Prevention of common
ICU complication
Emil Huriani
1
9/8/2021
2
9/8/2021
Penelitian
• Perawat memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang tinggi tentang VAP Bundle.
• Perawat sesuai melakukan penerapan VAP Bundle.
• Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan penerapan VAP
Bundle (p<0.05).
Sri Idawati, Emil Huriani, Reni Prima Gusty. (2017). Tingkat Pengetahuan Perawat Dan Penerapan Ventilator
Associated Pneumonia Bundle Di Ruang Perawatan Intensif. NERS: Jurnal Keperawatan, Volume 13, No. 1,
Maret 2017, (Hal. 34-41)
3
9/8/2021
Nutrition bundle
Pengkajian malnutrisi
Pencegahan aspirasi,
VanBlarcom A, McCoy MA. New Nutrition Guidelines: Promoting Enteral Nutrition via a
Nutrition Bundle. Crit Care Nurse. 2018 Jun;38(3):46-52. doi: 10.4037/ccn2018617. PMID:
29858195.
4
9/8/2021
5
9/8/2021
Atelectasis
Penyakit paru-paru di mana alveolus tidak terisi oleh udara
sehingga paru-paru kolaps
Causes
• Immobility
• Pain with respiratory effort
Intervention
• Encourage early ambulation.
• Provide adequate pain control.
• Encourage the use of an incentive spirometer.
• Provide supplemental oxygen for the first 3 postoperative days.
• Use continuous positive airway pressure or bi-level positive
airway pressure as ordered.
Interventions
• Ubah posisi pasien setiap 2 jam.
• Gunakan terapi rotasi sesuai pesanan.
• Pantau ketat untuk penurunan atau suara napas abnormal.
• Berikan perawatan mulut.
• Pastikan asupan nutrisi yang cukup.
• Mempermudah pengeluaran sekret.
6
9/8/2021
Cardiac arrhythmias
Causes
• Infiltrasi sistem konduksi oleh lemak dan fibrosis cabang berkas
Interventions
• Pantau detak jantung dan ritme melalui pemantauan jantung
terus menerus.
• Beri tahu praktisi tentang aritmia yang signifikan.
• Berikan obat sesuai pesanan.
• Ikuti pedoman resusitasi kardiopulmoner dan ACLS yang sesuai.
Causes
• Immobility
• Venous stasis
• Impaired coagulation
• Pulmonary hypertension
Interventions
• Bantu dengan ambulasi dini.
• Terapkan perangkat kompresi berurutan ke ekstremitas bawah seperti yang
diperintahkan.
• Berikan antikoagulan sesuai pesanan.
• Dapatkan terapi fisik dan konsultasi terapi okupasi.
• Sediakan alat bantu dan gunakan lift sesuai kebutuhan.
• Pelajari bagaimana pasien bangun dari tempat tidur di rumah.
• Gunakan tempat tidur bariatrik sesuai pesanan.
7
9/8/2021
Hyperglycemia
Causes Interventions
• Stress • Monitor blood glucose levels
closely.
• Administer appropriate
therapy.
Causes Interventions
• Accumulation of drug in • Carefully monitor clinical
adipose tissue response and serum drug
• Increased glomerular filtration levels.
rate with normal renal • Observe for signs of toxicity
function and notify the practitioner.
• Consult the pharmacist.
• Monitor appropriate
laboratory values such as
creatinine clearance.
8
9/8/2021
Respiratory failure
Causes Interventions
• High oxygen consumption • Assist with intubation. Because intubating an
obese patient is usually more difficult due to
limited neck mobility, limited mouth opening,
• Decreased functional residual and the presence of an underbite or receding
chin, assist the patient into a ramped position by
capacity elevating the upper body and head until
horizontal alignment is achieved between the ear
• Decreased expiratory reserve and sternal notch.
volume • Initiate mechanical ventilation with a tidal
volume of 5 to 7 ml/kg, based on ideal (not
actual) body weight and add positive end
• Decreased total lung capacity expiratory pressure, as ordered.
• Diaphragmatic fatigue • Position the patient in reverse Trendelenburg
position at 45 degrees.
• Secure endotracheal tube to prevent
displacement.
Causes Interventions
• Decreased vascularity of • Inspect folds of the patient’s breasts, back,
abdomen, and perineum for signs of breakdown
adipose tissue and infection.
• Provide meticulous skin care, especially in the
• Moisture and incontinence perineal area.
• Position tubes so that the patient doesn’t lay on
• Immobility them
• Pressure within skin folds • Reposition the patient every 2 hours. Be sure to
also reposition large abdominal panniculus. Use
related to tubes, catheters rotation therapy as ordered.
• Learn how the patient gets out of bed at home.
• Ill-fitting chair or wheelchair
• Use properly sized equipment.
or improperly sized bed and
• Use a bariatric bed as ordered.
equipment
• Use caution when moving the patient to prevent
friction of skin moving on skin.
• Provide adequate nutrition.
9
9/8/2021
Risk
Assessment
Skin
Repositioning
Assessment
Support
Nutrition
Surfaces
Xiao-Lin Zuo, Fan-Jie Meng. (2015). A care bundle for pressure ulcer treatment in
intensive care units. International journal of nursing sciences 2 (2015) 340-347
Pharmacology
In Intensive Care
10
9/8/2021
Medication safety
• Informasi pasien: Kumpulkan informasi penting tentang pasien
pada saat peresepan, penyerahan, dan pemberian obat.
• Informasi obat: Berikan informasi obat yang akurat dan dapat
digunakan kepada semua praktisi layanan kesehatan yang terlibat
dalam proses penggunaan obat.
• Komunikasi informasi obat: Miskomunikasi antara dokter,
apoteker, dan perawat adalah penyebab umum kesalahan
pengobatan.
• Pelabelan, pengemasan, dan nomenklatur obat: Nama obat yang
mirip atau terdengar mirip, serta produk yang memiliki pelabelan
obat yang membingungkan dan kemasan obat yang tidak berbeda
secara signifikan berkontribusi pada kesalahan pengobatan.
• Penyimpanan, stok, standarisasi, dan distribusi obat:
Standarisasi waktu pemberian obat, konsentrasi obat, dan
pembatasan konsentrasi dosis obat yang tersedia di area
perawatan pasien akan mengurangi risiko kesalahan pengobatan
atau meminimalkan konsekuensinya jika terjadi kesalahan.
11
9/8/2021
12
9/8/2021
Gastrointestinal pharmacology
• Antacids
• H2 Antagonists: Ranitidine and Variceal Hemorrhage:
famotidine
• Other Agents: Sucralfate • Vasopressin
• Octreotide
Acute Peptic Ulcer • Propranolol
Bleeding
• Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Pantoprazole and esomeprazole
13
9/8/2021
Calculation:
• 5 mcg/kg/min × 70 kg = 350 mcg/min
• 350 mcg/min × 60 min/h = 21,000 mcg/h
• 21,000 mcg/h ÷ 2000 mcg/mL = 10.5 mL/h
Answer: Setting the infusion pump at 10.5 mL/h will deliver dobutamine
at a dose of 5 mcg/kg/min.
Calculation:
• 50 mcg/min × 60 min/h = 3000 mcg/h
• 3000 mcg/h ÷ 200 mcg/mL = 15 mL/h
14
9/8/2021
Case Question 3. Calculate the IV loading dose and infusion rate in milliliters
per hour for a 70-kg patient requiring aminophylline 0.6 mg/kg/h using an
aminophylline admixture of 1 g in D5W 500 mL. The loading dose should be
diluted in D5W 100 mL and infused over 30 minutes.
Calculation:
• Loading dose: 6 mg/kg × 70 kg = 420 mg
• 420 mg ÷ 25 mg/mL = 16.8 mL
• Infusion rate: Aminophylline 16.8 mL + D5W 100 mL =
• 116.8 mL
• 116.8 mL ÷ 0.5/h = 233.6 mL/h
Answer: Setting the infusion pump at 234 mL/h will infuse the aminophylline loading dose
over 1/2 hour.
• Maintenance dose: 0.6 mg/kg/h × 70 kg = 42 mg/h
• 42 mg/h ÷ 2 mg/mL = 21 mL/h
15