diukur dari plika anterior kiri dan kanan. tonsils just outside of the tonsillar fossa and occupy
<25% of the oropharyngeal width
Untuk derajat lengkapnya : (thx to pdf tepia<3)
Granulasi : atau granular adalah permukaan tidak rata, jaringan fibrosa dari bekuan darah,
sebelum terbentuknya jaringan baru, dapat juga karna suatu proses inflamasi,
Granuloma: lebih besar dari nodul:
Laringoskopi indirek : Laringoskopi merupakan pemeriksaan laring yang digunakan untuk
menginspeksi nasofaring, hipofaring, dan glotis. Teknik pemeriksaan untuk laringoskopi indirek ini
menggunakan kaca laring yang diposisikan pada posterior faring dengan tujuan memperjelas visualisasi
laring dengan menggunakan cahaya yang direfleksikan oleh kaca tersebut. Laringoskopi indirek
dilakukan menggunakan kaca laring (laryngeal mirror) atau flexible fiberoptic endoscope, dapat
mengidentifikasi kelainan2 laring dan faring baik akut maupun kronis, benigna atau maligna
Limfadenopati: perbesaran limfonodi, dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi, malignansi, proliferasi
berlebih limfosit, autoimun
Hoarseness is a common consequence of multiple vocal fold traumas for those who
use their voices professionally and may abuse them such as teachers and singers. This
commonly results in vocal fold tissue damage and hoarseness. A study in Brazil showed
that elementary and kindergarten school teachers have a higher rate of developing
dysphonia than middle and high school teachers.
WRVD is any form of vocal change directly related to the use of voice during a
professional activity that reduces, compromise, or prevents the performance and/or
communication ofthe worker, with or without some organic alteration of the larynx.11
WRVD is manifested by several signs and symptoms that may be present, concurrently or
not, varying according to the severity of the clinical presentation.8 The most common
symptoms are: fatigue when speaking (vocal fatigue), hoarseness, dry throat/mouth, effort
to speak, voice failure (‘‘breaking of the voice’’), loss of voice, hawking up, voice instability
or tremor, sore throat/pain when talking, a deeper voice, lack of vocal volume and
projection
Conceptually, the professional voice is defined as the form of oral communication used by
individuals who depend on it for a full occupational activity.5 That is, to characterize the
professional use of the voice, the individual must make a living through the voice
due to repetitive movement of the vocal folds, causing trauma (friction) of these vocal
folds, with appearance of an acute laryngeal inflammatory process.1,15 Concurrently,
there is tension in the vocal cords, usually as a result of an incorrect compensation in
cases of laryngitis,
https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S180886941400130X
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6130159/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458789/
The most common cause of hoarseness in adults is laryngitis, which is classified as acute or
chronic. Acute laryngitis is a common, self-limited condition lasting less than three to four
weeks. Common causes include acute vocal strain or upper respiratory infection. Short-term
vocal abuse (e.g., singing, screaming) or protracted coughing can cause microtrauma and focal
vocal fold edema. Hoarseness is often part of a constellation of upper respiratory symptoms
caused by viruses and less commonly by bacterial or fungal sources.5 Allergic rhinitis is another
common cause of acute laryngitis.
Chronic laryngitis is diagnosed when symptoms persist for more than three to four weeks. Long-
term inhalation of irritants (usually through smoking), reflux, chronic vocal strain, and postnasal
drip are common causes. Irritation of vocal fold mucosa by reflux can be caused by
laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Medications are
another common cause of chronic laryngitis
● Acute and chronic laryngitis (accounting for 42.1% and 9.7% of cases respectively)
● Functional dysphonia (30%)
● Benign and malignant tumors (10.7 to 31.0% and 2.2 to 3.0% respectively)
● Neurogenic factors such as vocal cord paralysis (2.8 to 8%)
● Physiological aging (2%)
● Psychogenic factors (2.0 to 2.2%) (1, e5).
● Saliva can help neutralize stomach acid, but production of saliva is reduced during
deeper stages of sleep.
● Reflux induced cough is more frequently dry
● A disorder of the salivary glands with hyposcialia should contribute to the genesis of LPR
on account of the decreasing of one of the oesophageal clearance mechanisms.
Certainly, the chronic xerostomia is associated with prolonged oesophageal exposure to
the acid and oesophagitis 7, even if these data are in contrast with the absence, in
patients with GERD, of abnormal impaired salivary function 8.
● The most common symptoms of LPR are excessive throat clearing, coughing,
hoarseness, and globus pharyngeus (“lump in the throat sensation”).1 Hoarseness is
generally a fluctuating symptom that occurs in the morning and improves during the day.
● Because acid reflux usually is worse when lying down, the hoarseness caused by
GERD often is most noticeable in the morning right after awakening
5. Apa kaitan tidak kesulitan menelan makanan dengan keluhan utama pasien?
· Kesulitan menelan maka ada masalah dibagian esofagus atau faring atau digestive
lainnya. Karena esofagitis memiliki manifestasi esofagitis itu ada disfagia dan ada
disfonia juga, selain itu laringofaringeal refluks juga memiliki manifestasi yang sama
dengan esofagitis, atau pun faringitis. Disfagia faring terlibat karena persarafan bersama
antara tenggorokan dan faring. Faring dan digestive dipersarafi oleh nervus vagus.
Kalau ada disfagia curiga karsinoma, GERD, LPR (laringofaringeal refluks), esofagitis, faringitis.
6. Apa kaitan tidak adanya sesak napas dengan keluhan utama pasien?
Minyak goreng yang dipanaskan melebihi titik didihnya akan menyebabkan kandungan gliserol di
dalamnya berubah menjadi akrolein. Rasa gatal pada tenggorokan sebenarnya disebabkan oleh akrolein,
senyawa yang terbentuk karena suhu pemanasan minyak goreng melebihi titik asapnya. Minyak goreng
yang baik memiliki titik asap yang tinggi. Makin tinggi titik asapnya, makin baik mutu minyak goreng
tersebut. Bila minyak digunakan berulang kali, maka akrolein semakin cepat terbentuk sehingga gorengan
yang dimakan menimbulkan batuk.
Akrolein merupakan iritan yang dapat mengiritasi mukosa laring sehingga menyebabkan sekresi mukus
berkurang. Akibatnya tenggorokan akan terasa kering dan suara serak (hoarshness).
Nah selain itu, goreng-gorengan, es dan makanan instant itu akan mengiritasi lambung dan ningkatin
asam lambung yang lama lama bisa iritasi dari sfingter esofagus atas maupun bawah jadinya bisa LPR
atau laryngopharyngeal reflux adalah inflamasi pada laryng dan faring krn adanya retrograde movement
dari isi gaster spt asam lambung dan ezim pepsin. Nah salah satu manifestasi klinis dari LPR ini adalah
dysfonia atau serak. Terus kan LPR sama GERD ini agak2 mirip ya sama2 reflux. Jd di sini aku tambahin
tabel utk bedainnya yaaa
Terus juga aku nemu banyak sumber yg mengatakan bahwa fast food, makanan goreng2 itu
faktor risiko utk terjadinya Ca laring dan faring.
Tidak ada keluhan di telinga: menyingkirkan kecurigaan bahwa hoarseness timbul akibat
laryngeal cancer karena laryngeal cancer dapat menimbulkan otalgia (sakit telinga) karena N.X
Primary and referred otalgia pathways of the vagus nerve (X). Cranial nerve X is involved with otalgia via the
auricular nerve of Arnold. Reprinted with permission from the American Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003;26:e157–
62)
Tidak ada limfadenopati: menyingkirkan dd penyebab gangguan adalah keganasan atau URI