NotaGRAFIK

BAB Respirasi
1 Respiration

Organ-organ Respirasi/Respiratory Organ Rongga hidung

Nasal cavity

Kapilari darah Lubang hidung/Nostril Trakea/Trachea

Blood capillary
Bronkiol Bronkus/Bronchus
Bronchiole
Tulang rusuk
Alveolus Rib
Alveolus Peparu/Lung
Diafragma
Otot interkosta/Intercostal muscle Diaphragm

Penafasan dan Pertukaran Gas kapilari darah

blood capillary
Breathing and the Exchange of Gases alveolus
alveolus

Tarikan nafas/Inhalation
• Udara disedut ke dalam peparu
Air is sucked into the lungs

Hembusan nafas/Exhalation
• Udara dikeluarkan dari peparu
Air is expelled from the lungs Oksigen meresap masuk Karbon dioksida meresap
ke dalam kapilari darah keluar dari kapilari darah ke
dari alveolus dalam alveolus
Oxygen diffuses into the blood Carbon dioxide diffuses out
capillary from the alveolus from the blood capillary into
Tarikan Nafas dan Hembusan Nafas the alveolus
Inhalation and Exhalation

Tarikan nafas Bahagian yang terlibat Hembusan nafas

Inhalation Part involved Exhalation
Mengecut Otot interkosta luar Mengendur
Contract External intercostal muscles Relax
Mengendur Otot interkosta dalam Mengecut
Relax Internal intercostal muscles Contract
Naik ke atas dan ke luar Pergerakan tulang rusuk Turun ke bawah dan ke dalam
Upwards and outwards Movement of ribs Downwards and inwards
Mendatar Bentuk diafragma Melengkung ke atas
Becomes flat Shape of diaphragm Curves upwards
Bertambah Isi padu rongga toraks Berkurang
Increases Volume of thoracic cavity Decreases
Lebih rendah Tekanan udara di dalam rongga toraks Lebih tinggi
Lower Air pressure in the thoracic cavity Higher
Udara disedut Pergerakan udara Udara terdesak keluar
Air is inhaled Air movement Air is forced out

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BAB Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan
2 Blood Circulation and Transport

Struktur Jantung/Structure of Heart

Arteri pulmonari/Pulmonary artery Aorta/Aorta

Vena kava/Vena cava Vena pulmonari

Pulmonary vein

Atrium kanan/Right atrium

Atrium kiri/Left atrium

Injap trikuspid/Tricuspid valve

Injap sabit/Semilunar valve

Injap bikuspid/Bicuspid valve

Ventrikal kanan/Right ventricle

Ventrikal kiri/Left ventricle

Jenis Peredaran Darah dan Jenis Salur Darah

Types of Blood Circulation and Types of Blood Vessels

Peredaran
pulmonari Jantung Peparu Jantung
Pulmonary Heart Lungs Heart
circulation

Peredaran Tisu
sistematik Jantung badan Jantung
Systemic Heart Body Heart
circulation tissues

• Vena mempunyai dinding nipis,

kurang kenyal dan kurang
berotot.
Veins have thin, less elastic and
kapilari darah less muscular walls.
vena/vein blood capillary arteri/artery • Kapilari darah mempunyai
dinding yang sangat nipis, iaitu
setebal satu sel.
Blood capillaries have very thin
walls that are one-cell thick.
• Arteri mempunyai dinding tebal,
kenyal dan berotot.
darah darah Arteries have thick, elastic and
terdeoksigen beroksigen muscular walls.
deoxygenated oxygenated
blood blood

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Jenis-jenis Sel Darah/Types of Blood Cells

Sel darah merah Sel darah putih Platlet

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Bentuk/Shape: Bentuk/Shape: Bentuk/Shape:

Ceper dwicekung/Biconcave disc Tidak tetap/Irregular Tidak tetap/Irregular
Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function:
Mengangkut oksigen/To transport oxygen Membunuh bakteria/To kill bacteria Membekukan darah/To clot blood

Stoma Daun/Leaf Stoma

Sel pengawal/Guard cell

• Mengawal saiz stoma
Controls the size of the stoma

Stoma/Stoma
• Membenarkan udara meresap
ke dalam dan ke luar daun
Allows air to diffuse in and out
of the leaf

Transpirasi/Transpiration

Transpirasi/Transpiration
• Menyejukkan tumbuhan pada hari panas
Cools the plant on hot days
• Membantu mengangkut air dan garam
mineral dari akar ke daun
Helps in the transportation of water and
mineral salts from the roots to the leaves

Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan

Transportation in Plants

Floem/Phloem
• Mengangkut makanan dari daun ke bahagian tumbuhan
yang lain
To transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plant

Xilem/Xylem
• Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun
Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves

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BAB Perkumuhan
3 Excretion

Perkumuhan Manusia/Human Excretion

Organ perkumuhan
Excretory organs

Kulit/Skin Peparu/Lungs Ginjal/Kidneys

Cara perkumuhan Berpeluh Menghembus nafas Kencing

Methods of excretion Sweating Exhalation Urinating
Hasil perkumuhan Air, garam mineral dan urea Karbon dioksida dan air Air, garam mineral dan urea
Excretory products Water, mineral salts and urea Carbon dioxide and water Water, mineral salts and urea

Aorta/Aorta
Sistem Urinari Manusia
The Human Urinary System Vena kava/Vena cava

Vena ginjal/Renal vein Ginjal/Kidney

• Menapis dan menyingkirkan
urea, garam mineral dan air
Arteri ginjal/Renal artery berlebihan daripada darah
Filters and removes urea and
excess mineral salts and
Ureter/Ureter water from the blood
• Menyalurkan air kencing dari
ginjal ke pundi kencing
Channels urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder
Pundi kencing/Urinary bladder
Uretra/Urethra • Menyimpan air kencing
• Menyalurkan air kencing keluar dari badan Stores urine
Channels urine out of the body

Keratan Membujur Ginjal Perkumuhan Tumbuhan

A Longitudinal Section of the Kidney Excretion in Plants

Korteks/Cortex
Hasil perkumuhan
yang kompleks
Medula/Medulla mengenap pada
daun, bunga atau
kulit tumbuhan
untuk digugurkan.
Ureter Complex excretory
Ureter Pelvis/Pelvis products gather in
the leaves, flowers
or bark to be shed.

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BAB Pembiakan
4 Reproduction

Belahan dedua Pembiakan Aseks Pertunasan

Binary fission Asexual Reproduction Budding

Pembiakan vegetatif
Vegetative reproduction

Bakteria/Bacteria Yis/Yeast

Penjanaan semula Pembentukan spora

Regeneration Setawar/Bryophyllum Spore formation

Tapak sulaiman/Starfish Halia/Ginger Paku pakis/Fern

Sistem Pembiakan Lelaki/The Male Reproductive System

Duktus sperma/Sperm duct Kelenjar prostat/Prostate gland

• Menyalurkan sperma dari testis • Menghasilkan bendalir yang
Channels sperms from the testis mengaktifkan sperma
Produces a fluid that activates
Skrotum/Scrotum sperms
• Melindungi testis
Protects the testis Uretra/Urethra
• Menyalurkan sperma dan
Testis/Testis air kencing
• Menghasilkan sperma Channels sperms and urine
Produces sperms

Sistem Pembiakan Perempuan/The Female Reproductive System

Tiub Falopio/Fallopian tube

Uterus/Uterus • Tempat berlakunya persenyawaan
• Menempatkan dan melindungi embrio A place where fertilisation occurs
Implants and protects the embryo
Ovari/Ovary
• Menghasilkan ovum
Serviks/Cervix Produces ova
• Menghasilkan lendir untuk
pergerakan sperma Faraj/Vagina
Produces mucus for sperms to move • Menerima sperma dari zakar
Receives sperms from the penis

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Kitar Haid/The Menstrual Cycle

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5

tempoh haid fasa subur tempoh haid

menstrual phase fertile phase menstrual phase

Persenyawaan, Pengovulan dan Penempelan

Fertilisation, Ovulation and Implantation

Persenyawaan/Fertilisation
• Proses percantuman sperma
dan ovum dalam tiub Falopio
The process of fusion of a
sperm with an ovum in the
Fallopian tube
Penempelan/Implantation
• Proses pelekatan embrio
pada dinding uterus
The process of the embryo Ovulasi/Ovulation
sticking to the wall of the • Proses pembebasan ovum dari ovari
uterus A process of releasing an ovum from the ovary

Struktur Bunga/The Structure of a Flower

anter stigma
anther stigma
stamen
stamen
filamen
filament
stil
style pistil
pistil

ranggi
• Stamen ialah organ jantan manakala petal
pistil ialah organ betina bunga.
The stamens are the male organs
sepal
while the pistil is the female organ
sepal
of a flower.
ovari/ovary
• Ovari menghasilkan ovul dan anter
menghasilkan butir debunga. ovul
The ovary produces ovules and ovule tangkai bunga
anthers produce pollen grains. flower stalk

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Angin/Wind
Agen Pendebungaan/Pollinating Agents

Burung/Birds Rama-rama/Butterflies Lebah/Bees

• Bunga bersaiz kecil, biasanya

putih, tidak berbau, anter
besar, banyak debunga dan
berfilamen panjang.
• Bunga bersaiz besar, berwarna cerah, berbau wangi, stigma melekit dan Flowers are small in size,
berfilamen pendek. normally white, not fragrant,
Flowers are big in size, bright in colour, fragrant, have sticky stigma and short have big anthers, a lot of
filaments. pollens and long filaments.

Jenis Pendebungaan/Types of Pollination

Pendebungaan sendiri/Self-pollination Pendebungaan kacuk/Cross-pollination

• Berlaku pada bunga atau pokok yang sama • Berlaku pada pokok yang berlainan
Occurs at the same flower or the same plant Occurs at different plants

Struktur Biji Benih/The Structure of Seeds

Radikel/Radicle
• Tumbuh menjadi akar
Grows into a root
Plumul/Plumule
• Tumbuh menjadi pucuk
Grows into a shoot

Testa/Testa
• Melindungi biji benih
Protects the seed

Kotiledon/Cotyledon
• Menyimpan makanan untuk percambahan
Stores food for seed germination

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BAB Pertumbuhan
5 Growth

Peringkat-peringkat Pertumbuhan Manusia

The Growth Stages of Humans

Ketinggian (cm)
Height (cm)
Dewasa Tua
Remaja Adulthood Old age
Adolescence

Kanak-kanak
Bayi Childhood
Infancy

Umur (tahun)
0 3 13 20 65 Age (years)

Kadar Pertumbuhan Manusia/The Human Growth Rate

Ketinggian (cm)
Height (cm)
Bayi Kanak-kanak Remaja Dewasa Tua
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age

pertumbuhan pertumbuhan pertumbuhan

pesat minima negatif
rapid growth minimal growth negative
growth

pertumbuhan
perlahan
pertumbuhan slow growth
pesat
rapid growth

Umur (tahun)
0 3 13 20 65 Age (years)

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BAB Tanah dan Sumbernya
6 Land and Its Resources

Mineral (Unsur)/Minerals (Elements)

Karbon Platinum Sulfur Merkuri

Carbon Platinum Sulphur Mercury

Pemanasan Sulfida Logam/The Heating of Metal Sulphides

plumbum sulfida tabung uji larutan kalium

lead sulphide test tube manganat(VII)
berasid
acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
solution

panaskan panaskan
heated heated

Plumbum sulfida
Lead sulphide
+ oksigen
oxygen
plumbum oksida
lead oxide
+ sulfur dioksida
sulphur dioxide

Tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen

membentuk oksida logam
Tindak Balas antara Reaction between a metal and oxygen
Logam dengan Oksigen forms a metal oxide
Reaction between magnesium
Magnesium
a Metal and Oxygen Magnesium
+ oksigen
oxygen
oksida
magnesium
oxide

Tindak balas antara logam dengan sulfur

Tindak Balas antara membentuk sulfida logam
Reaction between a metal and sulphur
Logam dengan Sulfur forms a metal sulphide
Reaction between
a Metal and Sulphur Zink
+ sulfur zink sulfida
Zinc sulphur zinc sulphide

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Sebatian Silikon/Silicon Compounds

Silika
(Silikon
• Sebatian silikon tidak
dioksida) larut dalam air, tidak
Silica bertindak balas
(Silicon dioxide) dengan asid dan tidak
Pasir/Sand Kuarza/Quartz Batu api/Flint terurai apabila
dipanaskan.
Silicon compounds do
not dissolve in water,
do not react with
acids and do not
Silikat/Silicate decompose when
heated.

Tanah liat/Clay Asbestos/Asbestos Mika/Mica

Sebatian Kalsium Karbonat/Calcium Carbonate Compounds

(a) Tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat dengan asid

Reaction between calcium carbonate and acid

Kalsium
karbonat + asid hidroklorik
hydrochloric acid
kalsium klorida
calcium chloride
+ karbon dioksida
carbon dioxide
+ air
water
Calcium
carbonate

(b) Pemanasan kalsium karbonat

The heating of calcium carbonate

Kalsium karbonat panaskan kalsium oksida karbon dioksida

Calcium carbonate calcium oxide
+ carbon dioxide
heat

Pecahan petroleum/Petroleum fractions

Penyulingan
Berperingkat Gas petroleum/Petroleum gas
Petroleum
Fractional
Petrol/Petrol
Distillation
of Petroleum
Nafta/Naphta

Kerosin/Kerosene

Diesel/Diesel

Minyak pelincir/Lubricating oil

Minyak bahan api/Fuel oil

Menara penyulingan Bitumen/Bitumen

Distillation tower

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BAB Keelektrikan
7 Electricity

Elektroskop/Electroscope

• Elektroskop digunakan untuk mengesan cas-cas

elektrik yang kecil.
The electroscope is used to detect small electrical
charges.
ceper logam
metal disc • Kerajang emas mencapah apabila objek-objek yang
bercas dibawa mendekati ceper logamnya.
The gold leaf diverges when charged objects are
elektroskop brought near to its metal disc.
electroscope • Cas elektrik statik dapat dihasilkan pada objek yang
neutral dengan menggosokkannya dengan satu bahan
kerajang emas yang lain seperti kain bulu atau kain sutera.
gold leaf Static electrical charges can be produced on a neutral
object by rubbing it with a different material such as a
woollen cloth or silk cloth.

Fenomena yang Berkaitan dengan Cas-cas Elektrostatik

Phenomena Related to Static Electrical Charges

Kilat Konduktor kilat Palam pencucuh

Lightning
Awan dicaskan apabila wap air di
dalamnya bergeser dengan
zarah-zarah udara. Pemindahan
cas-cas menghasilkan kilat.
Clouds are charged when the water
vapour in it rubs with air particles. The
transfer of charges produces lightning.
Lightning conductors
Hujung konduktor kilat yang
bercabang mengalirkan cas-cas
elektrik daripada kilat ke Bumi.
The end of a lightning conductor that
is branched directs the electrical
charges of the lightning to the Earth.
Spark plug
Cas-cas elektrik ‘melompat’ melintasi
ruang bunga api pada palam
pencucuh untuk menghasilkan bunga
api yang menyalakan bahan api.
Electric charges ‘jump’ across the
spark space on the plug to produce
sparks that ignite the fuel.

Sumber-sumber Tenaga Elektrik/The Sources of Electrical Energy

Akumulator asid-plumbum Sel kering Dinamo

Lead-acid accumulator Dry cells Dynamo

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Jana Kuasa Van de Graaff, Ammeter dan Voltmeter

Van de Graaff Generator, Ammeter and Voltmeter

Jana kuasa Van de Graaff Ammeter Voltmeter

Van de Graaff generator Ammeter Voltmeter

Alatan yang menghasilkan cas-cas Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat
elektrik yang bervoltan tinggi. arus elektrik dalam unit amphere (A). voltan elektrik dalam unit volt (V).
A device that produces electrical A device that is used to measure A device that is used to measure
charges at high voltages. electric current in the unit of ampere (A). electric voltage in the unit of volt (V).

Simbol Komponen Litar Elektrik/Symbols of Electrical Circuit Components

Sel kering Mentol Perintang tetap Reostat Suis

Dry cell Bulb Fixed resistor Rheostat Switch

A V G

Ammeter Voltmeter Fius Galvanometer Pembumian

Ammeter Voltmeter Fuse Galvanometer Earthing

Medan Magnet/Magnetic Field

Medan magnet berbentuk bulat terbentuk di

Medan magnet dapat ditunjukkan dengan
menggunakan serbuk besi.
A magnetic field can be shown by using iron fillings.
sekeliling konduktor lurus apabila arus
elektrik mengalir melaluinya.
A circular magnetic field is formed around
a straight conductor when electricity flows
through it.

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BAB Penjanaan Elektrik
8 Generation of Electricity

Generator hidroelektrik
Jenis Generator Hydroelectric generator
Types of Generators Generator turbin gas air/water
Gas turbine generator
empangan/dam
kebuk pembakaran
Generator diesel combustion chamber generator
generator
Diesel generator asap/smoke

arus bahan api/fuel

udara
elektrik air turbin
electric turbine
current
enjin diesel dinamo pemampat
diesel engine dynamo turbin/turbine
compressor

Generator terma Generator nuklear

Thermal generator Nuclear generator

turbin air panas

dandang turbine hot water
boiler

air panas
hot water
bahan
api
fuel reaktor nuklear
nuclear reactor

Transformer injak naik/Step-up transformer Transformer/Transformers

• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan Transformer injak turun/Step-down transformer

dawai yang banyak.
The secondary coil has many turns of wire.
• Voltan output tinggi.
High output voltage.
mentol menyala
dengan terang
bulb lights up brightly
• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan
dawai yang kurang.
The secondary coil has few turns of wire.
• Voltan output rendah.
mentol menyala dengan malap Low output voltage.
bulb lights up dimly
mentol menyala dengan terang
bulb lights up brightly
mentol menyala
dengan malap
bulb lights up dimly

• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan

dawai yang kurang.
The primary coil has few turns of wire.
• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan
• Voltan input rendah. dawai yang banyak.
Low input voltage. The primary coil has many turns of wire.
• Voltan input tinggi.
High input voltage.

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Sistem Penghantaran dan Pengagihan Elektrik

The Electricity Transmission and Distribution System

11 kV Transformer injak naik

Step-up transformer

stesen jana kuasa Rangkaian Grid

power station 132 kV lapangan suis Nasional
switch zone National Grid
Network
pencawang
bahagian pencawang masuk utama
branch main substation
substation
Transformer
injak turun
Step-down pencawang bahagian
transformer branch substation Transformer injak turun
Step-down transformer
industri industri
ringan berat
light heavy
industry industry
11 kV 33 kV

240 V 415 V

rumah bandar
house city

Pendawaian Palam 3-Pin/The Wiring in a 3-Pin Plug

Dawai bumi/Earth wire Fius/Fuse

• Membawa arus bocor ke bumi • Menghalang arus berlebihan
Carries leaked electric current daripada mengalir melaluinya
to the earth Prevents excessive current
from flowing through it

Dawai neutral/Neutral wire

• Membawa arus kembali ke Dawai hidup/Live wire
sumbernya • Membawa arus ke alat elektrik
Carries current back to the Carries current to the electrical
source appliances

Arus yang mengalir/Current that flows

Kuasa/Power (W)
= Voltan/Voltage (V)

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BAB Bintang dan Galaksi
9 Stars and Galaxies

Korona/Corona Struktur Matahari

The Structure of the Sun
Kromosfera/Chromosphere

Fotosfera/Photosphere

Teras/Core Fenomena dalam Matahari

Phenomena in the Sun

Prominen/Prominence Nyala suria/Solar flare Tompok matahari/Sunspots

Kelahiran Bintang Galaksi/Galaxy

The Birth of Stars

Tindak balas
Tarikan graviti nuklear berlaku.
bertambah. Bintang terbentuk.
The gravitational Nuclear reactions
pull increases. occur. A star is
born.
Nebula/Nebula

Objek Hasil Kematian Bintang Berbentuk pilin

The Objects as a Result of the Death of Stars Spiral shape

Objek yang terbentuk bergantung pada saiz bintang.

The objects formed depend on the size of the stars.

Bintang kerdil putih Supernova Bintang neutron Lohong hitam Raksasa merah
White dwarf star Supernova Neutron star Black hole Red giant

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BAB Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas
10 Space Exploration

Claudius Ptolemy Galileo Galilei Nicholas Copernicus

Sumbangan
Ahli Astronomi
The Contributions Mencadangkan Bumi
of Astronomers adalah pusat Sistem Suria.
Suggested that the Earth
is the centre of the Solar
System.
Mencipta teleskop
astronomi yang pertama.
Invented the first
astronomical telescope.
Mencadangkan Matahari
adalah pusat Sistem Suria.
Suggested that the Sun is
the centre of the Solar
System.

Johannes Kepler Aristotle Isaac Newton

Menyatakan orbit Bumi Mencadangkan Bumi Memperkenalkan hukum

berbentuk elips. berbentuk sfera. graviti.
Stated that the Earth’s Suggested that the Earth Introduced the law of
orbit is elliptical. is spherical in shape. gravity.

Teknologi Berkaitan Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas

Technology Related to Space Exploration

Stesen angkasa lepas Prob Satelit

Space station Probe Satellite

Kapal angkasa yang tidak membawa Menjalankan penderiaan jauh untuk

Menyediakan tempat di angkasa
lepas untuk menjalankan kajian.
Provides a place in outer space for
carrying out studies.
manusia yang dilancarkan ke
angkasa lepas.
A spaceship that does not carry
humans and is launched to outer
space.
mengkaji keadaan di Bumi dari
angkasa lepas.
Carries out remote sensing to study
the conditions on the Earth from
outer space.

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