Matebis Kuadrat

LEMBAR KERJA MAHASISWA
MATEMATIKA
JURUSAN MATEMATIKA
FAKULTAS MIPA
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
2015
LEMBAR KERJA MAHASISWA
MATA KULIAH:
MATEMATIKA
Disusun oleh:
Desak Putu Eka Nilakusmawati, S.Si., M.Si.
Luh Putu Ida Harini, S.Si., M.Sc.
Nama Mahasiswa :
NIM :
JURUSAN MATEMATIKA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
2015
Lembar Kerja Mahasiswa Matematika, MA-111620
KATA PENGANTAR
Kebutuhan akan perangkat pembelajaran bagi mahasiswa yang mengambil

mata kuliah Matematika (MA-111620) di Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA,
Universitas Udayana merupakan pertimbangan disusunnya Lembar Kerja
Mahasiswa (LKM) ini. Pemanfaatan LKM ini sebagai perangkat pembelajaran
diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan pembelajaran di kelas, dan diharapkan akan
berdampak pada peningkatan hasil belajar mahasiswa pada mata kuliah
Matematika di Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA Universitas Udayana.
Materi-materi yang disajikan dalam LKM ini disusun dalam enam bab,
meliputi: Pendahuluan, Fungsi dan Limit Fungsi, Turunan Fungsi, Penggunaan
Turunan, Integral, dan Penggunaan Integral. Materi-materi dari LKM ini diambil
dari berbagai sumber (text book, internet, diktat, dan sumber lainnya) yang
disarikan sedemikian rupa dan disusun disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pengguna.
Dalam setiap bab menguraikan teori-teori secara singkat, disertai dengan contoh-
contoh soal dan penyelesaian, sehingga diharapkan dapat membantu mahasiswa
untuk memahami isi materi. Pada setiap bab berisikan materi pokok bab dan
dilanjutkan dengan lembar kerja yang berisi soal-soal, yang merupakan tugas
terstruktur untuk dikerjakan oleh mahasiswa. Lembar kerja pada setiap bab
disusun sesuai dengan urutan sub-sub bab, dan disusun dari soal yang paling
sederhana dengan tingkat kesulitan rendah sampai pada soal yang lebih kompleks.
Lembar kerja dalam LKM ini dirancang untuk dikerjakan secara mandiri dan
dipandu oleh dosen pengampu mata kuliah, dengan tujuan untuk dapat
meningkatkan pemahaman mahasiswa tentang konsep dari materi yang disajikan
pada setiap bab dari LKM ini. Penilaian sebagian besar diberikan bobot pada
penilaian proses.
Akhir kata, “tiada gading yang tak retak”, keterbatasan dari isi LKM ini
memerlukan penyempuraan lebih lanjut di masa mendatang. Walaupun demikian,
diharapkan LKM ini dapat memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya bagi
pengguna.
Denpasar, 23 September 2015
Penyusun
i
DAFTAR ISI
PENGANTAR …………………………………..…………………………………………............................ i
DAFTAR ISI …………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
I. PENDAHULUAN…………………….……………………..………………………............................ 1
1.1 Sistem Bilangan Real …………………………………………………………..…..………… 1
1.2 Persamaan dan Pertidaksamaan ………………………………………………………... 3
1.3 Nilai Mutlak ………………………………………..…………………………………………….. 7
1.4 Sistem Koordinat Kartesius ………….……..…………………………………………….. 9
1.5 Persamaan Garis Lurus …………………………………………………………………….. 13
Lembar Kerja 1 ..……………………………………………………………………………………... 14
Lembar Kerja 2 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 22
II. FUNGSI DAN LIMIT FUNGSI ………….………………………………………………………... 30

2.1 Fungsi dan Grafiknya …………………………………………………………..…..………… 30
2.2 Operasi pada Fungsi …………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.3 Fungsi Trigonometri ………….……………………………………………………………… 34
2.4 Limit Fungsi ………………………………………………..……………………………………. 36
Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 39
III. TURUNAN FUNGSI ………………………………..……………………………………………… 45

3.1 Pengertian dan Sifat Turunan …..……...…………………………………..…..………… 45
3.2 Aturan Rantai ………………….……………………………….………………………………… 49
3.3 Turunan Fungsi Implisit dan Fungsi Parametrik ..………………………………… 50
3.4 Turunan Fungsi Trigonometri ..…………………………………………………………… 51
3.5 Turunan Tingkat Tinggi ..……………………………………………………..……………… 51
Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 54
Lembar Kerja 2 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 63
IV. PENGGUNAAN TURUNAN ……………….......………………………………………………….. 70

4.1 Maksimum dan Minimum …..………………………………………………..…..………… 70
4.2 Uji Turunan Pertama …...….……………………………………………………………….… 72
4.3 Uji Turunan Kedua ..…………………………..……………………………………………… 74
Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 77
V. INTEGRAL ……………………………………...………………………………………………………... 82
5.1 Integral ……………………………………………………………………..….……..…...………… 82
5.2 Integral Tak Tentu …...….……………………….……..……………………………………… 82
5.3 Pemakaian Integral Tak Tentu ..…………………..……….………………..…………… 83
5.4 Integral Fungsi Trigonometri …….…………………….………………………………….. 84
5.5 Integral dengan Substitusi .…..……………………………………………………………… 85
5.6 Integral Parsial .…..……………………………………………………………………………… 85
5.7 Integral Tentu .…..…………………………..…………………………………………………… 86
ii
Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 87

Lembar Kerja 2 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 95
VI. PENGGUNAAN INTEGRAL ……………………………………………………………………... 106

6.1 Luas Daerah Bidang Rata ….……..…...…………………………..……………………….… 106
6.2 Volume Benda Putar …………………………………..……………………………………… 109
6.3 Panjang Busur ……………………..……………………..……………………………………… 115
6.4 Luas Permukaan Benda Putar ……………………………………..……………………… 117
Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 122
Lembar Kerja 2 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 131
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ………………………………………………………….………………………….. 140
iii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep–konsep dasar dalam menyelesaikan
ketaksamaan, sistem koordinat cartesius dalam penerapannya secara luas
(rumus jarak, persamaan lingkaran, kemiringan garis, persamaan garis sejajar
dan tegak lurus, perpotongan antar grafik dan skets grafik).
Indikator Pencapaian:
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Memahami sistem Bilangan Riil: Definisi dan sifat-sifatnya;
 Menyelesaikan Ketaksamaan dengan mencari himpunan pemecahannya;
 Menjelaskan definisi dan sifat-sifat dari Nilai Mutlak
 Memahami Sistem Koordinat Cartesius ;
 Menentukan Kemiringan garis dan Menentukan Persamaan Garis: melalui
dua titik; garis-garis sejajar & garis-garis tegak lurus;
3.1 Sistem Bilangan Real
Untuk memudahkan dalam memahami konsep sistem bilangan real, berikut

diberikan beberapa bilangan dan himpunan bilangan, sebagai berikut:
1. Himpunan bilangan Asli (Natural)
Himpunan bilangan asli dinotasikan dengan N dan anggota-anggota bilangan
asli adalah 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... sehingga N {1,2,3,4,5,6,...}
Bilangan asli tertutup terhadap operasi penjumlahan dan perkalian, artinya
untuk setiap a, b bilangan asli maka (a+b) dan (a.b) bilangan asli. Oleh karena
itu, himpunan semua bilangan asli membentuk suatu sistem sistem bilangan asli.
2. Bilangan cacah (whole)
Bilangan cacah dilambangkan dengan W dan anggota-anggota bilangan cacah
adalah 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., sehingga W  {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,...}. Bilangan cacah tertutup
terhadap operasi penjumlahan dan perkalian, artinya untuk setiap a, b bilangan
cacah maka (a+b) dan (a.b) bilangan cacah.
3. Sistem bilangan asli bersama-sama dengan bilangan nol dan lawan dari
bilangan-bilangan asli membentuk sistem bilangan bulat. Bilangan bulat
1
dinotasikan dengan Z yang anggota-anggotanya adalah ...-3, -2, -,1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...,

sehingga
Z {...  3,2,2,0,1,2,3,...}.
4. Bilangan pecahan atau bilangan rasional (quotient). Bilangan rasional adalah
a
bilangan yang secara umum dinyatakan dengan Q  . a, b  Z , b  0
b
1 2 22
Contoh: p  ; q   ; r 
3 11 7
Bilangan-bilangan rasional di atas, dapat dinyatakan dalam bilangan-bilangan
1 2
desimal, yaitu: p   0,33333333... ; q    0,285714285714285714... ; dan
3 11
22
r  3,142857142857148...
7
Sifat-sifat Sistem Bilangan Real

Untuk sebarang a, b, c, d  bilangan real berlaku sifat-sifat sebagai berikut:
1) Sifat komutatif
(i). a  b  b  a (ii ). a.b  b.a
2) Sifat asosiatif
(i). a  b  c   a  b   c  a  b  c
(ii ). a.b.c   a.b .c  a.b.c
3) Sifat distibutif perkalian terhadap penjumlahan
a.(b  c)  (a.b)  (a.c)
a 1
4) (i).  a. , b0
b b
a c (a.d )  (b.c)
(ii).   , b  0, d  0
b d b.d
a c a.c
(iii). .  , b  0, d  0
b d b.d
5) (i). a.(b)  (a).b  (a.b)
(ii). (a).(b)  a.b
(iii).  (a)  a
0
6) (i).  0 , untuk setiap bilangan a  0 .
a
a
(ii). tak terdefinisikan.
0
2
a
(iii).  1 , untuk setiap bilangan a  0 .
a
7) Hukum kanselasi
(i). Jika a.c  b.c dan c  0 maka a  b .
a.c a
(ii). Jika b, c  0 maka  .
b.c b
8) Sifat pembagi nol
Jika a.b  0 maka a  0 atau b  0 .
Garis Bilangan
Secara geometris, sistem bilangan real (R) dapat digambarkan dengan garis
lurus. Mula-mula diambil sebarang titik untuk dipasangkan dengan bilangan 0. Titik
ini dinamakan titik asal (origin), ditulis dengan O. Pada kedua sisi dari O dibuat
skala sama dan disepakati arah positif disebelah kanan O sedangkan arah negatif
disebelah kiri O. Selanjutnya, bilangan-bilangan bulat positif 1, 2, 3, … dapat
dipasangkan dengan masing-masing titik di kanan O dan bilangan-bilangan
 1,  2,  3, ... dengan titik-titik di sebelah kiri O. Dengan membagi setiap segmen,
1 2
maka dapat ditentukan lokasi untuk bilangan-bilangan ,  , 2, dst.
2 3
Perhatikan gambar berikut.
12
      
2 1 0 1 2 3
Gambar 1.1
Dengan cara demikian, maka setiap bilangan real menentukan tepat satu
titik pada garis lurus dan sebaliknya setiap titik pada garis lurus menentukan tepat
satu bilangan real. Oleh sebab itu, garis lurus sering disebut pula garis bilangan real.
1.2 Persamaan dan Pertidaksamaan

Persamaan adalah kalimat terbuka dalam matematika yang memuat satu
peubah atau lebih dengan tanda sama dengan (=).
2x  1 x
Contoh: 2 x  3  4 ; x 3  2 x 2  7 ; x 2  3x  4  0 ;  3;  x2
x x 1
Pertidaksamaan adalah kalimat terbuka dalam matematika yang memuat satu
peubah atau lebih dan tanda ketidaksamaan (<, >, , ).
3
x3
Contoh: 2 x  3  4 ; x 3  2 x 2  3 ; 2 x 3  2 x 2  5 ; x 2  2 x 2  8 ;  0;
2
2x  1 x 1
 3;  x 2; 4
x x 1 x 1
Himpunan semua bilangan real yang merupakan penyelesaian dari suatu
persamaan atau pertidaksamaan disebut himpunan penyelesaian. Sifat-sifat dan
hukum dalam R sangat membantu dalam menentukan penyelesaian persamaan
atau pertidaksamaan yang diberikan.
Contoh 1:
Tentukan penyelesaian persamaan x 2  3x  4  0
Jawab:
x 2  3x  4  0
 x 2  3x  4  0
 ( x  4)( x  1)  0
 ( x  4)  0 atau ( x  1)  0
 x  4 atau x  1
Jadi penyelesaian persamaan x 2  3x  4  0 adalah x = 4 atau x = -1
Contoh 2:
Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan 2 x  5  5x  7 .
Jawab:
2 x  5  5x  7
 2 x  5  5x  5  5x  7  5x  5
 3x  12
 3x.(1 3)  12.(1 3)
 x  4
Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan 2 x  5  5x  7 adalah x > -4
Contoh 3:
Tentukan penyelesaian x 2  5x  6  0
Jawab:
Dengan memfaktorkan ruas kiri pertidaksamaan, maka diperoleh:
x  2x  3  0
4
Telah diketahui bahwa hasil kali 2 bilangan real positif apabila ke dua faktor
positif atau ke dua faktor negatif. Oleh karena itu,
(i). Jika ke dua faktor positif maka:
x  2  0 dan x  3  0
 x  2 dan x  3
Sehingga diperoleh: x  3 .
(ii). Jika ke dua faktor negatif, maka:
x  2  0 dan x  3  0
 x  2 dan x  3
Diperoleh: x  2 .
Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 2  5x  6  0 adalah x < 2 atau x > 3.
Penyelesaian pertidaksamaan di atas dapat pula diterangkan sebagai berikut: Ruas

kiri pertidaksamaan bernilai nol jika x  2 atau x  3 . Selanjutnya, ke dua bilangan
ini membagi garis bilangan menjadi 3 bagian: x  2, 2  x  3, dan x  3 .
x<2 2<x<3 x>3
     
0 2 3 4
Gambar 1.2
Pada bagian x  2 , nilai ( x  2) dan ( x  3) keduanya negatif, sehingga hasil kali
keduanya positif. Pada segmen 2  x  3 , ( x  2) bernilai positif sedangkan ( x  3)
bernilai negatif. Akibatnya, hasil kali keduanya bernilai negatif. Terakhir, pada
bagian x  3 , ( x  2) dan ( x  3) masing-masing bernilai positif sehingga hasil kali
keduanya juga positif.
Tanda nilai
x2 x 3 ( x  2)( x  3) Kesimpulan
x<2 - - + Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
2<x<3 + - - Pertidaksamaan tidak dipenuhi
x>3 + + + Pertidaksaman dipenuhi
Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan adalah x < 2 atau x > 3.
5
Contoh 4:
Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1.

Jawab:
Apabila ke dua ruas pada pertidaksamaan di atas ditambah 1, maka diperoleh:
x3  2x 2  x  2  0
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)  0
Jika ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)  0 , maka diperoleh: x  1, x  1, atau x  2 .
Selanjutnya, perhatikan tabel berikut:
Nilai-nilai peubah x = -1, x = 1, x = 2 disebut titik kritis.
Tanda nilai/nilai
x 1 x 1 x2 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2) Kesimpulan
x < -1 - - - - Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
-1 < x < 1 + - - + Pertidaksamaan tidak dipenuhi
1<x<2 + + - - Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
x>2 + + + + Pertidaksamaan tidak dipenuhi
x = -1 0 -2 -3 0 Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
x=1 2 0 -1 0 Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
x=2 3 1 0 0 Pertidaksamaan dipenuhi
Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1 x  1 atau 1  x  2 .
Cara lain untuk menentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1.

adalah dengan menggunakan garis bilangan
x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1
 x3  2x 2  x  1  1  0
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)  0,
Sehingga titik kritis pertidaksamaan adalah
x  1, x  1, dan x  2
Dengan memilih satu titik sebarang disetiap interval diatas diperoleh:
--------- +++++++ --------- +++++++
1 1 2
Gambar 1.3
Berdasarkan garis bilangan di atas penyelesaian pertidaksamaan adalah
x  1 atau 1  x  2 .
Berdasarkan contoh di atas, penyelesaian suatu persamaan berupa titik (diskrit),
sedangkan selesaian pertidaksamaan berupa selang/interval (kontinu).
6
Selang
Diberikan sebarang dua bilangan real a dan b, dengan a  b .
Berturut-turut didefinisikan:
[a, b]  x a  x  b (a, b)  x a  x  b
[a, b)  x a  x  b (a, b]  x a  x  b
[a, )  x x  a (a, )  x x  a
(, a]  x x  a (, a)  x x  a
1.3 Nilai Mutlak

Misal x suatu bilangan real, nilai mutlak x dinotasikan dengan x dan
didefinisikan sebagai panjang atau jarak bilangan tersebut dari bilangan 0.

Definisi
Misal x real maka:
 x , untuk x  0
x  
 x, untuk x  0
Bentuk lain dari definisi di atas adalah: x  x2 .
Contoh:
5 5 2  2 2
8  8,  , 3  3 ,  2  (2)  2 ,       dst.
2 2 7  7 7
Selanjutnya, sifat-sifat nilai mutlak diterangkan sebagai berikut.
Sifat-sifat Nilai Mutlak

Sifat 1. Jika x, y  R maka:
a) x  0
b) x  0  x  0
c) x. y  x . y
x x
d)  , asal y  0
y y
e) x  y  x  y (Ketaksamaan segitiga)
f) x y  x  y
7
Secara geometris, nilai mutlak x  a dapat diartikan sebagai jarak dari a ke x.
Sebagai contoh, jika x  3  7 maka artinya x berjarak 7 unit di sebelah kanan atau
di sebelah kiri 3, seperti gambar di bawah.
7 unit 7 unit
                 
4 3 10
Gambar 1.4
Jadi penyelesaian x  3  7 adalah  4,10 .
Dengan mengingat nilai mutlak sebelumnya kiranya mudah dipahami sifat berikut:
Sifat 2. Jika a  0 , maka: x  a  x  a atau x  a .
Contoh:
x  4 berarti x  4 atau x  4
3x  5  3x  5 atau 3x  5
5 5
x atau x  
3 3
Dengan cara yang sama
2 x  3  7 berarti 2 x  3  7 atau 2 x  3  7
 2 x  10 atau 2 x  4
 x  5 atau x  2
Sifat 3. Jika a  0 , maka:
a) x  a  a  x  a .
b) x  a  x  a atau x  a .
Contoh:
Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan yang memuat nilai mutlak: 2 x  3  7 .
Jawab:
2 x  3  7  2 x  3  7 atau 2 x  3  7
 2 x  4 atau 2 x  10
 x  2 atau x  5
Jadi penyelesaian pertidaksamaan adalah x   2 atau x  5
8
Sifat 4:
x  y  a2  b2
Contoh:
Tentukan penyelesaian dari pertidaksamaan x  1  2 x  3
Jawab:
Menurut sifat 4 di atas, maka:
x 1  2 x  3
 x  1  2x  6
 ( x  1) 2  (2 x  6) 2
 x 2  2 x  1  4 x 2  24 x  36
 3x 2  22 x  35  0
 (3x  7)( x  5)  0
Titik kritis pertidaksamaan adalah x = 7/3 dan x = 5 sehingga gambar garis bilangan
+++++++++++ 7 / 5- - - - - - - - - - - - - +++++++
5
Gambar 1.5
Jadi penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x  1  2 x  3 adalah (- ,7 / 5)  (5, )
1.4 Sistem Koordinat Kartesius

Y
x0 x  0,
y0 y0
Kwadran II Kwadran I
X
Kwadran III Kwadran IV
x  0, x  0,
y0 y0
Gambar 1.6
Pada gambar 1.6, terdapat 4 bidang simetris yang dibatasi oleh sumbu-sumbu
koordinat (sumbu X dan Y), masing-masing bidang yang dibatasi oleh bidang
9
dinamakan kwadran. Terdapat 4 kwadran, yaitu kuadran I ( x  0, y  0), kwadran II

( x  0, y  0), kwadran III ( x  0, y  0), dan kwadran IV ( x  0, y  0).
Misalkan P( x, y) sebarang titik pada bidang XOY, maka titik tersebut
posisinya dapat dikwadran I, atau II, atau III, atau kwadran IV tergantung besaran x
dan y. Misal P( x, y) , maka x disebut absis, y disebut ordinat dan P( x, y) disebut
koordinat.
Perhatikan gambar berikut ini.
Misal P( x1 , y1 ) dan terletak di kwadran I hal ini berarti x1  0 dan y1  0 .
Y
P( x1 , y1 )
M (0, y1 )
y1
O(0,0) X
x1 M ( x1 ,0)
Gambar 1.7
Berdasarkan gambar di atas, terdapat segitiga yang salah satu sudutnya
siku-siku dititik M ( OPM ) . Menurut teorema Pythagoras
OP 2  OM 2  MP 2
 ( x1  0) 2  ( y1  0) 2
 x1  y1
2 2
OP  x1  y1
2 2
Bentuk ini dinamakan rumus jarak dua titik yang menghubungkan titik O(0,0)
dengan titik P( x1 , y1 )
Jarak antara Dua Titik pada Bidang

Misal titik P( x1 , y 1 ) dan titik Q( x2 , y 2 ) terletak pada bidang, maka jarak dua titik P
dan Q dapat dinyatakan dengan rumus
PQ  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
Untuk membuktikan rumus tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan
teorema Pythagoras.
10
Contoh:
Tentukan jarak titik P(3,5) dan Q(1,-6).
Jawab:
Untuk menentukan jarak titik P dan Q dapat digunakan rumus
PQ  ( xQ  x p ) 2  ( y Q  y P ) 2
= (1  3) 2  (6  5) 2
= (2) 2  (11) 2
= 4  121
=5 3
Gradien Garis Lurus Y
n Q( x 2 , y 2 )
M ( x, y)  Q' ( x 2 , y )
m

P( x1 , y1) M ' ( x, y1 ) R( x2 , y1 )
X
Gambar 1.8
Jika garis PQ pada gambar 1.8 diperpanjang, maka garis tersebut akan
memotong sumbu X atau sumbu Y. Sudut yang dibentuk oleh garis PQ dengan
sumbu X disebut disebut inklinasi. Selanjutnya perhatikan  PQR, menurut
perbandingan goniometri diperoleh
QR
tan  =
PR
y  y1
= 2
x 2  x1
Perbandingan goniometri tersebut selanjutnya disebut kemiringan atau gradien
atau tangensial dan dinotasian dengan
y2  y1
m  tan  
x2  x1
11
Dengan demikian gradien garis lurus didefinisikan sebagai tangen dari sudut
inklinasi. Misal l1 dan l 2 dua garis yang terletak pada sumbu koordinat, maka
beberapa hal yang mungkin adalah kedua garis sejajar, berpotongan, atau saling
tegak lurus. Jika l1 dan l 2 sejajar maka ml1  ml2
Jika l1 dan l 2 tegak lurus maka, perhatikan gambar di bawah ini

l1
l2
Y

1 2 X
Gambar 1.9
Karena l1 dan l 2 saling tegak lurus, maka    2  1 , sehingga
tan   tan ( 2  1 )
sin( 21 )

sin( 2  1 )
sin  2 cos 1  cos  2 sin 1

cos  2 cos 1  sin  2 sin 1
Jika masing-masing dibagi dengan cos  2 cos 1 diperoleh
tan  2  tan 1 m  m1
  2
1  tan  2 tan 1 1  m1 m2
Karena l1 dan l 2 tegak lurus, maka   90 o , sehingga 1  m1m2  0 atau m1m2  1
Catatan: Misal l1 dan l 2 dua garis dalam bidang yang sama, maka kemungkinan
kedua garis tersebut adalah:
1) Sejajar jika dan hanya jika ml1  ml2
2) Tegak lurus jika dan hanya jika ml1.ml2  1
3) Berimpit jika dan hanya ml1  ml2 dan koefisien-koefisiennya yang sejenis saling
berkelipatan
12
1.5 Persamaan Garis Lurus

Y
Q( x 2 , y 2 )
M ( x, y)
`
P( x1 , y1 )

X
Gambar 1.10
Menurut definisi kemiringan (gradien), garis PQ pada gambar di atas mempunyai

kemiringan
y 2  y1
tan   m  ,
x 2  x1
Misal M ( x, y) sebarang titik pada garis lurus PQ, maka dengan cara yang sama
dapat ditentukan gradien garis lurus PM.
y  y1
tan  
x  x1
y  y1
 tan   m 
x  x1
 y  y1  m( x  x1 )
 y  mx  mx1  y1
Karena m, x1 , y1  R , maka persamaan tersebut dapat ditulis dalam bentuk
y  mx  c, c  R .
Dengan kata lain, persamaan garis lurus yang melalui dua titik dengan gradien m
dapat dinyatakan dengan y  mx  c
A
Atau secara umum ditulis dalam bentuk Ax  By  C  0 dengan gradien m  
B
13
LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan dibawah ini!

a. 4 x  5  2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
b. 6 x  3  9 x  4
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2x  1
c. 1
x3
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
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14
2
d.  5
x2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Tentukan semua nilai x yang memenuhi !

a. x 3  4
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2x
b. 3
x2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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15
c. x4  x2.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2x
d. 3
x2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Buatlah ruas garis dan tentukan jarak antara pasangan titik yang diketahui
berikut ini:
a. P(4,5) dan Q(-1,3)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
16
b. P(8,-2) dan Q(3,-1)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Tentukan gradien dan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik-titik

a. (1,2) dan (2,3)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. (3,5) dan (7,-1)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
5. Tentukan nilai k sedemikian rupa sehingga garis 3x + ky = 5

a. melalui titik (3,1)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
17
b. sejajar sumbu x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
c. sejajar garis 2x + y = -1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
d. tegak lurus garis y-2 = 3(x+3)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
6. Diketahui dua garis lurus l1 dan l2, l1 dengan persamaan 2x-3y = 12, l2 dengan
persamaan 4x + 3y = 6. Lukiskan grafik kedua persamaan garis tersebut, dan
tentutakan titik potongnya!
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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18
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7. Tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang memenuhi kondisi yang diberikan berikut:
a. mempunyai slope 4 dan melalui titik (2, -3)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. Melalui dua titik (3,1) dan (-5,4)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
c. Melalui titik (-3, -4) dan sejajar sumbu Y

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
19
d. Melalui titik (1, -7) dan sejajar sumbu X

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
8. Tentukan persamaan garis lurus melalui (1, 3) dan (2, -2), nyatakan persamaan
dalam bentuk y = mx + b!
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
9. Untuk setiap titik-titik yang diberikan, tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang
melalui ketiga titik berikut!
a. (2,3), (-4, -7), (5,8)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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20
b. (-3, 6), (3, 2), (9,-2)

Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
10. Diketahui dua garis l1 dan l2, l1 dengan persamaan 2x + 3y - 5 = 0, l2 dengan

persamaan 3x + 5y – 8 = 0. Tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik
potong l1 dan l2 dan tegak lurus pada garis dengan persamaan 2x + y = 7.
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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21
LEMBAR KERJA 2
1. Tentukan penyelesaian dari pertidaksamaan dibawah ini!

a. 3x  5  2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
b. x 2  5x  14  0
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
x4
c.  3x
2x  1
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
22
3x  7
d. 2
2x  1
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2x  8
e.  x  1.
x2
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2. Tentukan semua nilai x yang memenuhi !

a. 3x  2  5
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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23
x 1
b. 2
x
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2x  1
c. 2
x 1
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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d. x 2  x 3
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
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24
3. Buatlah ruas garis dan tentukan jarak antara pasangan titik yang diketahui
berikut ini:
a. P(-1,-2) dan Q(-3,-8)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b. P(5,3) dan Q(2,-5)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Tentukan gradien dan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik-titik

a. (3,5) dan (6,5)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. (2,-4) dan (4,9)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
25
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5. Carilah nilai c sedemikian sehingga persamaan cx – 3y = 10 sejajar garis

y = 2x+4
a. tegak lurus garis 2x – y – 4 = 0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. tegak lurus garis 2x + 3y = 6

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
6. Diketahui suatu garis lurus l dengan persamaan 2x + 3y – 5 = 0. Tentukan

persamaan garis lurus yang tegak lurus dengan garis l dan melalui titik A(-1,3)!
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
. .......................................................................................................................................
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26
7. Tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang memenuhi kondisi yang diberikan berikut:
a. Memotong sumbu X di (-3, 0) dan sumbu Y di (0, 4)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. Melalui titik (1,4) dan sejajar garis lurus dengan persamaan 2x-5y+7 = 0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
c. mempunyai slope -2 dan memotong sumbu X di (4, 0)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
8. Untuk setiap titik-titik yang diberikan, tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang
melalui ketiga titik berikut!
a. (2, -1), (1, 1), (3, 4)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
27
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................. .................
...................................................................................................................................
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b. (4, 6), (1, 2), (-5, -4)

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................. .................
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......................................................................................................
9. Diketahu garis l dengan persamaan 2x-3y = 4 dan titip P(1, -3), tentukan
persamaan suatu garis yang melalui P dan tegal lurus l.
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... ..
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28
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10. Diketahui dua garis l1 dan l2, l1 dengan persamaan 2x + 3y - 5 = 0, l2 dengan

persamaan 3x + 5y – 8 = 0. Tentukan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik
potong l1 dan l2 dan melalui titik (1, 3)!
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
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29
BAB II. FUNGSI DAN LIMIT FUNGSI
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu memahami tentang fungsi dan operasinya serta mampu
menghitung limit suatu fungsi menggunakan teorema-teorema yang ada.
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Membuat sketsa grafik dari suatu fungsi pada bidang koordinat;
 Menentukan rumusan hasil pengoperasian dua fungsi atau lebih dan
menentukan daerah asalnya;
 Mahasiswa dapat mengkomposisikan dua fungsi;
 Memahami kesamaan fungsi Trigonometri;
 Memahami Teorema-teorema limit dan menghitung limit menggunakan
teorema yang ada;
 Menentukan Penyelesaian limit fungsi.
2.1 Fungsi dan Grafiknya

Misal A  {a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 } , B  {b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 } adalah dua himpunan yang
anggotanya berhingga, berdasarkan fakta tersebut selanjutnya dapat dibuat

hubungan (relasi) antara himpunan A dan B. Relasi yang dibuat dapat berupa lebih
besar, kuadrat dari, 1 selisihnya, atau relasi yang lain.
Perhatikan gambar berikut ini.
A B
a1 . .b1
a2 . .b2
a3 . .b3
a4 . .b4
a5 . .b5
Gambar 2.1
30
Berdasarkan relasi yang digambarkan pada gambar 2.1 di atas, tampak

bahwa semua anggota himpunan A mempunyai pasangan (peta) di B, sebaliknya
tidak semua atau anggota himpunan B yang tidak mempunyai prapeta di A. Jika
setiap anggota himpunan A mempunyai pasangan ”satu dan hanya satu” di B maka
relasi tersebut dinamaka fungsi atau pemetaan. Dengan demikian dapat
disimpulkan bahwa setiap fungsi adalah relasi, akan tetapi tidak setiap relasi belum
tentu fungsi. Gambar berikut ini adalah relasi akan tetapi bukan fungsi.
A B
a1 . .b1
a2 . .b2
a3 . .b3
a4 . .b4
a5 . .b5
Gambar 2.2
Definisi:
Fungsi adalah suatu aturan korespondensi satu-satu yang menghubungkan setiap
objek x dalam suatu himpunan, yang disebut daerah asal (domain) dengan sebuah
nilai tunggal f (x) dari suatu himpunan yang kedua. Himpunan nilai yang diperoleh
secara demikian disebut daerah hasil (range).
Secara umum untuk memberi nama suatu fungsi digunakan simbol berupa f
atau F. Maka f (x) dibaca “fungsi f pada x”. Hal ini menunjukkan nilai yang
diberikan oleh fungsi f terhadap nilai x.
Jadi secara umum jika f : A  B adalah fungsi f dari himpunan A ke himpunan B. A
disebut daerah asal dan B disebut daerah hasil.
Untuk menentukan daerah asal dan daerah hasil statu fungsi secara lengkap kita
harus menyatakan, disamping aturan yang bersesuian daerah asal fungsi. Misalnya
jika f adalah fungsi dengan aturan f ( x)  x  1 maka daerah asal alamiah (domain)
f (x) adalah semua bilangan real dan daerah hasil (range) adalah semua bilangan
real. f ( x)  x  1 daerah asal alamiahnya semua bilangan real karena untuk setiap x
bilangan real f (x) mempunyai nilai.
31
Contoh:
Tentukan daerah asal alamiah dan range dari:
1. f ( x)  1  x
Jawab
Daerah asal alamiah ( D)  {x x  1}  (,1]
Daerah hasil ( R)  { y y  0}  [0, )
1
2. f ( x) 
x 1
Jawab
Daerah asal alamiah ( D)  {x x  1}  (1, )
Daerah hasil ( R)  {x 0  x  1}  (0,1)
Catatan
Jika f ( x), g ( x) fungsi-fungsi yang terdefinisi pada interval tertentu dalam R maka:
1. Jika f ( x)  f ( x) maka f (x) disebut fungsi genap
Contoh
1
a) f ( x)  adalah fungsi genap
1 x2
b) f ( x)  6 adalah fungsi genap
2. Jika  f ( x)  f ( x) maka f (x) disebut fungsi ganjil

Contoh
a) f ( x)  x 3  x adalah fungsi ganjil
b) f ( x)  x 4  x 2 adalah fungsi ganjil karena f ( x)  ( x) 4  ( x) 2  x 4  x 2
2.2 Operasi Pada Fungsi

Misal f (x) dan g (x) dua fungsi yang terdefinisi pada suatu selang tertentu,
operasi pada kedua fungsi dinyatakan dengan:
1. f ( x)  g ( x)  ( f  g )( x)
2. f ( x)  g ( x)  ( f  g )( x)
3. f ( x).g ( x)  ( f .g )( x)
32
f ( x)  f 
4.   ( x) asalkan g ( x)  0
g ( x)  g 
5. f ( x). f ( x). f ( x). f ( x).... f ( x)  ( f . f . f . f . f .... f )( x)   f ( x)  f n ( x)

n
  
n faktor n
Selain dengan menggunakan operasi di atas, dua fungsi atau lebih dapat
dikomposisikan. Jika fungsi f mempunyai daerah hasil f (x) dan fungsi g
mempunyai daerah definisi g ( f ( x)) , maka dapat dikatakan kita telah
mengkomposisikan g (x) dengan f (x) . Fungsi yang dihasilkan disebut komposisi
fungsi g dengan fungsi f dan dinotasikan dengan gof, sehingga ( gof )( x)  g ( f ( x))
Dengan cara yang sama kita juga dapat melakukan komposisi f (x) dengan
g (x) . Fungsi yang dihasilkan disebut komposisi fungsi f dengan fungsi g dan
dinotasikan dengan ( fog )( x) sehingga ( fog )( x)  f ( g ( x))
Contoh
1
1. f ( x)  x 2  4 , g ( x)  2 
1 x
 1 
a) f ( x)  g ( x)  x 2  4   2  
 1 x 
 1 
b) f ( x)  g ( x)  x 2  4 ` 2  
 1 x 
 1 
c) f ( x).g ( x)  x 2  4 ` 2  
 1 x 
f ( x) x 2  4 (1  x) x 2  4
d)  
g ( x) 1 3 x
2
1 x
2. f ( x)  1  x, g ( x)  1  x
a. ( fog )( x)  f ( g ( x))
 1  g ( x)

 1 1 x  x 
b. ( gof )( x)  g ( f ( x))
 1 f ( x)
 1 1 x
Berdasarkan a dan b ( fog )( x)  ( gof )( x)
33
2.3 Fungsi Trigonometri
y r
y

B x A
Gambar 2.3
Pada gambar 2.3 di atas,  ABC adalah segitiga yang salah satu sudutnya 
dan siku-siku pada  CBA. Misal AB = x, BC = y dan AC = r , berdasarkan segitiga
BC AB BC AB AC AC
ABC yaitu: , , , ,
AC AC AB BC AB BC
Karena  A =  maka perbandingan tersebut dinyatakan dengan:
BC y
1.   sin 
AC r
AB x
2.   cos 
AC r
BC y BC / AC sin 
3.     tan
AB x AB / AC cos 
AB x AB / AC cos x
4.     cot 
BC y BC / AC sin x
AC 1 1 1
5.     sec
AB AB / AC x / r cos 
AC 1 1 r 1
6.      csc
BC BC / AC y / r y sin 
Karena  ABC salah satu sudutnya siku-siku, sehingga menurut teorema

Pythagoras berlaku:
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
34
 x2  y2  r 2
Selanjutnya secara berurutan persamaan x 2  y 2  r 2 dibagi x 2 , y 2 , r 2 diperoleh

persamaan baru
x2 y2 r 2
1. 2  2  2
r r r
2 2
 x  y
      1
r r
 cos    sin    1
2 2
 cos 2   sin 2   1  (1)
x2 y2 r 2
2.  
x2 x2 x2
2 2
 y r
1     
 x  x
 1  tan    (sec  ) 2
2
 1  tan 2   sec 2   (2)
x2 y2 r2
3.  
y2 y2 y2
2 2
x r
    12   
 y  y
 cot    1  (csc  ) 2
2
 cot 2   1  csc 2   (3)

Persamaan (1), (2), dan (3) dinamakan rumus-rumus identitas.
Selanjutnya berdasarkan perbandingan tersebut dapat dibuat beberapa rumus
tentang fungsi trigonometri, berikut:
sin(   )  sin  cos   sin  cos  ............ (4)

cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  ............ (5)
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  ...........(6)
cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  .........(7)
tan   tan 
tan (   )  .................... (8)
1  tan  tan 
35
tan   tan 
tan (   )  .................... (9)
1  tan  tan 
Beberapa rumus fungsi trigonometri yang lain adalah:

1. sin( )   sin 
2. cos( )  cos 
3. tan( )   tan 
       
4. sin   sin   2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
       
5. cos   cos   2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
6. sin 2  2 sin  cos 
7. cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   2 cos 2   1  1  2 sin 2 
8. sin  sin   
1
cos(    cos(   )
2
9. cos  cos  
1
cos(   )  cos(   )
2
10. sin  cos  

1
sin(   )  sin(   )
2
 x 1  cos x
11. sin   
2 2
 x 1  cos x
12. cos    
2 2
2.4 Limit Fungsi

Untuk memahami limit secara intuisi, mari kita perhatikan contoh berikut. Misalkan
fungsi f didefinisikan oleh
2 x 2  x  3 (2 x  1)( x  1)
f ( x)  
x 1 x 1
 2x  3 ( x  1)
f (x) terdefinisi untuk setiap x kecuali x = 1. Kita akan menyelidiki nilai
fungsi bilamana x dekat dengan 1 tetapi tidak sama dengan 1.
x 0,9 0,99 0,999 0,9999 .... 1 .... 1,0001 1,001 1,01 1,1
f(x) 4,8 4,98 4,998 4,9998 ... ? .... 5,0002 5,002 5,02 5,2
36
Dari tabel di atas nampak bahwa bila x bergerak semakin dekat dengan 1,
baik dari kiri (x < 1) maupun dari kanan (x > 1), f (x) bergerak semakin dekat ke 5.
Dalam lambang matematis ditulis
2x 2  x  3
lim f ( x)  5 atau lim 5
x 1 x 1 x 1
Definisi
Untuk mengatakan bahwa lim f ( x)  L , berarti bahwa bilamana x dekat
x a
tetapi berlainan dari a, maka f (x) dekat ke L.
Teorema Limit
Misal n bilangan bulat positip, k bilangan real, f (x) dan g (x) adalah fungsi-fungsi
yang memiliki limit di titik x  c , maka:
1. lim k  k
x c
2. lim x  c
x c
3. lim k f ( x)  k lim f ( x)
x c x c
4. lim ( f ( x)  g ( x))  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

xc xc xc
5. lim ( f ( x)  g ( x))  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)

xc xc xc
6. lim ( f ( x) g ( x))  lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

xc xc xa
f ( x) lim f ( x)
7. lim  x c , asalkan lim g ( x)  0
x c g ( x) lim g ( x) x c
x c
xc

8. lim ( f ( x)) n  lim f ( x)
xc

n
9. lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x)
x c x c
Teorema di atas, dapat diaplikasikan dalam banyak hal pada penyelesaian soal-soal
tentang limit.
37
Contoh:
1. lim 3x 2  3 lim x 2 ........(3)
x2 x2
 
 3 lim x
x2
2
....(8)
= 3(2) 2 ..........(2)
= 12
x  3 lim ( x  3)
2. lim  x 2 ........(7)
x 2 x lim
x 2
lim x  lim 3
 x2 x2
....(5)
lim x
x 2
23

2
1

2
3. Jika lim f ( x)  3 dan lim g ( x)  1
x a x a
Tentukan:
a. lim f 2 ( x)  g 2 ( x)  ...
x a
Jawab
lim f 2 ( x)  g 2 ( x)  lim{ f 2 ( x)  g 2 ( x)
x a x a ........(9)
 lim f 2 ( x)  lim g 2 ( x) .....(4)

x a x a
 lim f (x)  lim g (x) .....(8)

xa
2
xa
2
 32  (1) 2
 10
38
LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Tentukan daerah definisi dan daerah hasil fungsi-fungsi berikut:

a. g ( x)  1  x 2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
1
b. g ( x) 
2 x
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
c. f ( x)  x 2  4 ,
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
39
2
d. g ( x) 
x3
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1
2. Diberikan dua fungsi berikut f ( x)  , g ( x)  1  x 2 , Tentukan ( fog )( x)
2 x
dan ( gof )( x) !
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3. Tentukan ( fog )( x) dan ( gof )( x) jika

1
a. f ( x)  1  1  x , g ( x) 
2x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
40
b. f ( x)  1  x 2 , g ( x)  1  x 2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
1
c. f ( x)  , g ( x)  x 3  1
2 x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2
d. f ( x)  x 2  4, g ( x) 
x 3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
41
e. f ( x)  x 2  3 , g ( x)  x  1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
4. Selidiki fungsi berikut genap, ganjil, bukan genap ataupun ganjil

a. f ( x)  3 x 4  2 x 2  7
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. g ( x)  2 x 5  5x 3  8x
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
c. h( x)  2 x 4  5x 3  x 2  8
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
42
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5. Jika lim f ( x)  3 dan lim g ( x)  1 tentukan:

x a x a
a. lim 3 f ( x) g ( x)  3 
x a
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2 f ( x)  3 g ( x)
b. lim
x a f ( x)  g ( x)
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
x 3  6 x 2  11x  6
6. Tentukan nilai limit berikut: lim
x 1 x 3  4 x 2  19 x  14
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... ..
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
43
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
x2  x  2
x 1 x2 1
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... ..
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
x 2  3x  4
x 0 x 3  10
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... ..
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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44
BAB III. TURUNAN FUNGSI
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu menurunkan berbagai macam fungsi dengan berbagai
macam aturan pencarian turunan.
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Memahami pengertian dan sifat turunan;
 Menghitung turunan suatu fungsi dengan menggunakan Aturan Rantai.
 Menghitung turunan Fungsi Implisit dan Fungsi Parametrik
 Menghitung turunan Fungsi Trigonometri
 Menghitung turunan tingkat tinggi.
3.1 Pengertian dan Sifat Turunan

L
f(x+h)
y = f(x)
L1
x x+ h
f(x)
Gambar 3.1.
Pada gambar di atas, garis L menyinggung kurva y  f(x) di titik (x, f(x)),
sedangkan garis L1 melalui titik (x, f(x)) dan titik (x+h, f(x+h)). Jika h mendekati nol,
maka garis L1 akan mendekati garis L, sehingga gradien garis L1 akan mendekati
gradien garis L. Hal ini dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk limit sebagai berikut:
45
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
mL  lim mL1  lim .
h 0 h 0 h
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Bentuk lim dikenal sebagi turunan fungsi y = f(x), yang
h 0 h
dinotasikan dengan
dy df
, y’, , atau f’’(x).
dx dx
Dengan demikian secara geometri, turunan fungsi merupakan gradien dari garis
singgung kurva fungsi tersebut.
Contoh:
Tentukan garis singgung kurva y  x 2 di titik (2,4)

Penyelesaian:
Gradien garis singgung kurva y  x 2 di titik (2,4) adalah
f (2  h)  f (2) ( 2  h) 2  2 2
m = f ' (2)  lim  lim  lim (4  h)  4 .
h 0 h h 0 h h 0
Oleh karena itu persamaan garis singgungnya adalah

y  y0  m( x  x0 )  y  4  4( x  2)  y  4 x  4
Jika kita menentukan turunan secara langsung dengan menggunakan definisi

turunan, maka kita akan mendapatkan banyak kesulitan dan memakan waktu lama.
Untuk itu, diperlukan cara lain di samping dengan menggunakan definisi secara
langsung, yaitu dengan menggunakan sifat dan rumus turunan.
Beberapa sifat penting dalam pencarian turunan suatu fungsi, adalah sebagai
berikut:
1. Aturan perkalian dengan konstanta
Jika c konstanta dan f fungsi yang dapat diturunkan, maka
d
cf ( x) c d f ( x)
dx dx
2. Aturan jumlah.
Jika f dan g keduanya dapat diturunkan, maka
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )  d f ( x )  d g ( x )
dx dx dx
46
3. Aturan selisih
d
 f ( x )  g ( x )  d f ( x )  d g ( x )
dx dx dx
4. Aturan hasil kali
d
 f ( x ) g ( x )  f ( x ) d g ( x )  g ( x ) d f ( x )
dx dx dx
5. Aturan hasil bagi
d d
g ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
d  f ( x)  dx dx

dx  g ( x)  g ( x)2
Bukti:
1. Aturan perkalian dengan konstanta
Jika c konstanta dan f fungsi yang dapat diturunkan, maka
d
cf ( x) lim cf ( x  h)  cf ( x)  lim c( f ( x  h)  f ( x))
dx h 0 h h 0 h
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 c  f ( x)
d
 c lim
h 0 h dx
2. Aturan jumlah
d
 f ( x)  g ( x) lim [ f ( x  h)  g ( x  h)]   f ( x)  g ( x)
dx h 0 h
[ f ( x  h)  f ( x)]  g ( x  h)  g ( x)
 lim
h0 h
[ f ( x  h)  f ( x)] [ g ( x  h)  g ( x)]
 lim  lim
h0 h h 0 h
d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)
dx dx
3. Aturan selisih
Untuk latihan
47
4. Aturan hasil kali

d
 f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x  h) g ( x  h)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx h 0 h
f ( x  h)[ g ( x  h)  g ( x)]  g ( x)[ f ( x  h)  f ( x)]
 lim
h 0 h
f ( x  h)[ g ( x  h)  g ( x)] g ( x)[ f ( x  h)  f ( x)]
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
[ g ( x  h)  g ( x)] [ f ( x  h)  f ( x)]
 lim f ( x  h) lim  g ( x) lim
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h
d d
 f ( x) g ( x)  g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx
5. Aturan hasil bagi
Untuk latihan.
Beberapa rumus dasar turunan, disajikan pada tabel berikut.
Nomor Fungsi Turunan fungsi
1 y = k, k konstanta y’ = 0
2 y = xn y’ = nxn-1
1
3 y = ln x y’ =
x
Bukti:
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) k k
1. y  k  y'  lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0 h
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ( x  h) n  x n
2. y  x n  y '  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
n( n 1) n  2 2
x n  nx n 1h  x h  ...  h n  x n
 lim 2
h 0 h
n ( n 1) n  2
h[nx n 1  x h  ...  h n 1 ]
 lim 2
h 0 h
n( n 1) n  2
 lim [nx n 1  x h  ...  h n 1 ]
h 0 2
n 1
 nx
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ln( x  h)  ln x
3. y  ln x  y'  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
48
xh
ln
 lim x
h0 h
h
ln[1  ] 1
 lim x  lim ln(1  h ) h
h0 h h 0 x
 x 1
 ln  lim [(1  h ) h ] x 
x
h  0 
1 1
 ln e x 
x
3.2 Aturan Rantai
Jika f dan g keduanya mempunyai turunan, dan h = f o g adalah fungsi
komposisi yang didefinisikan oleh h(x) = f(g(x)), maka h mempunyai turunan, yaitu
h’ yang dinyatakan oleh
h ’(x) = f ’(g(x)). g ’(x)
Dalam notasi Leibniz, jika y = f(u) dan u = g(x) keduanya fungsi yang mempunyai
turunan, maka
dy dy du
 .
dx du dx
Bukti:
h( x  t )  h(t ) f ( g ( x  t ))  f ( g ( x))
h' ( x)  lim  lim
t 0 t t 0 t
 f ( g ( x  t ))  f ( g ( x)) g ( x  t )  g ( x) 
 lim  . 
t  0 g ( x  t )  g ( x) t 
f ( g ( x  t ))  f ( g ( x)) g ( x  t )  g ( x)
 lim . lim
t 0 g ( x  t )  g ( x) t 0 t
f ( g ( x)  p )  f ( g ( x)) g ( x  t )  g ( x)
 lim . lim
p 0 p t 0 t
 f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)
Dengan menggunakan aturan rantai dan dengan menggunakan rumus

sebelumnya kita akan dapatkan rumus-rumus di bawah ini.
Fungsi Turunan fungsi
y= ex y’ = ex
y = ax, a  1 y’ = ax ln a
1
y = alog x, a >0, a  1 y’ =
x ln a
49
3.3 Turunan Fungsi Implisit dan Fungsi Parametrik

Pada pembahasan sebelumnya, dibahas tentang turunan fungsi eksplisit.
Pada bagian ini akan dibahas turunan fungsi implisit dan fungsi parametrik.
Metode yang digunakan serupa dengan turunan fungsi eksplisit.
Contoh :
dy
a. Jika x2 + y2 = 25, carilah
dx
b. Jika x = 2t +1
y = t2 + t
dy
tentukan .
dx
Penyelesaian:
a. Jika kita turunkan kedua ruas persamaan x2 + y2 = 25 terhadap x, maka akan kita
peroleh:
d 2
dx
 d
dx

x  y 2  25
d 2
dx
 
x 
d 2
dx
y 0  
Mengingat y adalah fungsi dari x dan dengan menggunakan aturan rantai,
diperoleh
d 2
dx
 
y 
d 2 dy
dy
y
dx
 2y  
dy
dx
dy dy x
Oleh karena itu 2x + 2y = 0, sehingga 
dx dx y
b. Jika variabel x dan y kita turunkan terhadap parameter t, maka akan kita
peroleh
dx dy
 2 sedangkan  2t  1 .
dt dt
dy
Karena yang akan kita cari adalah maka
dx
dy
dy dy dt 2t  1
 .  dt = .
dx dt dx dx 2
dt
50
3.4 Turunan Fungsi Trigonometri

Rumus dasar dari turunan trigonometri adalah turunan fungsi sinus dan
cosinus, sedangkan turunan fungsi trigonometri yang lainnya dan turunan fungsi
siklometri dapat ditentukan dengan rumus turunan sinus dan cosinus, sifat turunan,
dan aturan rantai. Turunan rumus sinus dan cosinus diberikan di bawah ini.
Fungsi Turunan fungsi
y = sin x y’ = cos x
y = cos x y’ = - sin x
Bukti:
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) sin( x  h)  sin x
1. y  sin x  y'  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2x  h h
2 cos sin
 lim 2 2
h0 h
h
sin
2x  h 2 . 1  2 cos x.1. 1
 2 lim cos lim
h 0 2 h 0 h 2 2
2
 cos x
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) cos( x  h)  cos x
2. y  cos x  y'  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2x  h h
 2 sin sin
 lim 2 2
h 0 h
h
sin
2x  h 2 . 1  2 sin x.1. 1
 2 lim sin lim
h 0 2 h  0 h 2 2
2
  sin x
3.5 Turunan Tingkat Tinggi
Jika f fungsi yang dapat diturunkan, maka turunannya (f ’) juga berupa
fungsi. Jika f ‘ mempunyai turunan, maka turunan f’ kita notasikan dengan f ’’.
Notasi lain untuk turunan kedua dari y = f(x) adalah
d  dy  d 2 y
   2  D f ( x) .
2
dx  dx  dx
51
Umumnya turunan ke-n dari y = f(x) dinyatakan dengan

dny
y ( n)
  D n  f ( x) .
dx n
Contoh:
d2y
a. Carilah dari :
dx 2
a. x2 + y2 = 25
b. y = ln t, x = et
2
c. y = e t  t , x = ln (et +1)
2. Carilah turunan ke n dari fungsi di bawah ini:
a. y  e kx
b. y  ln x
Penyelesaian :
dy dy x
1. Dari contoh sub bab 4.3 telah diperoleh dari x2 + y2 = 25, yaitu  .
dx dx y
d2y d  dy  d  x 
Karena      
dx 2 dx  dx  dx  y 
Dan mengingat y adalah fungsi dari x, dengan aturan pembagian dan aturan
rantai, diperoleh
y. dx  x. dy y.1  x.  x
d  x dx dx y y.2  x 2
      
dx  y  y2 y2 y3
d2y y.2  x 2
Jadi 
dx 2 y3
2.a. y = ln t, x = et
dy 1
dy dy dt 1
 .  dt = t =
t
dx dt dx dx
dt e te t
 dy  d  dy 
d  dx 
d 2 y d  dy   dx  dt dt =
   . 
dx 2 dx  
dx dt dx dx
dt
52
d  dy  d  1  e t  te t 1 t dx
Oleh karena  dx        dan  e t maka
dt   t
dt  te  2
t e 2t 2
t e t dt
1 t
2 
d y
 t 2et   1  t .
dx 2 et t 2 e 2t
b. y = et  t , x = ln (et +1)
2
dy 2
dy dt (2t  1)e t  t 2
 = = (2t  1)(e t  1)e t
dx dx
dt et
(e t  1)
 dy  d dy 
d  dx 
d2y  dx  dt
 
2 dx dx
dx dt
2 2 2
2(e t  1)e t  (2t  1)e t  t  2t (2t  1)(e t  1)e t
=
et
(e t 1)
2 2 2
= 2(e t  1) 2 e t  t  (2t  1)(e t  1)e t  2t (2t  1)(e t  1) 2 e t  t
3. a. y  e kx  y'  kekx  y' '  k 2 e kx  y' ' '  k 3e kx  ...  y (n)  k n e kx
1 1 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) n1

b. y  ln x  y'   y' '  (1) 2  y' ' '    ...  y ( n)

x x 1.2 x 3 2! x 3 (n  1)!x n
53
LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Tentukan persamaan garis singgung pada kurva berikut pada titik yang
diberikan.
a. y  1  2 x  3x 2 di titik (- 2, - 7)
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
1
b. y  , di titik (1,1)
x2
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. Carilah turunan fungsi:
a. y  x 8  12 x 5  4 x 4  10 x 3  6 x  5
Penyelesaian: .......................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
54
x2  x  2
b. y =
x3  6
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Jika h(x) = xg(x) dan g(3) = 5 dan g’(3) = 2, carilah h’(3).

Penyelesaian:.................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. Tentukan turunan fungsi-fungsi berikut:

a. G(s) = (s2 + s + 1) (s2 + 2)
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
b. G(y) = (y2 + 1) (2y – 7)

Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
55
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
ax  b
c. h( x ) 
cx  d
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.. .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
b c
d. ya  
x x2
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.. .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. Tulislah fungsi komposisi dalam bentuk f(g(x)). Tentukan fungsi sebelah dalam
dy
u = g(x) dan fungsi sebelah luar y = f(u). Kemudian carilah
dx
a. 
y  x 2  4x  6
2

Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.. .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
56
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3
b. y  1  x3
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.. .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
c. y  x2  7x
Penyelesaian:........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.. .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
6. Carilah turunan pertama dari fungsi di bawah ini :

a. xy + ln y = 1
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
57
b. ln x + xy + ey = 3
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
c. cos (x + y) – eyx = x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
d. sin xy + ln (x + y) = ex
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
e. eyx + x ln y = sin 2x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
58
7. Carilah nilai turunan pertama dari fungsi di bawah ini pada titik yang diberikan
a. xy – ln y = x; (0,1)
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.. ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
... ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. x + xy + 2y – 1 = 0; (1,0)
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.. ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
c. x3y + y3x = 30; (1,3)

Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
59
d. x2y2 + 4xy = 12y; (2,1)

Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

a. y  tan x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................. .....................................................................................................
b. y  cot x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................. .....................................................................................................
c. y  sec x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
............................ .....................................................................................................
60
d. y  csc x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................. .....................................................................................................
9. Carilah nilai y’’ dari fungsi di bawah ini pada titik yang diberikan
a. x3 + y3 = 3xy; (0,0)
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b. 2x2y – 4y3 = 4; (2,1)

Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
61
c. x2 + y2 = 25; (3,4)
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
10. Carilah turunan ke n dari fungsi di bawah ini:

a. y  sin x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ...
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ .
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. y  cos x
Penyelesaian:...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
62
LEMBAR KERJA 2
1. Carilah persamaan garis singgung pada kurva di titik yang diberikan.

2x
a. y , di titik (1, 1)
x 1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. y  x  x , di titik (1, 2)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
x
c. y , di titik (4 ; 0,4)
x 1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
63
d. y  x x , di titik (1, 1)
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. Carilah turunan fungsi-fungsi berikut
a. 
y  3x  210 5 x 2  x  1 12
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.. ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
 4

b. y  s 2  1 s 3  1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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3. a) Gunakan aturah hasil kali sebanyak dua kali untuk membuktikan bahwa jika f,
g, dan h fungsi-fungsi yang mempunyai turunan, maka berlaku
(fgh)’ = f ‘gh + fg’h + fgh‘
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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b) Gunakan bagian (a) untuk menentukan turunan fungsi
y=  
x x 4  x  1 2 x  3
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a. y  sin 4 (e x  ln x)
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5. Carilah turunan pertama fungsi yang diberikan

a. y = ln t, x = et
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b. y = e t  t , x = ln (et +1)
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c. y = et + 2, x = e-t + 5
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d. y = et + ln t, x = et + 1
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e. y = te2t + t, x = et + t
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f. y = t3 + 2t, x = 3t2 + 5
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6. Carilah turunan kedua untuk fungsi-fungsi di bawah ini

a. 3x3 + 3x2y – 8xy2 + 2y3 = 0
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b. xy + y3 = 2
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c. x3 – 4y2 = 3
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d. y  x 3 3 x
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e. y  x 3 ln( x 2  1)
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BAB IV. PENGGUNAAN TURUNAN
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu memahami penggunaan turunan, dan mampu menerapkan
dalam berbagai masalah/aplikasi turunan
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Menentukan titik-titik kritis dari suatu fungsi dengan menggunakan turunan
pertama;
 Menentukan nilai ekstrim (maksimum dan minimum) dari suatu fungsi;
 Menentukan kemonotonan (naik dan turun) grafik dari suatu fungsi dengan
menggunakan turunan pertama;
 Menentukan kecekungan (kebawah dan keatas) dan titik balik grafik dari
suatu fungsi dengan menggunakan turunan kedua;
 Menggambarkan grafik suatu fungsi dimana dari grafik tersebut dapat
diketahui nilai ekstrim, kemonotonan, kecekungan dan titik balik serta sifat
fungsinya.
4.1. Maksimum dan Minimum.
Definisi 4.1.1. (nilai maksimum dan minimum)

Misalkan S daerah asal f dan S memuat titik c, kita katakan bahwa :
1. f (c) adalah nilai maksimum f pada S jika f (c) > f (x), untuk setiap x  S.
2. f (c) adalah nilai minimum f pada S jika f (c) < f (x), untuk setiap x  S.
3. f (c) adalah nilai ekstrim f pada S jika f (c) adalah nilai maksimum atau nilai
minimum.
Tidak semua fungsi mempunyai nilai maksimum atau minimum. Fungsi yang tidak
mempunyai nilai maksimum atau minimum dapat mempunyai maksimum atau
minimum dengan membatasi daerah asalnya.
Teorema 4.1. (eksistensi ekstrim)

Jika f kontinu pada interval tertutup [a, b] maka f mempunyai maksimum dan
minimum.
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Biasanya fungsi yang ingin kita maksimum dan minimumkan akan mempunyai
suatu interval I sebagai daerah asalnya. Beberapa dari interval ini mempunyai titik
ujung. Jika sebuah titik dimana f ’(c) = 0, maka c disebut titik stasioner. Jika c adalah
titik dalam dari I dimana f ’(c) tidak ada, maka c disebut titik singular. Sebarang titik
dalam daerah asal f yang termasuk salah satu dari ketiga titik yang dikemukakan di
atas disebut tittik kritis dari f.
Definisi 4.1.2. (titik kritis)

Misalkan fungsi f kontinu pada interval terbuka I yang memuat c, titik (c, f (c))
dinamakan titik kritis dari f jika f ’(c) = 0 atau f ’(c) tidak ada.
Catatan : titik kritis tidak selalu merupakan tittik ekstrim.
Teorema 4.1.2. (titik kritis terhadap nilai ekstrim)

Misalkan f punya turunan pada interval I yang memuat titik c . Jika f (c) adalah nilai
ekstrim maka c haruslah suatu titik kritis yaitu c berupa salah satu dari :
1. Titik ujung dari I
2. Titik stasioner dari f atau titik c dimana f ’(c) = 0.
3. Titik singular dari f atau titik c dimana f ’(c) tidak ada.
Contoh 4.1.
Carilah nilai ekstrim dari fungsi f (x) = - 2x3 + 3x2, pada I = [- ½ , 2]
Penyelesaian:
f (x) = - 2x3 + 3x2, pada [- ½ , 2]. Sebelum mencari nilai ekstrim maka akan di cari
titik-titik kritis yaitu :
1. Titik ujung : karena I merupakan interval tertutup maka x = - ½ dan x = 2
merupakan titik-titik ujung dari f pada I.
2. Titik stasioner : f (x) = - 2x3 + 3x2  f ’(x) = - 6x2 + 6x, untuk menentukan
titik stasioner, misalkan f ’(x) = 0 sehingga – 6x2 + 6x = 0 atau -6x (x – 1) = 0
sehingga x = 0 atau x = 1 merupakan titik stasioner dari f pada I.
3. Titik singular : karena f ’(x) terdefinisi pada seluruh bilangan riil maka titik
singular tidak ada.
Jadi titik kritis dari fungsi f adalah : x = - ½ , x = 0, x = 1 dan x = 2.
71
Untuk menentukan nilai ekstrim dari f, gantilah nilai x pada f (x) = - 2x3 + 3x2
dengan titik-titik kritis, maka
f (- ½ ) = - 2 (- ½ )3 + 3 (- ½ )2 = 1,
f ( 0 ) = - 2 ( 0 )3 + 3 ( 0 )2 = 0,
f ( 1 ) = -2 ( 1 )3 + 3 ( 1 )2 = 1, dan
f ( 2 ) = - 2 ( 2 )3 + 3 ( 2 )2 = - 4.
Dari nilai-nilai tersebut maka nilai ekstrim dari f adalah : nilai maksimum (fmaks) = 1
dicapai pada x = - ½ dan x = 1, dan nilai minimum (fmin) = - 4 dicapai pada x = 2.
Grafik fungsinya dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut.
3
+ 3x 2
5
sumbu y maks maks

1
-1
-2
-3
min
-4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
sumbu x
Gambar 4.1. Grafik f (x) = - 2x3 + 3x2
4.2. Uji Turunan Pertama
Definisi 4.2 (kemonotonan)

Misalkan f terdefinisi pada interval I (terbuka, tertutup, atau tak satupun), kita
katakan bahwa :
1. f naik pada I jika untuk setiap pasangan bilangan x1 dan x2 dalam I dimana
x1 < x2, maka f (x1) < f (x2).
2. f turun pada I jika untuk setiap pasangan bilangan x1 dan x2 dalam I dimana
x1 < x2, maka f (x1) > f (x2).
3. f monoton pada I jika ia naik atau turun pada I.
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Teorema 4.2. (uji turunan pertama untuk kemonotonan)

Misalkan f kontinu pada I dan punya turunan pada setiap titik dalam dari I,
1. Jika f ’(x) > 0 untuk setiap x  I, maka f naik pada I.
2. Jika f ’(x) < 0 untuk setiap x  I, maka f turun pada I.
Contoh. 4.2.
Jika f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 7, tentukanlah dimana grafik f (x) naik dan dimana
grafik f (x) turun.
Penyelesaian:
berdasarkan teorema 4.2, maka kita perlu mencari f ’(x) untuk menentukan
kemonotonan.
Jika f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 7  f ’(x) = 6x2 – 6x – 12. untuk menentukan dimana
f ’(x) > 0 dan dimana f ’(x) < 0, misalkan f ’(x) = 0  6x2 – 6x – 12 = 0 atau
6 (x + 1) (x – 2) = 0 dengan demikian diperoleh titik pemecah x = -1 dan x = 2 yang
akan membagi garis bilangan riil menjadi tiga bagian yaitu x < -1, -1 < x < 2 dan x >
2. Dan dengan mengambil titik-titik uji : -2, 0, dan 3, maka kita dapatkan
kesimpulan seperti yang dinyatakan dalam tabel berikut :
Interval Titik uji Hasil uji f ’(x) = 6x2 – 6x – 12 Tanda

(- , -1) -2 24 +
(- 1, 2) 0 - 12 -
( 2,  ) 3 24 +
atau dengan garis bilangan riil :

(+) (-) (+)
-1 2 uji terhadap f ’(x)
jadi dapat di simpulkan bahwa grafik fungsi f (x) naik pada I = (- , -1) dan
I = ( 2,  ), dan grafik fungsi f (x) turun pada I = (- 1, 2)
Grafik fungsinya dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.2.
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20
f naik
f turun
10
f naik
0
sumbu y
-10
-20
-30
-40
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
sumbu x
Gambar 4.2. Grafik f(x) =2x3 - 3x2 – 12x +7
4.3. Uji Turunan Kedua
Definisi 4.3.1.
Misalkan f (x) punya turunan pada interval terbuka, I = (a, b), jika f ’(x) naik pada I
maka f dan grafiknya cekung keatas disana, dan jika f ’(x) turun pada I maka f dan
grafiknya cekung kebawah pada I.
Teorema 4.3. (uji turunan kedua untuk kecekungan)
Misalkan f terdiferensialkan dua kali (punya turunan kedua) pada interval terbuka
I = (a, b), oleh karenanya :
1. Jika f ’’(x) > 0 untuk semua x  I, maka grafik f (x) cekung ke atas pada I
2. Jika f ’’(x) < 0 untuk semua x  I, maka grafik f (x) cekung ke bawah pada I
Definisi 4.3.2. (titik belok / titik balik)

Andaikan fungsi f (x) kontinu di titik c, kita sebut (c, f(c)) suatu titik balik dari grafik
fungsi f (x) jika f (x) cekung keatas pada suatu sisi dan cekung ke bawah pada sisi
lainnya dari titik c.
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Dalam pencarian titik-titik balik, kita mulai dengan mengenali titik-titik x dimana
f ’’(x) = 0 dan dimana f ’’(x) tidak ada, kemudian kita periksa apakah ianya benar-
benar merupakan titik balik.
Contoh 4.3.1
1 3
Jika diberikan fungsi f (x) = x – x2 – 3x + 4, tentukan dimana grafik fungsi f (x)
3
naik, turun, cekung ke atas dan cekung ke bawah.
Penyelesaian:
 Menentukan kemonotonan (dengan uji turunan pertama)
1 3 2
f (x) = x – x – 3x + 4  f ’(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 = (x + 1) (x – 3), misalkan f ’(x) = 0 
3
(x + 1) (x – 3) = 0  diperoleh titik pemecah x = - 1 atau x = 3 yang mebagi grais
bilangan riil menjadi tiga bagian, sehingga dengan mengambil titik uji di dapat
kesimpulan yang dinyatakan dalam tabel berikut :
Interval Titik uji Hasil uji f ’(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 Tanda

(- , -1) -2 5 +
(- 1, 3) 0 -3 -
( 3,  ) 4 5 +
dengan garis bilangan riil

(+) (-) (+)
uji terhadap f ’(x)
-1 3
 f naik pada (-  , - 1) dan (3, ), turun pada (- 1, 3).
 Menentukan kecekungan
f ’(x) = x2 – 2x – 3, maka f ’’(x) = 2x – 2. berdasarkan teorema 4.3, maka
kita menguji turunan kedua. misal f ’’(x) = 0  2x – 2 = 0  x = 1, sehingga
(-) (+)
uji terhadap f ’’(x)
1
maka f cekung kebawah pada (-  , 1) dan cekung keatas pada (1, ).
Grafik fungsinya dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.3.
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2
sumbu y
0
-2
-4
-6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
sumbu x
Gambar 4.3. Grafik f(x) =1/3x3-x2-3x+4
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LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Tentukan titik-titik kritis dari fungsi f yang didefinisikan oleh persamaan:

a. f ( x)  x 4 / 3  4 x 1 / 3
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b. f ( x)  x 3  7 x 2  5 x
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c. f ( x)  2 x 3  2 x 2  16 x  1
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2. Carilah nilai ekstrim dari fungsi f ( x)  x 3  x 2  x  1 pada selang I = [-2, ½]

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3. Tentukan nilai ekstrim dari fungsi f ( x)  4  3x pada selang I = (-1, 2],

tentukan juga nilai x nya, dan gambarkan sketsa grafik pada selang yang
diberikan tersebut!
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3x
4. Tentukan nilai ekstrim dari fungsi f ( x)  pada selang I = (-3, 2),
9  x2
diberikan tersebut!
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
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5. Tentukan nilai ekstrim dari fungsi f ( x)  pada selang I = [2, 5],
( x  3) 2
diberikan tersebut!
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6. Diketahui f ( x)  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  1, tentukanlah dimana grafik f (x) naik dan

dimana grafik f (x) turun.
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7. Diketahui f ( x)  2 x 3  x 2  3x  1 , tentukanlah dimana grafik f (x) naik dan

dimana grafik f (x) turun.
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8. Jika diberikan fungsi f ( x)  x 3  9 x 2  15x  5 , tentukan dimana grafik fungsi f (x)

naik, turun, cekung ke atas dan cekung ke bawah.
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
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BAB V. I N T E G R A L
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu memahami dan dapat menghitung Integral Tak Tentu dan
Integral Tentu.
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Memahami definisi dari Integral Tak Tentu dan Integral Tentu;
 Menghitung Integral Tak Tentu;
 Menghitung Integral dari Fungsi Trigonometri;
 Menentukan Integral suatu fungsi dengan menggunakan cara substitusi;
 Menentukan Integral suatu fungsi dengan metode parsial; dan
 Menghitung Integral Tentu.
5.1 Integral
Integral adalah kebalikan dari turunan (diferensial), sehingga integral
disebut juga anti turunan. Terdapat dua macam integral, yaitu integral tentu dan
integral tak tentu. Integral tentu yaitu integral yang nilainya tertentu, yaitu ada
batas bawah dan batas atasnya yang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai integral
tersebut. Sedangkan integral tak tentu, yaitu integral yang nilainya tak tentu.
Integral dapat digunakan untuk menentukan luas suatu bidang, menentukan
volume benda putar, menentukan panjang busur dan sebagainya. Integral ini
diaplikasikan pada berbagai bidang ilmu selain matematika, seperti bidang ilmu
ekonomi, fisika, biologi, teknik, dan bidang ilmu lainnya.
5.2 Integral Tak Tentu

Karena integral merupakan kebalikan (invers) dari turunan, maka untuk
menemukan rumus integral kita beranjak dari turunan. Turunan suatu fungsi y = f(x)
dy
adalah y‘ = f ‘ (x) atau , sedangkan notasi integral dari suatu fungsi y = f(x)
dx
adalah  y dx   f ( x) dx yang dibaca “ integral y terhadap x ”.
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Turunan suatu fungsi konstan adalah 0 atau integral 0 adalah suatu fungsi konstan,
biasanya diwakili oleh notasi c.
a n 1
Rumus umum integral dari y  ax n adalah x  c atau ditulis :
n 1
a n 1
 ax dx  x c untuk n  1
n
n 1
Contoh: Tentukan :
 2x
3
a. dx
 5 x 
 3x 3  6 x 2  7 x  2 dx
4
b.
8
c.  3x 4
dx
d.  2x x dx
Penyelesaian :
2 4 1
 2x dx  x  c  x4  c
3
a.
4 2
 5 x  3 4 7
b. 4
 3 x 3  6 x 2  7 x  2 dx  x 5  x  2x3  x 2  2x  c
4 2
8 8 8 8
c.  3x 4
dx   x  4 dx 
3 3(3)
x 3 c   3 c
9x
3 5 5
2 2 4
d.  2 x x dx   2 x 2 dx  5
x  c  x2  c
5
2
5.3 Pemakaian Integral Tak Tentu
Pada integral tak tentu terdapat nilai konstanta c yang tidak tentu nilainya.
Untuk menentukan fungsi f dari suatu fungsi turunan, maka harus ada data yang
lain sehingga harga c dapat diketahui.
Contoh 1: Diketahui f ‘(x) = 5x – 3 dan f(2) = 18. Tentukan f(x) !

Penyelesaian:
5 2
f ( x)   (5 x  3)dx  x  3x  c
2
5
f (2)  18  (2) 2  3.2  c  18
2
 10  6  c  18
5 2
 16  c  18  c  2 Jadi f ( x)  x  3x  2
2
83
Contoh 2 : Jika gradien garis singgung di titik (x,y) pada sebuah kurva yang melalui
dy
titik (3,4) ditentukan  3x 2  8 x  5 , maka tentukan persamaan kurva
dx
tersebut !
Penyelesaian :
f ( x)   (3x 2  8 x  5)dx  x 3  4 x 2  5 x  c
f (3)  4  33  4.3 2  5.3  c  4
 27  36  15  c  4
 c  2
Jadi f(x) = x 3  4 x 2  5x  2
5.4 Integral Fungsi Trigonometri

Kita telah mempelajari turunan fungsi trigonometri yang secara ringkas dapat
digambarkan sebagai berikut :
sin x  cos x   sin x   cos x  sin x
tan x  sec2 x
cot x   cos ec 2 x
 artinya turunan.
Karena integral adalah invers dari turunan maka :
Contoh: Tentukan :
a.  (5 sin x  2 cos x) dx
b.  (2 cos x  4 sin x  3) dx
Penyelesaian :
a.  (5 sin x  2 cos x) dx  5 cos x  2 sin x  c
b.  (2 cos x  4 sin x  3) dx  2 sin x  4 cos x  3x  c
84
5.5 Integral dengan Substitusi

Cara menentukan integral dengan menggunakan cara substitusi, yaitu
dengan mengubah bentuk integral tersebut ke bentuk lain dengan notasi lain yang
lebih sederhana sehingga mudah menyelesaikannya. Cara ini digunakan jika bagian
yang satu ada kaitan turunan dari bagian yang lain.
Contoh 1 : Tentukan integral dari
 2 x(4 x  1) dx
2 10
a.
 2 sin x cos x dx
5
b.
Penyelesaian :
a. Misal : u  4 x 2  1
Maka:
du
 8x
dx
du
 dx 
8x
Sehingga :
10 du 1 10 1 11 1
 2 x(4 x  1) dx   2 x.u . 8x   4 u du  4.11 u  c  44 (4 x  1)  c
2 10 2 11
b. Misal u = sin x
du
 cos x
dx
du
 dx 
cos x
Sehingga :
du 2 6 1 6
 2 sin x cos x dx   2u . cos x cos x   2u du  6 u  c  3 sin x  c
5 5 5
5.6 Integral Parsial

Bagaimana jika dua bagian pada suatu integral tidak ada kaitan turunan
antara bagian yang satu dengan bagian lainnya? Untuk itu perlu ada cara lain untuk
menyelesaikannya yaitu dengan integral parsial.
Seperti telah kita ketahui pada turunan jika y = uv maka y ‘ =u ’ v + uv ’.
Jika kita integralkan kedua rua, maka akan didapat :
 y ' dx   u ' v dx   uv ' dx   uv ' dx y   u ' v dx  uv   u ' v dx
85
Rumus di atas sering disingkat dengan :
 udv  uv   vdu
Contoh 1 : Tentukan :
 2 x(5x  1)
6
a. dx
b.  x sin x dx
Penyelesaian : a. Misal 2x = u maka 2 dx = du
Misal dv = 5 x  1 6 dx  v  . 5 x  1 7  (5 x  1) 7
1 1 1
5 7 35
1 1
 2 x(5 x  1) dx  2 x. (5 x  1) 2   (5 x  1)7 .2 dx
6
35 35
2x 2 1 1
 (5 x  1)7  . . (5 x  1)8  c
35 35 5 8
2x 1
 (5 x  1)7  (5 x  1)8  c
35 700
b. Misal x = u maka dx = du
Misal dv = sin x dx maka v = -cos x
 x sin x dx  x.  cos x    cos x dx   x cos x  sin x  c

5.7 Integral Tentu
 f ( x) dx  F ( x)  F (b)  F (a)

b
a
a
3
 (3x  x  1) dx
2
Contoh: Hitunglah
1
Penyelesaian:
     
3
 (3x
3
2
 4 x  1) dx  x 3  2 x 2  x 1  33  2.32  3  13  2.12  1  12
1
86
LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Hitunglah integral berikut !
 2 x dx
5
a.
 5x dx
4
b.
1
c.  x
dx
 3x  4 x  2 x  5 x  7 dx
4 3 2
d.
 6  2 x  3x  8 x dx
2 3
e.
Jawaban
 2 x dx
5
a.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
 5x
4
b. dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
1
c.  x
dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
 3x  4 x 3  2 x 2  5x  7dx
4
d.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
87
 6  2x  3x  8x 3 dx
2
e.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. Tentukan rumus f(x) jika diketahui :

a. f ‘(x) = 2x dan f(4) = 10
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. f ‘(x) = 8x – 3 dan f(-1) = 10

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3. Diketahui titik (3,2) terletak pada kurva dan gradien garis singgung di titik (x,y)
pada kurva tersebut didefinisikan 2x – 3. Tentukan persamaan kurva tersebut !
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................. ......................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
88
4. Kecepatan suatu benda bergerak dinyatakan oleh v(t )  12t 2  6t  1. Setelah

benda itu bergerak 1 detik, jarak yang ditempuh 4 m. Tentukan persamaan
gerak dari benda itu !
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5. Tentukan integral berikut !

a.  8 cos x  6 sin x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
 x  2 sin x  dx
2
b.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
89
6. Tentukan integral dari fungsi –fungsi berikut dengan menggunakan metode

substitusi !
 2 x  3
5
a. dx
 6 x  4
5
b. dx
2
c.  5 x  1 4
dx
 2 x  4
5 3
d. dx
 4 x x  4
2 6
e. dx
Jawaban:
 2 x  3
5
a. dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
 6  x  4
5
b. dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2
c.  5x  1 4
dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
90
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
 2 x  4
5 3
d. dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
 4x x  4 6 dx
2
e.
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
7. Tentukan integral berikut dengan metode parsial !
 6 xx  2 dx
5
a.
 8 x1  2 x  dx
3
b.
c.  x 2 x  4 dx
x
d.  x 1
dx
e.  x sin x dx
91
Jawaban:
 6 x x  2 
5
a. dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
 8x1  2x
3
b. dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
c. x 2 x  4 dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
x
d.  x 1
dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
92
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
e.  x sin x dx
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
8. Tentukan nilai integral di bawah ini :

3
a.  4 x dx
0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
1
 6x
2
b. dx
2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
93
2
9. Tentukan a jika  2 x  a  dx  6
1
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
10. Tunjukkan dengan arsiran, luas daerah yang dinyatakan dengan integral
berikut :
4
a.  3x dx
0
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
3
x
2
b. dx
2
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
........................................................................................................................................
94
LEMBAR KERJA 2
1. Tentukan integral berikut !
 2 x  3 dx
2
a.
 x x  6dx
2
b.
c.  1  x  x dx
x 3  5x 2  4
d  x 2 dx
2
 1 
e   x x   dx
 x x
Jawaban:
 2 x  3 dx
2
a.
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
 x x  6dx
2
b.
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
c.  1  x xdx
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
95
x 3  5x 2  4
d  x 2 dx
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
........................................................................................................................................
2
 1 
e   x x   dx
 x x
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... .............................
...................................................................................................... ..................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
2. Tentukan rumus f(x) jika diketahui :

1 1
a. f ‘(x) = x 2  2
dan f(1) =
x 3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
96
b. f ‘(x) = x - x dan f(4) = -3

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
dy
3. Gradien suatu kurva pada setiap titik (x,y) ditentukan oleh  3x 2  2 x dan
dx
kurva itu melalui titik (-3,2). Tentukan persamaan kurva itu !
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................... ....................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
4. Diketahui rumus percepatan a(t)= t 2  1 dan kecepatan v(0) = 6. Tentukanlah

dv
rumus kecepatan v(t) jika a(t)=
dt
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................. ......................................................
........................................................................................................................................
97
5. Tentukan integral fungsi berikut !

a.  5 sin x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b.  sin x  cos x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
6. Tentukan integral dari fungsi–fungsi berikut dengan menggunakan metode

substitusi !
12 x x  5 4 dx
2 3
a.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
98
b.  6x 6  x 2 dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
c  sin 5x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
 cos
3
d. x. sin x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
99
e.  cos x 1  sin x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
7. Tentukan integral berikut dengan metode parsial !
x
2
a. cos x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b.  2x  1sin 2x dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
100
 6x x 2 1 dx
3
c.
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
d.  x cos 3x 1 dx

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
e. x
3
sin 2 x 2  6 5 dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
101
8. Tentukan nilai integral di bawah ini :
 5  2 x  6 x  dx
1
2
a.
1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2
 1
2
b.   x   dx
1
x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
9. Tentukan nilai integral dari :

1
2
a.  x  1
0
4
dx
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
102
 2 x  4
5 3
b. dx
2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
 2 x  3
5
c. dx
1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
 6 x  4
5
d. dx
2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
103
10. Tentukan nilai integral berikut ini :

2
a.  (sin x  cos x) dx
0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
1

2
b.  4 cos x  1 dx
1

3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
1

2
c.  cos x dx
0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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104

d.
1
 2 cos 2 x dx

2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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105
BAB VI. PENGGUNAAN INTEGRAL
Kompetensi Dasar:
Mahasiswa mampu menggunakan Integral untuk menghitung Luas daerah dan
Volume Benda.
Mahasiswa dapat:
 Menghitung luas daerah bidang rata dengan menggunakan integral tertentu;
 Menghitung volume benda putar dengan menggunakan integral tertentu;
 Menghitung panjang busur suatu kurva dengan menggunakan integral
tertentu;
 Menghitung luas permukaan benda pejal dengan menggunakan integral
tertentu.
6.1 Luas Daerah Bidang Rata

Daerah antara Kurva dan Sumbu Koordinat
Perhatikan gambar daerah rata dibawah ini
adalah bidang datar yang dibatasi oleh grafik-grafik y  f ( x), x  a, x  b, dan y  0

Dengan menggunakan integral tertentu luas luasan R dinyatakan dengan
b
A( R)   f ( x)dx
a
Jika luasan terletak dibawah sumbu X maka integral tertentu di atas bernilai
negatif, karena luas daerah tidak mungkin bilangan negatif maka nilai integral
106
tersebut dimutlakkan. Sehingga luas luasan daerah negatif dinyatakan dalam

bentuk
b b
A( R)    f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a a
Untuk menghitung luas luasan dengan integral tertentu dapat diikuti

langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :
a) Gambar daerah yang bersangkutan

b) Potong daerah menjadi jalur-jalur dan beri nomor pada satu jalur tertentu
c) Hampiri luas jalur tertentu tersebut dengan luas persegi panjang
d) Jumlahkan luas jalur-jalur pada daerah tersebut
e) Ambil limit dari jumlah diatas dengan lebar jalur menuju 0, maka diperoleh
integral tertentu.
Contoh 1:
Segitiga ABC terletak pada XOY, titik-titik sudutnya dinyatakan dalam koordinat
Cartesius. Titik A(0,0), B(3,0) dan C(3,7). Dengan menggunakan integral tertentu
tentukan luas segitiga ABC.
y
C (3,7)
x
A(0,0) B(3,0)
Persamaan garis AC dapat dinyatakan dengan rumus

y  yA yc  yA

x  xA xc  x A
y0 70
Diperoleh persamaan 
x 30
7x
3 y  7 x atau y 
3
b
Sehingga luas yang dicari dinyatakan den A( R)   f ( x) dx

a
107
3
7  7 
3
7x
 dx   x 2    9   10,5
0
3  6 0  6 
Contoh 2:
Perhatikan gambar luasan berikut ini :
Luasan R dibatasi oleh grafik-grafik

x  g ( y), y  c, y  d , dan x  0 .
Dengan integral tertentu luas luasan R yang berada disebelah kanan sumbu x
d
dinyatakan dalam bentuk A( R)   g ( y)dy
c
Jika gambar terletak disebelah kiri sumbu x maka integral tertentu di atas bernilai
negatif, karena luas daerah tidak mungkin bilangan negatif maka nilai integral
tersebut dimutlakkan, sehingga diperoleh:
d d
A( R)    g ( y )dx   g ( y )dy
c c
Contoh 3:
Tentukan luas daerah antara kurva y = x 3 , sumbu X , x = -1 dan x = 1 !
Penyelesaian : Y
-1 0 1 X
0 1
1  1 
0 1
1 1 1
L    x dx   x dx    x 4    x 4   (0  )  (  0)  satuan luas.
3 3
1 0  4  1  4  0 4 4 2
108
Daerah antara 2 Kurva
Perhatikan kurva-kurva y  f (x) dan y  g (x) dengan f ( x)  g ( x) pada selang a, b ,

seperti gambar berikut :
A   f ( x)  g ( x)x
Sehingga luas luasannya dinyatakan dengan:
b
A( R)   ( f ( x)  g ( x))dx
a
Rumus di atas berlaku untuk luasan di atas sumbu x, jika luasannya disebelah
kanan sumbu y, maka luas luasan yang dibatasi oleh dua kurva dinyatakan dengan
d
A( R)   ( f ( y )  g ( y ))dy
c
6.2 Volume Benda Putar
a. Pemutaran mengelilingi sumbu X
b. Pemutaran mengelilingi sumbu Y

d
1. V    x 2 dy
c
109
d
2. V    ( x12  x11
2
)dy
c
Benda putar yang sederhana dapat kita ambil contoh adalah tabung dengan
besar volume adalah hasilkali luas alas (luas lingkaran) dan tinggi tabung. Volume
dari benda putar secara umum dapat dihitung dari hasilkali antara luas alas dan
tinggi. Bila luas alas dinyatakan dengan A(x) dan tinggi benda putar adalah
panjang selang [a, b] maka volume benda putar dapat dihitung menggunakan
integral tentu sebagai berikut :
b
V   A( x)dx
a
Untuk mendapatkan volume benda putar yang terjadi karena suatu daerah
diputar terhadap suatu sumbu, dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua buah metode
yaitu metode cakram dan kulit tabung.
a. Metode Cakram
Misal daerah dibatasi oleh y  f ( x), y  0, x  1, dan x  b diputar dengan
sumbu putar sumbu x. Volume benda pejal/padat yang terjadi dapat dihitung
dengan memandang bahwa volume benda padat tersebut merupakan jumlah tak
berhingga cakram yang berpusat di titik-titik pada selang a, b . Misal pusat cakram
x0 ,0 dan jari-jari r  f x0  .

Maka luas cakram dinyatakan : Ax0   f 2
 x0 
b
Oleh karena itu, volume benda putar : V    f ( x)  dx


2
110
Sedang bila grafik fungsi dinyatakan dengan x  g ( y), x  0, y  c dan y  d diputar

mengelilingi sumbu Y maka volume benda putar :
d
V     g ( y )  dy
2
Bila daerah yang dibatasi oleh y  f x   0 , y  g x   0, f ( x)  g ( x) untuk setiap

x  a, b, x  a dan x  b diputar dengan sumbu putar sumbu X maka volume:
 
b
V    f 2 ( x)  g 2 ( x) dx
a
Bila daerah yang dibatasi oleh x  f  y   0, x  g  y   0, f ( y)  g ( y) untuk setiap

y  c, d , y  c dan y  d diputar dengan sumbu putar sumbu Y maka volume :
 
d
V    f 2 ( y )  g 2 ( y ) dy
c
Contoh 1:
Hitung volume benda yang terjadi jika daerah pada kuadran 1 yang dibatasi oleh
kurva y = dan garis x = 2 diputar mengelilingi sumbu x.
Jawab: y
Y=
x
X=2
Daerah pada kuadran 1 yang dibatasi oleh kurva y = , sumbu x dan garis x = 2
Hitung volume dengan menggunakan persamaan:
= π
111
Contoh 2:
y=
y=x
x
o
Gambar daerah yang dibatasi y = dan y = x
Hitung volume benda putar dari daerah yang dibatasi y = dan y = x jika diputar
pada sumbu y.
Jawab:
Tentukan titik potong kedua kurva tersebut:
Jadi titik potongnya adalah (0,0) dan (1,1)

Hitung volume dengan persamaan:
V=π
=π
=π
=π
= satuan volume
112
b. Metode Kulit Tabung

Metode kulit tabung sebagai alternatif lain dalam perhitungan volume benda
putar yang mungkin lebih mudah diterapkan bila kita bandingkan dengan metode
cakram. Benda putar yang terjadi dapat dipandang sebagai tabung dengan jari-jari
kulit luar dan dalamnya berbeda, maka volume yang akan dihitung adalah volume
dari kulit tabung. Untuk lebih memperjelas kita lihat uraian berikut.
Pandang tabung dengan jari-jari kulit dalam dan kulit luar berturut-turut r1
dan r2 , tinggi tabung h. Maka volume kulit tabung adalah :
V  r2  r1 h  2rhr

r2  r1
dengan :  r rata  rata, jari  jari , r2  r1  r
2
Bila daerah yang dibatasi oleh y  f ( x), y  0, x  a, x  b diputar mengelilingi
sumbu Y maka kita dapat memandang bahwa jari-jari r  x dan r  x dan tinggi
tabung h  f (x) Oleh karena itu volume benda putar yang terjadi adalah
b
V   2xf x dx
a
Misal daerah dibatasi oleh

kurva y  f x , y  g x , f ( x)  g ( x), x  a, b , x  a dan x  b diputar mengelilingi
sumbu Y. Maka volume benda putar
b
V   2x f ( x)  g ( x)  dx
a
Bila daerah dibatasi oleh grafik yang dinyatakan dengan

x  f ( y), x  0, y  c, y  d diputar mengelilingi sumbu X, maka volume =
d
V   2y f ( y )  dy
c
Sedang untuk daerah yang dibatasi oleh

x  f  y , x  g  y , f ( y)  g ( y), y  c, d , dan y  c dan y  d diputar mengelilingi
sumbu X. Maka volume benda putar yang didapat dinyatakan dengan
d
V   2y f ( y )  g ( y )  dx
c
113
Contoh 1:
Hitung volume benda jika daerahnya dibatasi dengan y= dan x=2 dan diputar
mengelilingi sumbu y.
Jawab:
Daerah yang dibatasi y = , sumbu x dan garis x = 2
Hitung volume dengan
y menggunakan persamaan:
y=
.
= 2π
=
x =
x=
2 = 8π satuan volume
Contoh 2:
Hitunglah volume benda putar pada gambar dibawah ini jika diputar mengelilingi
sumbu x.
Jawab:
Hitung volume dengan menggunakan
persamaan:
y .
y=
= 2π
A y=x
= 2π
x = 2π
O
= satuan volume
Daerah yang dibatasi y = dan y = x
114
6.3 Panjang Busur
Y
Pi
y  f (x)
Pn  B
P1 Pj
Po  A
P2
X
Pada gambar di atas, AB adalah suatu bagian kurva y  f (x). Berdasarkan

definisi, AB merupakan limit penjumlahan dari panjang sekumpulan tali busur
AP1 , P1 P2 , P3 P4 ,...Pn2 Pn1 , Pn1 B yang menghubungkan titik-titik pada busur itu. Jika
banyaknya titik-titik pada kurva y  f (x) banyaknya menuju tak hingga maka panjang
tiap tali busur tersebut menuju nol.
Selanjutnya jika A(a, c) dan B(b, d ) sebarang dua titik pada kurva
y  f (x) dengan turunan y  f (x) adalah y'  f ' ( x) yang masing-masing kontinu
pada interval a  x  b maka panjang tali busur dinyatakan oleh
s
AB
 ds
2
 dy 
b
 1    dx
a  dx 
Dengan cara yang sama, jika A(a, c) dan B(b, d ) dua titik pada kurva yang
persamaannya dinyatakan dengan x  f ( y) dengan x  f ( y) turunannya adalah
x'  f ' ( y) yang masing-masing kontinu pada c  y  d maka panjang busur AB
dinyatakan oleh
s   ds
AB
2
d
 dx 
 1    dy
c  dy 
115
Apabila persamaan kurva dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan parametrik

 x  f (t )
 dengan t1  t  t 2
 y  g (t )
Dan jika syarat kontinuitasnya dipenuhi maka panjang tali busur AB dinyatakan
oleh:
s   ds
AB
t2 2 2
 dx   dy 
      du
t1  dt   dt 
Contoh 1:
Gunakan dengan teknik integral untuk menentukan panjang ruas garis y  2 x  3
antara titik (1,5) dan (3,9). Bandingkan hasilnya dengan menggunakan rumus jarak.
Jawab:
dy
Karena y  2 x  3 diperoleh  2 sehingga
dx
2
 dy 
3
s  
1
1   dx
 dx 
3
  1  2  dx
2
  5x 3
1  3 5 1 5  2 5
Dengan menggunakan rumus jarak yang menghubungkan dua titik
AB  ( X B X A ) 2  (YB  YA ) 2
AB  (3  1) 2  (9  5) 2
 4  16  20  2 5
Kedua cara memberikan hasil yang sama.
Contoh 2:
Tentukan panjang tali busur AB pada kurva y 2  8x 2 jika A(0,0) dan B(1,2)
Jawab :
dy dy 16 x
Karena y 2  8x 2 maka 2 y  16 x atau  dan berubah dari x  0 dan
dx dx 8x 2
x  1 sehingga
116
2
 dy 
1
s  
0
1   dx
 dx 
2
1
 16 x 
 
0
1 

 8x
2
 dx


1
  1  32 dx
0

 x 33 
1
0
 33 
6.4 Luas Permukaan Benda Putar
Jika sebuah luasan R yang terbatas bidang XOY mengelilingi salah satu
sumbu pada bidangnya maka lintasan kurva tersebut membentuk benda pejal yang
permukaannya dapat ditentukan luasnya dengan menggunakan integral tertentu
R adalah suatu luasan yang dibatasai oleh kurva y  f ( x), x  a, x  b diputar
mengelilingi sumbu x
X
y  f (x)
xa xb X
Selanjutnya R sebagaimana gambar di atas diputar mengelilingi sumbu X sehingga

terbentuk benda pejal.
117
Y
y  f (x)
xa R xb X
Gambar di atas berupa kerucut terpancung yang mempunyai jari-jari alas r1 dan r2
Dengan tinggi t. Luas permukaan kerucut terpancung tersebut adalah
A  2 (rerata jari  jari )(tinggi )
atau
r r 
A  2  1 2 t
 2 
Selanjutnya andaikan y  f ( x), a  x  b dengan cara membuat partisi [a,b] menjadi
n bagian dengan menggunakan a  xo  x1  x 2  x3  ...  xn1  xn . Dengan
demikian kurva yang terbagi terdiri atas n bagian. Andaikan si menyatakan
panjang potongan ke  i dan andaikan y i adalah sebuah titik pada potongan si .
Karena pita potongan diputar mengelilingi sumbu x maka luas pita tersebut dapat
dihampiri oleh Ai  2yi si . Apabila luas semua potongan pita dijumlahkan
dengan xi  0 diperoleh luas permukaan benda pejal dan ditunjukkan dengan
limit partisi sebagai berikut:

n
A  lim
P 0
 2y s
i 1
i i
118
b
A   2 yds
a
2
 dy 
b
 2  y 1    dx
a  dx 
Dengan cara yang sama jika luasan diputar mengelilingi sumbu Y dalam batasan
garis y  c dan y  d maka luas permukaannya dinyatakan dengan
d
A   2 xds
c
2
d
 dx 
 2  x 1    dy
c  dy 
Jika persamaan kurva dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan parametrik
x  f (t ), y  g (t ) dengan a  t  b maka luas permukaan benda pejal dinyatakan
oleh rumus
b
A   2 yds
a
2 2
 dx   dy 
b
 2  g (t )      dt
a  dt   dt 
Contoh 1:
Luasan R dibatasi oleh kurva y  6 x, x  0, x  1 diputar mengelilingi sumbu x .
Tentukan luas permukaannya dengan terlebih dahulu menggambar benda putarnya!
Jawab:
Y y  6x
y  6x Y
R
X X
x 1 x 1
119
dy
Karena y  6 x maka 6
dx
Luas permukaan benda putar di atas dapat ditentukan dengan rumus:
b
A   2 yds
a
2
 dy 
1
 2  y 1    dx
0  dx 
1
 2  6 x 1  6 dx
2
0
1
 2  6 x 37 dx
0
1
1 
 12 37  x 2 
 2 0
1
 12 37  
2
 6 37
Contoh 2:
Luasan R dibatasi oleh kurva y  x 2 , y  0, y  1 diputar mengelilingi sumbu y.
Sketsa gambar benda putarnya dan kemudian tentukan luas permukaannya!
Jawab:
Y
Y
1 y  x2
X X
dx 1
Karena y  x 2 maka x  
y sehingga
dy 2 y
Dengan menggunakan integral integral tertentu, luas permukaan benda putar di
atas dapat ditentukan dengan rumus:
120
b
A   2xds
a
2
1
 dx 
 2  y 1    dy
0  dy 
2
1
 1 
 2  y 1   dy
2 y 
0  
2
1
 1 
 2  y 1   dy
2 y 
0  
4y 1
1
 2  y dy
0
4y
4y 1
1
1
 2  y dy
0
2 y
1
   4 y  1 dy
0
1
2 1 
   . 4 y  12 
3
3 4 0


6
5 5 1 
121
LEMBAR KERJA 1
1. Lukislah daerah antara beberapa kurva di bawah ini :

a. x  2, x  3, y  2 dan y  3
b. y  x, y   x dan y  3
c. y  x 2 dan y   x 2  2
d . y  x dan y  x 3
e. y  x 2  4 x dan y   x 2  4 x
Jawaban:
a. x  2, x  3, y  2 dan y  3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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b. y  x, y   x dan y  3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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122
c. y  x 2 dan y   x 2  2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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d . y  x dan y  x 3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
e. y  x 2  4 x dan y   x 2  4 x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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123
2. Tentukan luas daerah yang diarsir pada gambar di bawah ini :
a. Y b. Y
y=x+2 y = x2
X
X -2 0 2 0 3
Penyelesaian soal 2a: .............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Penyelesaian soal 2b: ..............................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3. Tentukan luas daerah antara kurva berikut dan sumbu koordinat atau garis
yang ditentukan :
a. y  2 x  1 , sumbu X, x = -2 dan x = 3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
124
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y  x 2 , sumbu X, x = 0 dan x = 2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
4. Hitunglah luas daerah yang diarsir pada gambar di bawah ini :

.
Y y = 2x
Y=x
0 2 X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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125
5. Hitunglah luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh dua kurva berikut :

a. y  x 2 dan y  x  2
b. y  9  x 2 dan x  y  3  0
c. y  x 2 dan y  2x  x 2
d . y  2  x 2 dan x  y  0
Jawaban:
a. y  x 2 dan y  x  2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y  9  x 2 dan x  y  3  0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
c. y  x 2 dan y  2x  x 2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
126
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
d . y  2  x 2 dan x  y  0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
6. Pada gambar di bawah, hitunglah volume benda putarnya jika diputar

mengelilingi sumbu X sejauh 360 !
a. Y b. Y y = x2
y=x+2
2
0 3 X
-2 0 2 X
Penyelesaian soal 6a: .............................................................................................

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127
Penyelesaian soal 6b: ..............................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
7. Hitunglah volume benda putar yang terjadi jika daerah yang dibatasi oleh kurva-
kurva yang diketahui diputar mengelilingi sumbu X sejauh 360 !
a. y = x, x = 1 dan x = 10
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y = x 2 , sumbu X, sumbu Y dan x = 6

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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128
8. Hitunglah volume benda putar yang terjadi jika daerah yang dibatasi oleh dua
kurva diputar sejauh 360 mengelilingi sumbu koordinat yang disebutkan !
a. y = x dan y = x 2 mengelilingi sumbu X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y = x 2 dan y 2  x mengelilingi sumbu Y

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
9. Tentukan panjang tali busur pada kurva

a. 24 xy  x 4  8 antara x  1 dan x  2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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129
b. x  1  t , y  2  3t ,0  t  1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
x3
10. Sebuah luasan R dibatasi kurva y  ,1  x  7 diputar mengelilingi sumbu x.
3
Hitung luas permukaan dengan terlebih dahulu menggambar benda putarnya!
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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130
LEMBAR KERJA 2
1. Lukislah daerah antara beberapa kurva di bawah ini :
a. y  x 2 dan y  x
b. y  2 x  1, x  4 dan sumbu X
c. y  x 2  2 x  8, , x  4 dan x  5
3
d . y  sin x, 0  x  
2
e. y  x dan y  x
2
Jawaban:
a. y  x 2 dan y  x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y  2 x  1, x  4 dan sumbu X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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131
c. y  x 2  2 x  8, , x  4 dan x  5
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3
d . y  sin x, 0  x  
2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
e. y  x 2 dan y  x
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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132
2. Tentukan luas daerah yang diarsir pada gambar di bawah ini :
Y y = x3
X
-4 4
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3. Tentukan luas daerah antara kurva berikut dan sumbu koordinat atau garis yang
ditentukan :
a. y  x 2  1 dan sumbu X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
b. y  8x  x 2 , sumbu X dan x = 4
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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133
4. Hitunglah luas daerah yang diarsir pada gambar di bawah ini :

.
y=x
2
y= x Y
0 1 X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
5. Hitunglah luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh dua kurva berikut :

a. y  x 2 , y  x  6 dan sumbu Y
b. y  x dan y  x 2
c. y  x 2  4 x  3 dan x  y  1  0
d . y  x 3  3x 2 , x  1 , x  3, dan sumbu X
Jawaban:
a. y  x 2 , y  x  6 dan sumbu Y
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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134
b. y  x dan y  x 2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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c. y  x 2  4 x  3 dan x  y  1  0
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
. .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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d . y  x 3  3x 2 , x  1 , x  3, dan sumbu X
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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135
kurva yang diketahui diputar mengelilingi sumbu X sejauh 360 !
a. y = x 2  1 , x = 0 dan x = 1
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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b. y = x 3 , sumbu X, x = -3 dan x = 3
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
kurva y = x 2  1 , y = 0 dan y = 1 diputar mengelilingi sumbu Y sejauh 360 !
Penyelesaian: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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136
8. Hitunglah volume benda putar yang terjadi jika daerah yang dibatasi oleh dua
kurva diputar sejauh 360 mengelilingi sumbu koordinat yang disebutkan !
a. y = x 2 , y = x , mengelilingi sumbu Y
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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b. y = x 2 dan y = x 4 mengelilingi sumbu X

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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c. y = x 2 dan y = 6 x  x 2 mengelilingi sumbu X

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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137
d. y = 1  x 2 dan y = 9  x 2 mengelilingi sumbu X

Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
9. Tentukan panjang tali busur yang ditunjukkan oleh

a. 6 xy  x 4  3 antara x  1dan x  2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
1
b. x  3t 2  2, y  2t 3  ,1  t  4
2
Penyelesaian: ..........................................................................................................
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138
10. Kurva y  25  x 2 ,2  x  3 diputar mengelilingi sumbu x, tentukan luas

permukaan benda pejal dengan terlebih dahulu menggambarkan.
Penyelesaian: ...............................................................................................................
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139
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Baisuni, H.M. Hasyim. 1986. Kalkulus. Jakarta: UI – Press.

Leithold, Louis. 1987. Kalkulus dan Ilmu Ukur Analitik 1. Diterjemahkan oleh: Drs. M.
Margha. Jakarta: PT. Bina Aksara
Leithold, Louis. 1985. Kalkulus dan Ilmu Ukur Analitik 2. Diterjemahkan oleh: Drs. M.
Margha. Jakarta: PT. Bina Aksara
Purcell, Edwin J. dan Varberg, Dale. 1987. Calculus With Geometry Analytic. 5 th
Edition. New-York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Widana, I Nyoman. 2006. Diktat Kalkulus I. Jurusan Matematika, FMIPA Universitas
Udayana
https://srimawarni.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/bab-4-penggunaan-turunan.doc
https://dwipurnomoikipbu.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/bab-i-pendahuluan-
revisi.doc+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=id
file https://dwipurnomoikipbu.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/bab-ii-fungsi-dan-
limit-fungsi.doc.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/115892391/Materi-Kalkulus-2-Integral
https://www.scribd.com/doc/61416044/Makalah-Kalkulus-II-Integral-Oleh-
Mansur-Amriatul-07-241-075
140

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LEMBAR KERJA MAHASISWA

Kebutuhan akan perangkat pembelajaran bagi mahasiswa yang mengambil

II. FUNGSI DAN LIMIT FUNGSI ………….………………………………………………………... 30

III. TURUNAN FUNGSI ………………………………..……………………………………………… 45

IV. PENGGUNAAN TURUNAN ……………….......………………………………………………….. 70

Lembar Kerja 1 ...……………………………………………………………………………………... 87

VI. PENGGUNAAN INTEGRAL ……………………………………………………………………... 106

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ………………………………………………………….………………………….. 140

3.1 Sistem Bilangan Real

Untuk memudahkan dalam memahami konsep sistem bilangan real, berikut

dinotasikan dengan Z yang anggota-anggotanya adalah ...-3, -2, -,1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...,

Sifat-sifat Sistem Bilangan Real

1.2 Persamaan dan Pertidaksamaan

Jadi penyelesaian persamaan x 2  3x  4  0 adalah x = 4 atau x = -1

Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 2  5x  6  0 adalah x < 2 atau x > 3.

Penyelesaian pertidaksamaan di atas dapat pula diterangkan sebagai berikut: Ruas

x<2 2<x<3 x>3

Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1.

Jadi, penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1 x  1 atau 1  x  2 .

Cara lain untuk menentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan x 3  2 x 2  x  1  1.

1.3 Nilai Mutlak

didefinisikan sebagai panjang atau jarak bilangan tersebut dari bilangan 0.

Bentuk lain dari definisi di atas adalah: x  x2 .

Sifat-sifat Nilai Mutlak

Secara geometris, nilai mutlak x  a dapat diartikan sebagai jarak dari a ke x.

di sebelah kiri 3, seperti gambar di bawah.

Sifat 2. Jika a  0 , maka: x  a  x  a atau x  a .

1.4 Sistem Koordinat Kartesius

dinamakan kwadran. Terdapat 4 kwadran, yaitu kuadran I ( x  0, y  0), kwadran II

Jarak antara Dua Titik pada Bidang

Gradien Garis Lurus Y

Jika l1 dan l 2 tegak lurus maka, perhatikan gambar di bawah ini

Karena l1 dan l 2 tegak lurus, maka   90 o , sehingga 1  m1m2  0 atau m1m2  1

2) Tegak lurus jika dan hanya jika ml1.ml2  1

1.5 Persamaan Garis Lurus

Menurut definisi kemiringan (gradien), garis PQ pada gambar di atas mempunyai

1. Tentukan penyelesaian pertidaksamaan dibawah ini!

2. Tentukan semua nilai x yang memenuhi !

b. P(8,-2) dan Q(3,-1)

4. Tentukan gradien dan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik-titik

b. (3,5) dan (7,-1)

5. Tentukan nilai k sedemikian rupa sehingga garis 3x + ky = 5

d. tegak lurus garis y-2 = 3(x+3)

b. Melalui dua titik (3,1) dan (-5,4)

c. Melalui titik (-3, -4) dan sejajar sumbu Y

d. Melalui titik (1, -7) dan sejajar sumbu X

b. (-3, 6), (3, 2), (9,-2)

10. Diketahui dua garis l1 dan l2, l1 dengan persamaan 2x + 3y - 5 = 0, l2 dengan

1. Tentukan penyelesaian dari pertidaksamaan dibawah ini!

2. Tentukan semua nilai x yang memenuhi !

b. P(5,3) dan Q(2,-5)

4. Tentukan gradien dan persamaan garis lurus yang melalui titik-titik

b. (2,-4) dan (4,9)

5. Carilah nilai c sedemikian sehingga persamaan cx – 3y = 10 sejajar garis

b. tegak lurus garis 2x + 3y = 6

6. Diketahui suatu garis lurus l dengan persamaan 2x + 3y – 5 = 0. Tentukan

c. mempunyai slope -2 dan memotong sumbu X di (4, 0)

b. (4, 6), (1, 2), (-5, -4)

10. Diketahui dua garis l1 dan l2, l1 dengan persamaan 2x + 3y - 5 = 0, l2 dengan

BAB II. FUNGSI DAN LIMIT FUNGSI

2.1 Fungsi dan Grafiknya

anggotanya berhingga, berdasarkan fakta tersebut selanjutnya dapat dibuat

Berdasarkan relasi yang digambarkan pada gambar 2.1 di atas, tampak