c
o
ce
tr
u
n
a

Mycotoxins and
Animal Nutrition

Trouw Nutrition Hifeed

1
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Apakah mycotoxins ?
o
ce
tr
u
n
a
Myco
cottoxi
xin
ns ada
dallah ra
rac
cun , si
sisa metabo
bollite ja
jamu
murr

Fungi
spores

2
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Apakah mycotoxins ?
o
ce
tr
u
n
a
•Bijian
•Jagung

•Kacang tanah
•Bahan baku dari tumbuhan yg lain

Mudah terinfeksi jamur.

Kelembaban dan panas mempengaruhi pertumbuhan jamur

yg memperoduksi mikotoksin

Silo – silo di daerah

daerah tropis
tropis memiliki
memiliki mikrokli
mikroklimate
mate yang
yang ideal
ideal
untuk pertumbuhan jamur, karena adanya proses
kondensasi yang diakibatkan oleh tingginya fluktuasi

temperatur sepanjang hari.

3
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Fungi growth in silo’s
o
ce
r
t
u
Distribusi kelembaban
n
a dalam Silo :

1. Evaporasi pa
pada
2. siang hari (saat
temperatur tinggi )
2. Kondensasi saat
malam hari saat
temperatur rendah
3.

3. Jamur tumbuh
1. karena akumulasi
kelambaban pada

bagian atas.

4
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Jenis mycotoxins
o
ce
tr
u
n
a
Terdapat spesies jamur yang berbeda , yg menghasilkan 5
group mikotoksin.

•Aflatoxins
•Zearalenone
•Trichothecenes
•Fumonisins

•Ochatroxin A

5
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
o
ce
tr
u
n
a

6
 

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
o
ce
tr
u
n
a
 

7
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Effek masuknya mycotoxin
o
ce
tr
u
n
a Mikotoksin menghambat berbagai efek biologis
dalam tubuh hewan setelah ia masuk :
• Keracunan hati dan ginjal
• Kegagalan system syaraf utama
• Menyebabkan problem fertilitas dan reproduksi

Efek biologis terlihat dalam berbagai tingkatan

tergantung pada

Jumlah mikotoksin yang masuk

 

8
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Effek dari keracunan
o
ce
tr
u
n
Kerugian
a Pada te
terna
rnakk

Phase 4: Kematian

Phase 3: Gejala
jala klinis ke
kerusa
rusaka
kann
terg
tergeet orga
organ yg spe
spesi
sifik
fik deng
dengaan
type mikotoksin
mikotoksin yg mengkont
mengkonta aminasi
minasi

Phase 2: Ke
Keja
jadia
dian
n pe
penya
nyakit
kit me
meningk
ningkaat
(se
secondary
condary infections) karena
karena immune
suppresion

Phase 1:
1: Penuruna
nurunan n produktivita
produktivitas;
s; pertum
pertum
Buhan
Buhan la
lamba
mbat,t, penuruna
penurunann produk
produksi,
si,
Immune suppression.
su ppression.
0 Ting
ingka
katt kon
konta
tamina
minasi
si mik
mikotok
otoksin
sin
 

9
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
SOLUSI : Detoxifikasi
coe
rt
u
n
a Terdapat 2 prinsip detoxifikasi:

1. Toxin-binding
2. Enzymatic breakdown

Keduanya diterapkan untuk mikotoksin

yang berbeda.
 

10
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
1. Toxin-binding
coe
rt
u
n
a • Didasarkan pada polaritas elektrik toksin.
• Toxin akan diikat oleh toxin binders untuk
mencegah absorbsi yg dilakukan oleh saluran
cerna.

TOX.
 

11
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
2. Enzymatic breakdown
eocr
t
u
n
a • Berdasarkan konversi enzimatik toksin

TOX.
TOX.

TOX.
ENZYME

TOX.
 

12
y
n
a
p
Kapan dan harus menggunakan
m
o
c

eocr
t
u
n
apa..???
a Dua prinsip detoksifikasi seharusnya digunakan
pada situasi yang benar.

Binding/ Pengikatan :

• Digunakan
karena sifatuntuk Aflatoxins
electric polarity and Ochratoxin A,
toksin

Enzymatic breakdown:
• Digunakan untuk mykotoksin yg lain.
(Zearalenone, Trichothecenes, Fumonisins)
 

13
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Presence of toxins in the world
coe
rt
u
n
a

Aflatoxins Others
 

14
y
n
a
p
What products can Trouw
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
Nutrition offer you
you?
?
a Mengatasi aflatoxins dan ochratoxins:

Mengatasi semua Mycotoksin :

 

15
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
a
 

16
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
What is ?
coe
rt
u
n
a • Nama Generic Hydrated Sodium Calcium

Aluminosilicate (HSCAS)
• Lebih spesifik , dikenal sebagai Calcium
Montmorillonite
• Sumber mineral alami ; Menggunakan
teknologi yg tepat, ketersediaan,

ditambang, diproses dgn teliti

ditambang,
• Produk akhir memiliki luas permukaan
internal > 1,000 meter-persegi per gram
 

17
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
How does Novasilplus work?
eocr
t
u
n
a
• When it’s in solution; I.e.
when taken in by the
animal
animal
• (left picture) Scanning
electron micrograph of
product (a spongelike PSC that
binds aflatoxins in the GI tract of
animals) 4,500 x
• The interaction with
Calcium (metal ion) in the
interlamellar region,
being the major part of
the adsorption of
mycotoxins to the
Novasilplus formation
of a chelate
 

18
y

SITE
SITES
SOOF
FAAff B  A
 ADSORPTION
DSORPTION TO
n
a 1
p 1
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
NOVASILPLUS
Basal surface
a

Edge site

Interlayer
surface

Edge site
 

19
y
n
a
p DOCKING AND CHELATION OF AFB  A
 ATT 11
m
o
c

META
METALL EDGE
EDGE SIT
SITES
ES IN
IN NOVA
NOVASI
SIL
L PLUS
PL US
coe
rt
u
n
a

 Aflatoxin B1

Chemical structure
O
O CH3
M
O
O
 AfB1
H O
Novasilplus
H
O
Chelation
Chelation of metal
metal ions in Novasil
Novasil
by the  β -dicarbony
-dicarbonyll moie
moiety
ty in AfB
AfB 1
 

20 MOLECULAR VISUALIZATION OF PROPOSED EDGE SITE MECHANISM

y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Kenapa ?
coe
rt
u
n
a Penelitian independent telah

membuktikan bahwa
binder aflatoxin NovaSil
terbaik plus adalah
di dunia...
 

21
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Novasil/Novasilplus Researches (1)
coe
rt
u
n Animal Mycotoxin Research Type Who did it What
a
Type Publication
Chickens Aflatoxin B1, In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU 1992 Poultry
up to 3.5ppm trials Dr. LF Kubena
Kubena,, Dr. RB Science 71; 64-
64-
& Ochratoxin Harvey & Dr. WE Huff 69
A1 up to 2ppm – USDA

Chickens Aflatoxin B1, In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU 1993 Poultry
up to 3.5ppm trials Dr. LF Kubena et al – Science 72; 51-
51-
& DAS up to USDA 59
5ppm Dr. GE Rottinghaus –
University of Missouri
Chickens No mycotoxin In Vivo University trials; Dr. DH Baker & Dr. TK J. Anim
Anim.. Sci
Sci..
contamination check if any negative Chung – University of 1990; 68: 1992-
1992-

effects
Novasil from addition of
to diets Illinois 1998

Chickens Aflatoxin B1 up In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips – TAMU 1995 Poultry

to 3.5ppm trials; also to check if Dr. LF Kubena et al – Science 74; 626-
626-
any negative effects from USDA 632
addition of Novasil to
diets with Virginiamycin
 

22
y
n
a
p
m
o
Novasil/Novasilplus Researches (2)
c
coe
rt Animal Mycotoxin Research Who did it What Publication
u
n Type Type
a
Studies In Alfatoxin B1, Radioactivity Dr. Timothy Phillips !988 Poultry Science 67;
Vitro & up to 7.5ppm labeled – TAMU 243-
243 -247
then In markers for Dr.Leon Kubena & Vet. Hum Toxicol 32
Vivo adsorption Dr. Roger Harvey – (Supplement) 1990; 15-
15-19
studies tests; in vitro USDA Natural Toxins 3; 204-
204-213
with (TLC) and in (1995)
Chickens vivo
The Toxicology of Aflatoxins
Aflatoxins;
;

383-406
383-
Chickens Aflatoxin B1 up In Vivo USDA/ Dr. Timothy Phillips, 1990 Poultry Science 69;
to 7.5ppm University Dr. DE Corrier & Dr. 727-
727-735
trials WE Huff – TAMU
Dr. LF Kubena & Dr.
RB Harvey – USDA

Chickens Aflatoxin B1 up In Vivo USDA/ Dr. TD Phillips & Dr. 1993 Poultry Science 72;
to 5ppm University BA Clement – TAMU 651-
651-657
trials Dr. LF Kubena & Dr.
RB Harvey – USDA
 

23
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Novasil/Novasilplus Researches (3)
coe
rt
u Animal Mycotoxin Research Type Who did it What
n
a Type Publication
Chickens Aflatoxin B1, In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips – 1990 Poultry
up to 3.5ppm trials TAMU Science 69; 1078-
1078-
& T-
T-2 toxin (T-
(T- Dr. LF Kubena et al – 1086
2) up to 8ppm USDA
Dr. GE Rottinghaus –
University of Missouri
Turkeys Aflatoxin, up to
Aflatoxin, In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips – 1991 Poultry
1ppm trials TAMU Science 70; 1823-
1823-
Dr. LF Kubena et al – 1830
USDA

Mink Zearalenone In Vivo University trials SJ Busian

Busian,, RJ Journal of Applied
up to 20ppm Aulerich,, JK Cameron,
Aulerich Toxicology, Vol.
NK Ames & BA 12(2); 85-
85-90
Steficek – Michigan (1990)
State University
Lambs Aflatoxin up to In Vivo USDA/University Dr. TD Phillips et al – American Journal
2.6ppm trials TAMU of Veterinary
Dr. LF Kubena et al – Research, Vol. 52,
USDA No. 1; 152-
152-156
(January 1991)
 
24
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Unmatched binding capacity
coe
rt
u
n Publicated by
a
Dr. Pimdukdee
of the
Khon Kaen
University

Thailand in
“Thailand Feed
and Livestock”

December 2003
 
25
y
n
a
p
There are too many products in the
m
o
c market, how to make a good choice?
coe
rt
u
n
a
• What’s the material;
Kaolin, Zeolite, Sodium
Bentonite or Calcium
Montmorillonite?
• Is the mine(s) and
processing plant(s)
known?
• How much researches,
especially In-Vivo ones,
had been done?
• How much have the
products passed experts’
previews? – What Journal
Publications?
 
26
y
n
a
p
m
o
PREVEN
PREVENTION
TION
PREVENTION OF
PREVENTION OF HEPATOTOXI
HEPA
HEPATOTOXICITY
HEPATOTOXICCITY
TOTOXICITY
ITY
c

IN
IN CH
CHIC
CHIC
CHICK
ICK
K
KSS BY
B
BY
BYY HSC
H
HSCA
HSC
SCA
A
ASS
coe
rt
u
n
a

AfB 1 (7.5 ppm)  AfB 1 

1 +
 + 0.5% HSCAS 

MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Adsorption of aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract
and decrease in bioavailability to the blood and
tissues.
References: Phillips, T.D. et al. (1988). Poult. Sci. 67:243-247.
  Phillips, T.D. et al. (1994). Toxicology of Aflatoxins, Academic Press, pp. 383-406.
 
27
y
n
a
p
 A
 AFL
 AFLA
 AFL A
FLAATOXIN-IND
TOXIN-INDUCED
UCED
UCED HEPA
TOXIN-INDUCED
TOXIN-IND HEPA TOTOXICITY
HEPA
HEPATOTOXICITY
TOTOXICITY
m
o
c IN
IN PIGS:
PIGS
PIGS:: PROT
PIGS: PROTECTI
ECTION
PROTECTI
PROT ON
ON WITH
ECTION WIT
WITH
WITHH HSCAS
HSCA
HSCAS
HSCASS
coe
rt
u
PHOTOMICROGRAPHS
PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF
OF LIVER 
LIVER 
n
a

Hepatic portal triad

showing fibrosis(Right) 
and protection (Left)
Aflatoxin Control  AfL + 0.5% HSCAS 

References: Harvey et al. (1989).

(1989). Am. J. Vet. Res. 50:416-420.
50:416-420.
   Harvey et al. (1994). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 6:88 92.
 
28
y
n
a
EFF
EFFECT
ECTS
EFFEC
EFF S OF
ECTS
TS OF AFL
OF A
AFLA
AFL A
ATO
FLA TOXIN
XIN
IN A
TOXIN
TOX AND
ND SOR
AND S
SORB
SOR B
BEN
ORB ENTS
TS
ENTS
ENTS
p
m
o
c
ON
ON EM
EMB
B
EMB
EM BRY
RYOL
OLET
RYOL
RY ETHA
OLET HAL
ETHA
HALL
LIT
ITY
Y
ITY
ITY
coe Reference: Mayura et al. (1998). Toxicol. Sci. 41:175-182.
rt
u
n
a 100

80
  s
  n
  o
   i
   t 60
  p
  r
  o
  s
  e
   R
 
40

   %

20

Control  A HSCAS/A Zeo/A

0
 A - Aflatoxin B1
Zeo - Zeolite (clinoptilolite)
Experimental Treatments
HSCAS - NovaSil
Untreated
Untreated HSCA
HSCAS
S + Corn OilZeo + Corn Oil
 AFB1 HSCAS + AFB1 Zeo + AFB!
 
29
y
n
a
p
TAMU Studies show Novasil & Novasilplus
m
o
c do not bind away nutrients (Vit A)
coe
rt
u
n
a
 
30
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Unmatched binding capacity
coe
rt
u
n
a
 
31
y
n
a
p
A Look at a Cross-Section of a Mine
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
a

Picture taken from Feed Mix Magazine,Vol.8 No.1 - 2000

 
32
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
Inclusion rates and test results
coe
rt
u
n
a
 
33
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
a
 
34
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
coe
rt
u
n
a

Terima kasih
atas perhatian Anda