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PENGERTIAN KARBOHIDRAT
Awal:
Monosakarida
Memiliki atom karbon 3 sampai 7
Setiap atom karbon memiliki gugus
hidroksil, keton atau aldehida.
Setiap molekul monosakarida memiliki
1 gugus keton atau 1 gugus aldehida
Gugus aldehida selalu berada di atom C
pertama
Gugus keton selalu berada di atom C kedua
Monosakarida
Aldosa (mis: glukosa) memiliki Ketosa (mis: fruktosa) biasanya
gugus aldehida pada salah satu memiliki gugus keto pada atom C2.
ujungnya.
H O
C CH2OH
H C OH C O
HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-glucose D-fructose
Notasi D vs L
Aldehida dapat H H
bereaksi
dengan alkohol C O + R' OH R' O C OH
membentuk R R
hemiasetal. aldehida alkohol hemiasetal
Keton dapat R R
bereaksi C O + "R OH "R O C OH
dengan alkohol
R' R'
membentuk
keton alkohol hemiketal
hemiketal.
Pentosa dan 1CHO
heksosa dapat H C OH
2
membentuk struktur
HO C H D-glukosa
siklik melalui reaksi 3
gugus keton atau H C OH (bentuk linier)
4
aldehida dengan H C OH
gugus OH dari atom 5
C asimetrik terjauh. CH2OH
6
Glukosa membentuk 6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH
hemiasetal intra- 5 5
H O H H O OH
molekular sebagai
H H
hasil reaksi aldehida 4 OH H 1 4 OH H 1
dari C1 & OH dari OH OH OH H
2 3 2
atom C5, dinamakan 3
cincin piranosa. H OH H OH
a-D-glukosa b-D-glukosa
2C O
HO 3C H
HOH2C6 O 1CH2OH
H 4C OH 5 H HO 2
H 5C OH H 4 3 OH
OH H
6CH2OH
D-fruktosa
(linear) a-D-fruktofuranosa
a-D-glukopiranosa b-D-glukopiranosa
CH2OH H C OH H C OH
H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH H C OH
HO C H
Oksidator
HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2 O H
H O H H O H
H H
OH H OH H
OH OH OH O OH
H NH 2 H N C CH 3
H
a-D-glukosamina a-D-N-asetilglukosamina
H OH H OH
H O H2O H O
HO HO
HO H + CH3- OH HO H
H OH H OH
H OH H OCH3
a-D-glukopiranosa metanol Metil-a-D-glukopiranosa
6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH
Disaccharides: 5 O 5 O
H H H H
Maltose, a cleavage H
1
H
1
4 H 4 H
OH OH
product of starch (e.g.,
O OH
amylose), is a OH 3 2 3 2
2 glucoses. H
5 O H
5 O OH
It is the a anomer (C1 O 4
H
OH H 1 O 4
H
OH H 1
points down). OH H H
3 2 3 2
H OH H OH
cellobiose
Cellobiose, a product of cellulose breakdown, is the otherwise
equivalent b anomer (O on C1 points up).
The b(1® 4) glycosidic linkage is represented as a zig-zag, but
one glucose is actually flipped over relative to the other.
Other disaccharides include:
Sucrose, common table sugar, has a glycosidic bond
linking the anomeric hydroxyls of glucose & fructose.
Because the configuration at the anomeric C of glucose
is a (O points down from ring), the linkage is a(12).
The full name of sucrose is a-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-
b-D-fructopyranose.)
Lactose, milk sugar, is composed of galactose &
glucose, with b(14) linkage from the anomeric OH of
galactose. Its full name is b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 4)-
a-D-glucopyranose
Polysaccharides
CH 2OH 6CH OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH
2
O 5 O H O H O H H O H
H H H H H
H H H H H
OH H 1 4 OH H 1 OH H OH H OH H
O O O O OH
OH 2
3
H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH
amylose