BAHASA
INGGRIS
UNTUK PEMULA
www.titiknolenglish.com
DAFTAR ISI
Parts of Speech....................................................................................................................................................... 1
Noun Phrase............................................................................................................................................................4
Tenses........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Passive Voice......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Modal Verbs............................................................................................................................................................17
Adjective Clause.................................................................................................................................................. 22
Hal mendasar yang perlu dipahami siapapun yang ingin belajar tata bahasa Inggris adalah
pengelompokan kata-kata berdasarkan fungsinya. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, pengelompokan
ini disebut kelas kata, dalam bahasa Inggris disebut parts of speech.
Dengan memahami parts of speech, kita bisa lebih mudah mempelajari struktur kalimat
bahasa Inggris. Misalnya, kita jadi mengetahui kata apa saja yang boleh diletakkan di awal
kalimat (menjadi subyek).
Secara umum ada delapan parts of speech: noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), verb
(kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), adverb (kata kerja), preposition (kata depan), conjunction
(kata hubung), interjection (kata seru).
Tanpa berlama-lama lagi, berikut kedelapan part of speech yang bisa kamu pelajari:
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• Demonstrative = This, That, These, Those
• Interrogative = Who, Which, What, Whom, Whose
• Indefinite = Nothing, Someone, Anywhere, Everybody
• Possessive = Mine, Yours, Hers, His
• Reciprocal = Each other, One another
• Relative = Who, Which, Whom, Whose
• Reflexive = Myself, Yourself, Ourselves, Themselves
• Intensive = Himself, Herself, Ourselves, Themselves
Masih bingung perbedaan noun dan pronoun? Tonton penjelasannya di YouTube Titik Nol
English di sini: https://youtu.be/LQCu0g35ZCo
Masih bingung perbedaan verb dan adjective? Tonton penjelasannya di YouTube Titik Nol
English di sini: https://youtu.be/DVtzdQbST3M
Itulah macam-macam parts of speech yang ada di dalam bahasa Inggris. Apakah kini kamu
sudah dapat membedakan satu jenis part of speech dengan yang lainnya?
Noun + of + noun
Contoh: declaration of independence, city of angels, age of empire, dan book of secrets.
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Misalnya dalam frasa extremely dangerous sport, ada kata sifat dangerous yang menjelaskan
jenis olahraga yang sedang dibicarakan.
Dengan tambahan kata sifat extremely akan membuat arti noun yang dijelaskan semakin
jelas.
Masih bingung dengan noun phrase? Tonton penjelasannya di YouTube Titik Nol English di
sini: https://youtu.be/HRMdoJMcwhs
Kecuali untuk kata ganti orang ketiga (he/she/it), menggunakan Verb 1 + s/es.
Contoh kalimat
Untuk menunjukkan suatu fakta:
A week has seven days.
The ministers work under the supervision of the president.
A cow has four legs.
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Rumus tenses bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk membentuk kalimat present continuous
tense/present progressive tense ini adalah:
Subject + Is / Am / Are + Verb –ing (Continuous Form)
Kalimat Negatif
He is not working today, because he is sick.
James is not attending the party because of the rain.
Kalimat Tanya
Is Angela crying?
Subyek orang ke-3 tunggal/ benda tunggal menggunakan has. Selain itu menggunakan have.
Kalimat Positif
He has already finished his homework. ‘Dia sudah menyelesaikan PR-nya’.
She has attended her piano class. ‘Dia sudah menghadiri kelas pianonya.’
Kalimat Negatif
He has not been to Australia so far.
She has not completed her assignments.
Kalimat Tanya
Has he completed the arrangement for the coming event up to now?
Kalimat Negatif
He has not been speaking for the last 3 hours. ‘Dia belum bicara selama tiga jam terakhir.’
They have not been sleeping for days. ‘Dia belum tidur selama berhari-hari.’
Kalimat Tanya
Has he been playing the computer game all day?
Subject + Verb 2
Kalimat Positif
Last year, he always worked until night.
In 1945, Indonesia declared independence.
Kalimat Negatif
He did not go to school this morning.
They did not eat their dinner last night.
Kalimat Tanya
Did he pay the bill yesterday?
Kalimat Negatif
He was not doing his homework at this time yesterday.
She was not listening when the teacher called her name.
Kalimat Tanya
Was he writing the letter to his parents when I was out last Tuesday?
Dijawab dengan “Yes, he was.” Atau “No, he was not.”
Kalimat Positif
He had finished his designs before he went to work yesterday. ‘Dia telah menyelesaikan
desainnya sebelum dia pergi kerja kemarin.’
Budi had been born when Soeharto stepped down from presidency. ‘Budi telah dilahirkan
ketika Soeharto lengser dari kepresidenan.’
Kalimat Negatif
He had not been a high school student until last year.
Kalimat Tanya
Had he entered the company before he achieved his master’s degree in 1990?
Kalimat Negatif
Doni had not been visiting her mom for almost a year and then COVID-19 came.
‘Doni belum mengunjungi ibunya selama hampir setahun dan kemudian COVID-19 datang.’
Kalimat Tanya
Had he been speaking for the whole class before I entered?
Atau
Subject + Be (Is / Are / Am) + Going to + Verb 1 (present form)
Kalimat Positif
He is going to be a journalist after he graduates next year.
Kalimat Negatif
He will not play computer games anymore because he understands how harmful they are.
Kalimat Tanya
Will he go to the cinema tomorrow with us?
Kalimat Positif
He will be delivering the speech to undergraduates at 3 p.m tomorrow afternoon.
Kalimat Tanya
Will he be playing football next morning in the playground?
Kalimat Positif
He will have finished the task by next Monday.
Kalimat Negatif
He will not have finished the given task by tomorrow evening.
Kalimat Tanya
Will he have finished the task in a week?
Kalimat Positif
He will have been taking charge of the team for the next hour.
Kalimat Negatif
He will not have been doing the task for the last couple of hours.
Kalimat Tanya
Will he have been doing the research all day long?
atau
Kalimat Positif
He said that he would leave in three days.
Kalimat Negatif
He did not promise that he would buy you a new computer.
Kalimat Tanya
Did you tell him when I would arrive?
Kalimat Positif
I made a promise that I would be doing my homework all day long tomorrow.
Kalimat Negatif
I did not tell anyone that I would be giving a speech to undergraduates for the next whole
morning.
Kalimat Tanya
Did you say that you would be working hard in the next week?
Kalimat Positif
He told the students that they should have finished the homework this morning.
‘Dia memberi tahu siswa-siswa bahwa mereka seharusnya telah menyelesaikan PR-nya pagi
tadi.’
Kalimat Negatif
He said that he would not have made such a mistake if he had taken my advice.
‘Dia berkata bahwa dia tidak akan melakukan kesalahan seperti itu jika dia mendengarkan
nasehatku.’
Kalimat Tanya
Did you say that you would have been a doctor in three years?
Subject + Should / Could / Would Have + Been + Verb –ing (Continuous Form)
Kalimat Positif
I heard that you should have been teaching here for ten years by this July.
‘Kudengar kamu seharusnya sudah mengajar di sini selama sepuluh tahun Juli ini.’
Kalimat Negatif
I did not know that he would have been working for the past three hours by that time.
Kalimat Tanya
Would he have been explaining to the workers if he had made the information clear?
Masih bingung dengan tenses? Tonton penjelasannya di YouTube Titik Nol English di sini:
https://youtu.be/B2IldXHBDA0
Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah bentuk kalimat yang subjeknya tidak melakukan aksi
melainkan menerima aksi.
Misalnya dalam Bahasa Indonesia, kalimat pasif ditandai dengan adanya kata kerja di-, seperti:
disapu, disetir, dimakan, dan sebagainya.
Hal ini juga berlaku dalam Bahasa Inggris sehigga kata kerja biasanya akan ditambahkan
akhiran -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne.
Contohnya:
Some flowers are planted by my parents.
My phone was stolen.
Simple past
Tense ini memiliki rumus: S + was/were + v3.
Contoh kalimat:
She was picked up by his father.
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We were confused by the unclear regulation that was announced on campus.
Simple future
Tense ini memiliki rumus: S + will be + v3.
Contoh kalimat:
It will be made into a nice sweater.
The leftover will be eaten by stray cats.
My office mate will be placed in another city.
Present continuous
Pada tense ini, kamu bisa membentuk kalimat dengan rumus: S + is/am/are + being + V3.
Contoh kalimat:
The tasks are being done by herself.
The trophy is being won by our team.
Our used clothes are being sold for charity.
Past continuous
Adapun rumusnya adalah S + was/were + being +V3.
Contoh kalimat:
My neighbor’s house was being robbed last night.
The trees were being cut every day.
She was being lifted by a police officer.
Future continuous
Rumus yang digunakan dalam tense ini adalah S + will be + V3.
Contoh kalimat:
This room will be cleaned at the moment.
Those racks will be emptied for some new stuff.
My favorite series will be released next summer.
Will
Will merupakan modal present yang artinya “akan”. Will dapat digunakan untuk:
b. Membuat Prediksi
The sky will be clear tomorrow.
(Langit akan cerah besok.)
c. Menanyakan Permintaan
Will you have lunch with me?
(Maukah kamu makan siang bersama saya?)
Would
Would adalah memiliki arti yang sama dengan will. Namun, would merupakan modal past,
dan bisa juga digunakan untuk kalimat yang lebih formal, contohnya:
b. Membuat Keyakinan
I believe that our team would become a winner.
(Saya percaya bahwa tim kita akan menjadi juara.)
c. Menanyakan permintaan
Would you help me to do my assignment?
(Maukah kamu membantu saya mengerjakan tugas?)
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Can
Can modal verb memiliki arti dapat atau bisa. Sama seperti will, can juga merupakan modal
present. Dapat digunakan untuk:
a. Menyatakan Kemampuan
I can show you the magic.
(Saya dapat memperlihatkan sulap kepadamu.)
b. Meminta Izin
Can I go home now?
(Bisakah saya pulang sekarang?)
c. Menyatakan Kemungkinan
It can be fun if he is here right now.
(Akan sangat menyenangkan jika dia ada di sini sekarang.)
Could
Could memiliki arti yang sama dengan can. Hanya saja, could merupakan modal past dan
digunakan untuk berbicara dengan lebih formal. Fungsinya untuk hal-hal di bawah ini.
a. Menyatakan Kemampuan
When I was still in senior high school, I could study all night.
(Saat saya masih SMA, saya bisa belajar sepanjang malam.)
b. Meminta izin
Could I sit here? Another chair is full.
(Bisakah saya duduk di sini? Kursi lainnya penuh.)
c. Menyatakan Kemungkinan
It could be very hard if you don’t help me.
(Akan menjadi sangat sulit jika kamu tidak membantu saya.)
May
May merupakan modal present yang artinya “mungkin”. Penggunaan dalam kalimat seperti
contoh di bawah ini.
a. Menyatakan Kemungkinan
Maya may come after doing her work.
(Maya mungkin akan datang setelah dia menyelesaikan pekerjaannya.)
c. Menyatakan Saran
You may not eat lobster if you have an allergy to seafood.
(Kamu sebaiknya tidak memakan lobster jika kamu memiliki alergi makanan laut.)
Might
Might artinya sama dengan may, tetapi dalam bentuk modal past. Perbedaan lainnya yaitu
might menyatakan kemungkinan yang lebih tidak pasti, dan menyatakan hal dengan lebih
formal. Contohnya seperti berikut:
a. Menyatakan Kemungkinan
Jenny might go to Bali next year.
(Jenny mungkin ke Bali tahun depan.)
b. Menyatakan Penawaran
Might I offer you to do assignments?
(Bolehkah saya menawarkan anda untuk mengerjakan tugas?)
c. Menyatakan kalimat yang terbukti tidak terjadi di masa lampau. Kata might harus
diikuti dengan have.
Father might have asked Toni to join the
(Ayah mungkin sudah meminta Toni untuk mengikuti kompetisi.)
d. Meminta Izin
If Adele has a concert in Indonesia, might I go to the concert?
(Jika Adele mengadakan konser di Indonesia, bolehkah saya ke sana?)
Must
Must merupakan modal present yang bisa juga diganti dengan have to atau has to. Secara
umum, must artinya harus. Jika diikuti dengan not, maka akan menjadi larangan. Contoh
kalimat sebagai berikut:
a. Menyatakan Keharusan
You must meet your teacher now.
(Kamu harus menemui gurumu sekarang.)
c. Menyatakan Kepastian
Final exam must be easy for you.
(Ujian akhir pasti mudah bagimu.)
Ought to
Ought to termasuk ke dalam modal present yang berfungsi menunjukkan mana yang lebih
tepat. Contoh penerapan dalam kalimat ada di bawah ini:
a. Menyatakan Kewajiban
We ought to eat now before we perform.
(Kita harus makan sekarang sebelum kita tampil.)
b. Menyatakan Saran
You ought to use sunscreen to protect your skin.
(Kamu harus menggunakan sunscreen untuk menjaga kulitmu.)
Shall
Shall termasuk dalam modal present. Namun, shall hanya bisa digunakan oleh subjek orang
pertama seperti I dan we. Secara umum, shall digunakan dalam situasi formal. Contoh modal
verb sentences:
a. Menyatakan Kewajiban
We shall give the management report to the finance manager next week.
(Kita harus menyerahkan laporan manajemen kepada manajer keuangan minggu depan.)
b. Menyatakan saran
Shall we tell manager about the incident?
(Haruskah kita memberi tahu manajer tentang insiden itu?)
Should
Should merupakan modal past yang lebih diartikan sebagai seharusnya. Should digunakan
untuk memberi saran atau nasihat. Contohnya saat menyatakan saran atau nasihat, maka
bentuk kalimatnya sebagai berikut:
2. Antara kata modal auxiliary dengan kata kerja tidak boleh dihubungkan dengan “to”
Salah: They can to take this paper to that room.
Benar: They can take this paper to that room.
3. Jika modal auxiliary bentuk lampau maka kata kerja yang digunakan harus tetap kata
kerja bentuk pertama (infinitive).
Salah: They could sang at the karaoke until midnight.
Benar: They could sing at the karaoke until midnight.
Selain menggunakan who, adjective clause juga bisa menggunakan that, where, when, whom,
whose, which untuk menghubungkan dengan klausa utamanya.
Contoh:
The car which I bought last night is now dragged by the policeman.
A 70-year-old man, whose house was recently struck by lightning, said he lost everything.
I can remember the time when cell phones didn’t exist.
Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.
The reason why Sandra went to law school is that she didn’t want to be a doctor.
She is a woman who works hard to support her only child.
The man whom you saw last night is my uncle.
The blue short hair woman, whose bike had a flat tire, works as a waiter at Wendy’s.
I still remember the day when you fell asleep in the office’s meeting room.
This is the reason why she left you for another man.
Masih bingung dengan adjective clause? Tonton penjelasannya di YouTube Titik Nol English
di sini: https://youtu.be/vYR8rHQBfXk
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