CAT Training Course (2)

-Operation Manual-

October 19-24 2015

Arata Kaneko
Hiroshima University
Cha pt e r Ⅰ In tr o duc t i o n
B AB : P E NG ANT AR
The coastal acoustic tomography s ystem atau yang di disebut "CATS"
dalam akronim. Beberapa CATS dapat mengukur waktu perjalanan dalam
arah timbal balik antara dua transmisi akustik dan stasiun penerimaan
(stasiun akustik). Waktu perjalanan rata-rata diubah menjadi kecepatan
suara jalan-rata (terutama yang sesuai dengan suhu dikarenakan efek
yang lebih kecil berpengaruh terhadap salinitas), dan perbedaan waktu
perjalanan diubah menjadi jalan arus rata-rata. Pemetaan 2D dan 3D
pada bidang arus dan kecepatan suara (suhu) lapangan didapatkan
melalui sebuah analisis terbalik yang tepat ketika area pengamatan
dikelilingi oleh beberapa(multi) stasiun akustik.
The coastal acoustic tomograph y system is called “CATS” in acron ym.
A couple of CATSs can measure travel times in a reciprocal direction
between two acoustic transmission and receptionstations (acoustic
stations). The mean travel time is converted into the path-average
sound speed (mainly proportional to temperature because of smaller
effects due to salinity), and the travel time difference is converted to
the path-average current. The 2D and 3D mappings of current and sound
speed (temperature) fields are obtained through an appropriate inverse
analysis when the observation domain is surrounded by a multi-acoustic
stations.
Ada dua jenis CATSs, tipe self-contained (SC) dan tipe direct reading
(DR). pendahulu/awal dioperasikan di bawah permukaan mooring sistem
dan semua unit sistem berada di bawah air. Yang terakhir ini
dioperasikan oleh sistem berbasis lahan. Sistem yang tersisa kecuali
transduser dalam air diletakkan di tepi pemecah gelombang, dermaga,
tiang jembatan, dll Untuk tipe DR, jam GPS selalu dioperasikan
selama pengukuran berlangsung untuk mencapai akurasi waktu yang
tepat dan waktu internal disiapkan sebagai sistem back-up jika pada

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penerima GPS bermasalah.
There are two kinds of CATSs, self-contained (SC) type and direct
reading (DR) t ype. The former is operated in a subsurface mooring
system and all units of the system are located in underwater. The latter
is operated by a land-based system. The remainingsystem except the
transducer in water is put at the edge of breakwaters, wharfs, piers, etc.
For the DR-t ype, the GPS clock is always operated during the ongoing
measurement to attain high clock accuracy and the internal clock is
prepared as a back-up system at a troubled receiving of GPS.
Semua paket tipe DR CATS ditunjukkan dengan gambar di di.1.1.
Hanya DR-CATS dijelaskan kemudian.
All packages of DR-type CATS are shown with the picture in
Fig.1.1. Only DR-CATS is described later.

10kHz
Transducer

Transducer
Cable

DR-CATS

Fig.1.1 photo dari tipe DR CATS

Fig.1.1Photo picture of DR-t ype CATS

Cha pt e r Ⅱ T e st s pr i or t o t he F i el d e x pe ri m e nt

B a b Ⅱ T e s se bel um pe r c o ba a n l a pa ng a n

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2.1 SISTEM UJI / System Test
2.1 SYSTEM TEST
Tes pertama sebelum percobaan lapangan adalah " SYSTEM
TEST" yang dapat dilakukan tanpa menghubungkan transducer.
Sistem ini dapat dioperasikan dengan program C-code
"tomo.exe", yang disimpan dalam kartu memori micro-SD.
Parameter operasi dan kondisi “UJ I SISTEM “disajikan dengan
menempatkan "tomo.cfg" di kartu SD yang sama. Tujuh perintah
M-sequence (M6.bin, M7.bin, M8.bin, M9.bin, M10.bin, M11.bin
dan M12.bin) disiapkan untuk mewujudkan percobaan akustik
tomografi dengan berbagai macam stasiun-ke-stasiun dengan
area (1 km-30 km). Pemegang Data kosong "data" juga harus
dimasukkan ke dalam kartu SD untuk menyimpan data observasi.
Kelayakan pengaturan parameter disajikan dalam "tomo.cfg" dan
kesesuaian dengan "tomo.exe" dikuatkan/dibuktikan oleh
“SYSTEM TEST”. Sistem tidak mulai dari pengaturan parameter
yang buruk.
The firsttest prior to the field experimentsis the “SYSTEM TEST”
which can be performed without connecting a transducer. The
system can be operated by the C-code program “tomo.exe”,
stored in a micro-SD memory card. The operation parameters and
condition for SYSTEM TEST are presented by putting “tomo.cfg”
in the same SD card. Seven M-sequence orders (M6.bin, M7.bin,
M8.bin, M9.bin, M10.bin, M11.bin and M12.bin) are prepared
to realize the acoustic tomography experiment with various
station-to-station range (1 km-30 km). Vacant data holder “data”
must also be put in the SD card for storing the observation data.
The reasonability of parameters setting presented in “tomo.cfg”
and its suitability with “tomo.exe”areconfirmed by SYSTEM
TEST. The s ystem does not start at a bad parameter setting.
Untuk data telemetri dengan modem 3G / 4GUSB, dua program

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"Ftp.cfg" dan "ftp.exe" harus disimpan dalam kartu micro SD. Juga
nomor urutan dengan comment “FTP flags” di “tomo.cfg” diubah dari 0
ke 1 atau 2. 1 berarti bahwa data di kartu SD akan dihapus setelah
transfer data berhasil. 2 berarti bahwa data di kartu SD masih ada
meskipun setelah transfer data berhasil. Baris berikutnya dipersiapkan
untuk jumlah data yang akan disimpan sampai pelaksanaan transfer data.
For data telemetry by the 3G/4GUSB modem, two more programs
“ftp.cfg” and “ftp.exe” must be stored in the micro SD card. Also
thenumber in the line with the comment“FTP flags”in“tomo.cfg”is
changed from 0 to 1 or 2. The 1 means that data in SD card are deleted
after the successful data transfer. The 2 means that data in SD card still
exist even after the successful data transfer. The next line is prepared
for the number of data to be stored until the execution of data transfer.

1. Pengaturan Hardware(Perangkat Keras)

1. Set up the hardware
1) Siapkan satu unit DR-CATS
2) Siapkan baterai mobil dengan daya 12V atau satu daya stabil untuk
sistem operasi
3) Menyiapkan catatan-PC dengan driver "Bluetooth".
Dalam manual ini, kami menganggap bahwa "driver Bluetooth"
dipasang di computer PC, untuk kasus di mobile phone bisa
menggunakan “Blue term” atau jenisnya.
4) Lakukan klik dua kali "driver Bluetooth" pada kompueter-PC
1)Prepare oneunit of DR-CATS
2)Prepare a 12V car batter y or a stabilized power suppl y for the s yst em
operation
3)PrepareaNote-PC with “Bluetooth” driver.
In this manual, we assume that“My Bluetooth” is installed in the
Note-PC.
4) Make a double click “My Bluetooth”on the Note-PC

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5) Klik dua kali pada "GIST_tomo2" yang merupakan nama Bluetooth
kemudian diatur dalam tomo.exe.
5)Makea double click to “GIST_tomo2” which is the Bluetooth name set
in tomo.exe.

6)The horizontallyfacing green double arrows become visible beneath

“GIST_tomo2” icon, showing asuccessful connection.

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7) Make a serial connection between Note-PC and CATS,
using“motocross.exe”as a terminal software on the Note-PC. In use
of motocross.exe, the number of com port may be smaller than 7.
The“ttermpro.exe”, downloaded as a free software on the internet,
isrecommendedas another terminal software.
8) Run “motocross.exe” or “ttermpro.exe”on the note PC.
9)When not connected to Note-PC via the serial interface, open the
menu of “Communication Settings”, set up the baud rate of
38,400bps, 8 data bit and 1 stop bit, and mark “send LF after CR”.

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10)At the present case, the number of COM port is 8. In case of no
connection, the number of COM port is set badl y. Confirm iton the
Note-PC at the following steps:
(a)open“CONTROL PANEL” (b) select “SYSTEM”
(c) select“HARDWARE” in the upper menu bar
(d) select“DEVICE MANAGER” (e) select “PORT”
11) Prepare“tomo.cfg” for setting observation parameters in the 2GB
micro SD memory card.
12) One execution file“tomo.exe”mustbe prepared in themicro SD
memory card. The M-sequence of the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th or
12th order (M6.bin, M7.bin,M8.bin, M9.bin,M10.bin,
M11.bin,M12.bin)in the binary form and the vacantdataholder “data”
must be prepared in the micro SD card.
13) Operate the CATS in the following steps:
(a) “First” insert the2GB micro SD memory cardwith “tomo.exe”,
“tomo.cfg”,M12.bin and vacant data folder.
(b) Connect the system power line
(c) Power-on CATS

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14) The WLAN interface is equipped to transfer the received raw data
tothe external micro PC (RaspberryPi) via router, using FTP. The
operationof WLAN interfacemust be set intomo.cfginsuch a way that
the number in the top line with the comment“FTP flags”is changed
from 0 to 1. Also“ftp.cfg”and“ftp.exe”must be stored in the micro
SD card.

Note-1:The micro SD card must be formatted by not FAT-32,

butFAT/FAT-16 provided by MICROSOFT prior to the system
operation. The latter (FAT/FAT-16) reduces remarkably the time
elapsed in writing in the SD card.
Note-2: The SD card can be retriev ed for d ata inspection and anal ysis
after the power-off of the s ystem. The exchange of the SD cardmust
be done within periodsexcept the tiny instance (less than
onesecond) of data recording.
Note-3: The power-on of the s ystem should be done after the setting of
micro SD card in the SD card holder.
Note-4: The s ystem cannotrestart when an y noises enter themicro
SDcard. In this trouble, SDcard should be reformatted. The reformat
of micro SD card is also recommended wheneverthe system does not
start at unexpectedsystem troubles.

15) Shut down the CATS in the followingstepsat the finish of SYSTEM
TEST
(a) “First”power off the system b y the toggle switch on the front
panel
(b) “Second” take off themicro SD memory card from the front
panel

Note:
The serial connection can also be done by Bluetooth from the smart

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mobile phone (i-phoneis not accepted)with the following steps:
1) Download Blue Term from the internet.
2) Click on Bluetooth, installed in the smart phone.
3) Make paring with the Bluetooth name provided for the DR-CATS.
4) Click Blue Term
5) Click the box located at lower left.
6) Click“connect device”.
7) Confirm connected at upper right of the display.
8) Internal information of CATS during the wake-up period
appears automatically on the display of the smart phone.

2. Set up the software

1)Prepare the configuration file for SYSTEM TEST

CFG FileExample for SYSTEM TEST:

There are two cases for data recording into micro SD memory card. First
only the pre-correlationdata (file name such as) are recorded. Second
both the pre-correlation (raw) and correlationdarmddmmss.rawta(file
name such as rmddmmss-t.dat) are recorded. Two methods are
distinguished by assigning zero or finite values in milliseconds for
‘calc_length’.The following two lines are invalid when ‘calc_length’ is
set to zero.Correlation calculation by the internal PC with weak ability
is not recommended here. The ‘raw_data_store_interval’ should be set
to onewhenonly the raw dataare stored every transmission. The
‘extra_record_length’ is the data length in millisecond unit, added
before the first expected arrival and after the last expected arrival. For
the safety acquirement of data, it is preferable to select a little larger
values for it. However it should be noticed that the size of one raw data
is lengthened through such a selection.
Each station data such asstation name, code number and geographical
station position and operation frequency must be given as common

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parameters. The 16 kinds of code number (0, 1, 2, 3, …………….., 15)
are prepared for multi-station experiments.

A) Only pre-correlation (raw) data are recorded

For this case, only the raw data (pre-correlation data) are recorded
inthe SD card. This is done by setting “cal_length” to zero and“raw
data store interval” to 1.
T1 ; my_station0
2 ; total station no 1
3 ; wakeup time interval(min) 2
0 ; round_interval(sec) 3
5000 ; transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M11 ; M sequence order 5
3 ; modulation no (cycles per digit) 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_store_interval 8
400 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
0 ; calc_length(msec) 10
240 ; store_length(msec) 11
120 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1500 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
0 ; FTP flags (0, 1, 2) 14
0 ; data number storedfor telemetry 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test 19
2008-12-02 04:00:00 ;start 20
2020-12-31 00:00:00 ;end 21
{
T1 :station name
1 :code number
3402.140N 13249.950E ;stationposition (degree_minuteinunit)
5000 : frequency
}
{
T2 :station name
2 :code name
3409.570N 13250.459E ;station position (degree_minute inunit)
5000 : frequency
}

B) Both pre-correlation (raw) and correlation (dat) data are

recorded
T1 ; my_station0
2 ; total station no 1
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 4 ; wakeup time interval(min) 2
0 ; round_interval(sec) 3
5000 ; transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M11 ; M sequence order 5
3 ; modulation no.(cycles per digit) 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_store_interval 8
400 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
240 ; calc_length(msec) 10
240 ; store_length(msec) 11
120 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1500 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
2 ; FTP flags (0, 1, 2) 14
5 ; data number storedfor telemetry 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test19
2008-12-02 04:00:00 ;start20
2020-12-31 00:00:00 ;end21
{
T1 ;station name
0 ; code name
3402.140N 13249.950E ;station position (degree_minute inunit)
50000 ; frequency
}
{
T2 ;station name
1 ;code name
3409.570N 13250.459E ;stationposition (degree_minute inunit)
5000 ; frequency
}

c) ftp.cfg
192.168.201.103 ; IP address for external FTP server
ngohda; user ID for external FTP server
mozart0 ; password for external FTP server

2.2 LABORATORY TEST.

1. Overview
SecondlyCATSs must be tested inthe laboratory to confirm how well
sound transmission and reception are proceeded.They are done between
a pair of CATSs in the water buckets, distanced by about 2 meters. The
level and tone of transmission sound are confirmed by the direct ear
inspection and hearing. On the other hand, sound reception is confirmed
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by identifying an arrival peak in the correlation waveform. Note that
receiver gains are not inspected by “LABTEST” because distances are
too short.
In LABTEST, the external batteries of 12V and 24V are used for
system operation and sound transmission, respectivel y. The car
batteries of 12V are suitable for the test.Two small water buckets are
placedat the spacing of about 2 m. The transducer, connected to
theCATS units (CATS-T1 andCATS-T2),issubmerged in the
corresponding water bucket. Sound transmission and reception between
the transducers are performedvia air (sometimes floor) lying between
the water buckets.The same time transmission cannot be applied
because of so short station-to-station distance of 2 m. The
CATS-T1starts to transmit sound every two minutes first,and CATS-S2
is set to receive this sound50 seconds later.The transmission and
reception sides are alternated, namely sound is received at CATS-S1
after transmitted from CATS-S2. Such round-robin transmission is
performed every two minutes for each station.

2. Lay out the system for LAB TEST

Power supply (12V, 24V) Power supply (12V, 24V)

Waterbucket

GPS TR TR GPS
C AT S- T 1 C AT S- T 2
SD memory SD memory
Card (2GB) Card (2GB)

Data 2m Data
Serial Serial
telemetry telemetry
connection connection
(Bluetooth) (Bluetooth) COM port
COM port

Note-PC Fig.1.2 Note-PC

3. Set up the hardware

1) Prepare two units of DR-CATSs and lay out them as shown in Fig.1.2.

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2)Prepare a 12V car battery for system operation and two 12V car
batteriesin a serial connection for sound transmission.
3)Prepare two Note-PCswith Bluetooth, andCATSs and Note-PCs are
connected by the serial interface. The“motocross.exe”is used as a
terminal software on Note-PC.
4) Run “motocross.exe” on the Note-PC.
5)Open the menu of “Communication Settings”, set up the baud rate of
38,400 bps, 8 data bit and 1 stop bit, and mark “send LF after CR”.
6) Connect the COM port on Note-PCto CATS with the serial interface.
At the present case, the number of COM port is one. For the different
number of COM port, selectthe correct COM port in the following
steps:
1)open CONTROL PANEL 2) select SYSTEM
3) select HARDWARE in the upper menu bar
4) select DEVICE MANAGER 5) select PORT
7) One execution file“tomo.exe”is prepared in the micro SD memory
card. The M-sequence code of 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th ,10th, 11th or 12thorder
with binary form and the vacant data holder must also be prepared in
themicro SD memory card.
8) Operate the CATS in the following steps:
(a) “First” insert themicro SD memory cardwith
“tomo.exe”,“tomo.cfg”,M sequence orderand vacant data
folder.
(b) Connect the system power line and switch on
(c) Connect the transmission power line and switch on

9) Shut down the CATS in the followingstepsat the finish of LABTEST

(a) “First” switch off the system
(b) “Last” take off themicro SD memory card from CATSunit for data
inspection.

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4. Set up the software
1)Prepare the configuration file for LABTEST
(a) Brief explanation of CFGfile for LABTEST
For both LABTEST and FIELD EXPERIMENT,the standardCFGfile
“tomo.cfg” and execution file “tomo.exe”are provided to all users.
This files are stored in themicro SD memory card, controlled by the
SH2 microcomputer.
The round-robin transmission method is applied to LABTEST
because the same timetransmission from both CATSs is impossible due
to so short distances (about 2 m) between two transducers. LABTEST
is done to confirm whether or not the transmitted sound is strong
enough and the receiving circuit of the system is well designed. It is
attained by confirminga steep arrival peak in the correlation waveform
with sufficient signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).

2) Install the CFGfile for LABTEST

(a) tomo.cfg
① CATS-T1 (only pre-correlation data recorded)
T1 ; my_station 0
2 ; total station no 1
2 ;wakeup time interval(min) 2
50 ;round_interval(sec) 3
10000 ;transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M11 ; M sequence order 5
3 ; modulation no(cycles per digit) 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_srore_interval 8
100 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
0 ; calc_length(msec) 10
200 ; store_length(msec) 11
100 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1500 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
0 ; FTP flags(0, 1 or 2) 14
0 ; data number transferred 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test 19
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;start 20
2020-12-3100:00:00 ;end 21
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{
T1
0
3400.000N 13200.000E
10000
}
{
T2
1
3400.001N 13200.000E
10000
}

② CATS-T2(only pre-correlation data recorded)

T2 ; my_station 0
2 ; total station no 1
2 ;wakeup time interval(min) 2
50 ;round_interval(sec) 3
10000 ;transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M11 ; M sequence order 5
3 ; modulation no(cycles per digit) 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_srore_interval 8
100 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
0 ; calc_length(msec) 10
200 ; store_length(msec) 11
100 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1500 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
0 ; FTP flags (0, 1 or 2) 14
0 ; data number transferred 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test 19
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;start 20
2020-12-3100:00:00 ;end 21
{
T1
0
3400.000N 13200.000E
10000
}
{
T2
1
3400.001N 13200.000E
10000
}

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(b) Setting thesound transmission and reception
In LAB TEST, two CATS transducers (CATS-T1 and CATS-T2) are
placed at a 2mspacing, using twowater buckets. The CATS-T1transmits
10kHzsound first, modulated by the 11th order M sequence of
code=1,andwaitsto receive signals from CATS-T2after the finish of
transmission. The CATS-T2 transmits 10kHzsound,modulated by the
11th order M sequence of code=2, 50 seconds later and waitsto receive
signals from CATS-T1after the finish of transmission. This
round-robin process is repeated every 2 min. The “modulation no”
(Q-value), equivalent to the cycle-per-digit value of M sequence, is
taken to be 3 because the board-band transducers are used here.
The one-way travel time between two transducers is estimated less
than 2ms, using the sound speed of 1500m/s in water. However the
actual sound speed may be more than 1500m/s because of sound
transmission through the floor. In case of one-period transmission of
11th order M sequencewith 10 kHz carrier, the pulse duration
becomes0.61s much greater than the above one-way travel time (2ms).
Signals transmitted from CATS-T2 arrive at CATS-T1 before
transmission from CATS-T1 is not yet finished. This prohibits the
same time transmission from both the transducers. Thusthe
round-robintransmissionis adopted here.

3)Execute LAB TEST

(a) At power-on of CATS, the CATS program (tomo.exe)
automatically runs. First the opening message appearsonNote-PC
via the RS232C serial interface (Bluetooth).In the successful
starting, the key-in of “CNTL+B” is requiredfor the conversion
from “Observation Mode” to“User Mode”. The present system
is programmed to continue the process automatically when
CNTL+B is not keyed-in.

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(b) By keying-in “CNTL+B”, the following command menu appears
on PC. Enter the “s” command to synchronize the internal Quartz
clock with GPS

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(c) By entering “s” command, the clock and positioning data are sent
every second from GPS until obtaining the correct GPS signal, shown
with “GPS Time flag = good”.

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(d) After obtaining “GPS Time flag = good”, the internal Quartz clock
is successfully synchronized and the resulting time difference
between the GPS andinternal clock is calculated and displayed.

(e) After the successful synchronization, a command is required here

again.

(f) Key-in the “p” command for hearing directl y the test transmission
sound.

(g) The observation starts by entering the “x” command. The tomo.cfg
installed appearson PC. For this case, the wake-up time is not yet
coming, and the system is shut down automatically for sleeping.

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(h) The s yst em is automaticall y wak ened up at the co ming o f the
scheduled time.The observation mode automatically continues.
The tomo.cfg appears again.

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( i ）T h e s y s t e m w a k e s u p a t 3 7 s e c o n d s b e f o r e t h e n e x t t r a n s m i s s i o n t i m e ,
andcount-down starts after getting “GPS Time flag = good”.After the
finish of count down, the sound is transmitted at the scheduled time.

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(j) At 56 seconds later S2 transmits sound. S1 starts to receive sound
from S2. The CATS-S1 makes a correlation peak with SNR greater
than 200 when “calc. length” is not zero.

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 (k) CATS-S1 sleeps automatically until the next transmission
time coming 2 minutes later.
(l) The received data are stored in the SD memory cardwith the file
name specified by the receiving time (M-sequence code number:
month:day:hour:minute) as shown in0c130504.raw. The first digit
of the file is related to the code number like 0 for T1 and 1 for T2.The
second digit shows the monthin number except a, b and c for October,
November and December, respectively.
(m) The s ystem is powered off to check the correlation waveform. Then
the SD memory card is taken off from the CATS and is inserted in the
memory card holder of external PC.
(n) Open MATLAB and make the path to the LABTEST holder, in which
the MATLAB program “cor_alldata.m”, C-language
program“corr_new.exe”and the data file are stored.
(o) Run “cor_alldata.m” to convert from the pre-correlation (raw)
datato the correlation (dat) data.
(p) The correlation data with a file name0c130504-1.dat are stored in
the same holder.
(q) Run “p_raw.m” for plotting the raw data and “p_cor.m”for plotting
the correlation data.
(r) Input the name of data file when it is required.
(s) Pre-correlation or correlation waveform appears on the display of
PC

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Example of correlation waveform at T1

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Cha pt e r Ⅲ F IE L D EX P E RIM E NT
3.1FUNDAMENTALKNOWLEDGEPRIORTOFIELD
EXPERIMENTS
The tomography stations are well determined on Google
Earthwithout field surveys. The sound speed data at the tomograph y
site is obtainedfromthe past CTD data or the CTD data carried out
prior tothe tomography experiment. Sound propagation properties in
the tomography site are understood by ray simulation which use the
CTD data.

1) Sound speed formula

The sound speed C[m/s]isformulatedsimplyb yMedwin (1975) as
follows:
C = 1449.2 + 4.6T − 0.055T 2 + 0.00029T 3 + (1.34 − 0.010T )(S − 35) + 0.016Z (3.1)
where T, S and Z are the temperature[℃ ], the salinity [psu] and the
depth Z[m], respectively. The C for Z=0 is plotted against T in
Fig.3.1, using parameter S.

Fig.3.1C plotted against T with parameter S (Z=0).

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 The MacKenzie formula (1981) is proposed as a more intelligent
formula which can explain acoustic environments except the deep
ocean.

C (T , S , D ) = 1448.96 + 4.591T − 0.05304T 2 + 2.734 × 10 −4 T 3

+ 1.340( S − 35) + 1.630 × 10 − 2 D + 1.675 × 10 −7 D 2
− 1.025 × 10 − 2 T ( S − 35) − 7.139 × 10 −13 TD 3 (3.2)

2) Two-station experiment
The reciprocal sound transmissionbetween T1 and T2 is sketched in
Fig.3.2.

um
Vertical Section average

cm

Fig.3.2Sketch of the reciprocal sound

transmission experiment between T1 and T2

The travel times t1 and t2 of the reciprocal transmissionsare

calculated by the following path integrals:
ds R
t1 = ∫ ≈ (3.3)
Γ c+u cm + u m
ds R
t2 = ∫ ≈ (3.4)
Γ c −u cm − um
wherecm and um are the vertical section average sound speed and current
velocity along the ray path, respectively. R is the station-to-station
distance. From(3.3) and (3.4), we obtain:

26
 R  1 1  cm
2
u m =  −  ≈ ∆t (3.5)
2  t1 t 2  2 R

R1 1 R
cm =  +  ≈ (3.6)
2  t1 t 2  t m

w h e r e tm =
1
(t1 + t 2 ) a n d ∆t = (t 2 − t1 ) . H e r e , w e a s s u m e t h a t r a y p a t h s t a k e
2
the same trajectory in the reciprocal direction, and t m ≈ t1 ≈ t 2 . T h e
positive current is taken in the direction from T1 to T2. Note that t1 and
t2 are the data obt ained at T2 and T 1, respectivel y.
The path-average velocity is plotted against the travel time
difference for two cases of R=L=100~800m and R=L=50~200kmin Fig.
3.3.Generally the higher clock accuracy is required for accurate
currentmeasurement while temperature measurement requires more
accurate positioning.

(a) Long range case

27
 (b) Short range case

Fig.3.3Range-average current ( um ) plotted against

the travel time difference ( ∆t )

3) Three-station experiment

K1

K3
K2
Fig.3.4Conversion to the (East, North) current components from two
path-average currents (V1, V2),

28
 The path-average currents (V1, V2) are obtained along the sound
transmission lines K1K2 and K1K3. The (V1, V2) are converted to the
(East, North) currents (VE, VN):

V1 cosθ 2 −V2 cosθ1

VE = (3.7)
sin θ1 cosθ 2 − cosθ1 sin θ 2

− V1 sin θ 2 + V2 sin θ1
VN = (3.8)
sin θ1 cos θ 2 − cos θ1 sin θ 2

We can get three sets of (east, north) velocities when the sound
transmission data are acquired between K2 and K3. The average
velocity inside the triangular domain K1-K2-K3 is determined

VE1 + VE 2 + VE 3 VN 1 + VN 2 + V N 3
VE = (3.9) VN = (3.10)
3 3

3.2SYSTEMDESIGN
1) Block diagram of DR-CATS

Fig. 3.5 Block diagram of the DR-CATS

29
2) M sequence

Fig. 3.6 Typical examples of transmission signals, modulated

by the 3-rd order M sequence (three cycles per digit: Q=3)

The M sequence is one of pseudo random signals with a period. The

p e r i o d ( d i g i t n u m b e r ) o f N - t h o r d e r M s e q u e n c e i s e x p r e s s e d b y (2 N − 1) .
The minimum unit of M sequence is called one digit length. The cycle of
carrier per digit (cycle-per-digit) is also called Q-value. The carrier
modulated by the M sequence is transmitted with a specific interval
from the broad-band transducer. The example of transmission signal for
the 3-rd order M sequence and Q=3 is shown in Fig.3.6.

4) Field deployment of the CATS

30
Fig. 3.7 Field deplo yment s ystemof t he CATS,

3.3MAKINGTHE CFGFILE

tomo.cfg for Field Experiment:

<B 3 >
B3 ; my_station 0
2 ; total station no 1
3 ; wakeup time interval(min) 2
0 ; round_interval(sec) 3
10000 ; transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M12 ; order name 5
3 ; modulation no 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_srore_interval 8
1000 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
0 ; calc_length(msec) 10
200 ; store_length(msec) 11
100 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1520 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
0 ; FTP flags (0, 1 or 2) 14
0 ; data number transferred 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test 19
2008-05-01 00:00:0 ;start 20
2020-12-31 00:00:00 ;end 21
31
{
B3 ; station name
3 ; code number
810.795S 11425.924E ; B3 position
10000 ;B3 frequency
}
{
B4 ; station name
4 ; code number
809.669S 11423.763E ; B4 position
10000 ; B4 frequency
}

<B 4 >
B4 ; my_station0
2 ; total station no 1
3 ; wakeup time interval(min) 2
0 ; round_interval(sec) 3
10000 ; Transmit_frequency(Hz) 4
M12 ; code name 5
3 ; modulation no 6
1 ; code repeat count 7
1 ; raw_data_srore_interval 8
1000 ; extra_recordlength(msec) 9
0 ; calc_length(msec) 10
200 ; store_length(msec) 11
100 ; calc_start(msec) 12
1520 ; reference sound speed (m/s) 13
0 ; FTP flags (0, 1 or 2) 14
0 ; data number transferred 15
0 ; reserve 16
0 ; reserve 17
0 ; reserve 18
2008-05-01 00:00:00 ;test 19
2008-05-01 00:00:0 ;start 20
2020-12-31 00:00:00 ;end 21
{
B3 ; station name
3 ; code number
810.795S 11425.924E ; B3 position
10000 ;B3 frequency
}
{
B4 ; station name
4 ; code number
809.669S 11423.763E ; B4 position
10000 ; B4 frequency
}

32
3.4 PROGRAM MATLAB UNTUK ANALISIS DATA
LAPANGAN
3.4 MATLAB PROGRAMSFORFIELD DATA ANALYSES
Semua program MATLAB harus disimpan dalam folder yang sama
sebagai data mentah(raw data) dan bahwa data siap untuk dianalisis.
All MATLAB programs should be stored in the same folder as the raw
data and dat data to be analyzed.
1) .One-peak dan dua stasiun tanpa penjumlahan
1).One-peak and two-station with no summation
Data yang diperoleh di Selat Bali padan tanggal 10-13 Juni 2015 pada
saat ini digunakan sebagai contoh yang khas.
Data obtained in the Bali Strait on June 10-13, 2015 are used here as
a typical example.
One period of the 12th order M sequence was transmitted every three
minutes. The “tomo.exe” for this experiment was coded on April 28,
2015.This date can be confirmed in the header (first line) of raw data.
Observation period : June 10-12, 2015
Sound transmission range : 4.454km
Carrier frequency : 10kHz
M sequence : 12th order
Cycle-per-digit value (Q-value) : 3
Transmission interval : 3 min
SNR threshold :5
Current velocity threshold :3m/s

(a)p_raw.m
This program is used to obtain the pre-correlation waveform from
thepre-correlation waveform“36111830.raw”.
>>p_raw
Input file name: 36111830

33
 Fig. 3.8Example of raw waveform obtained at 0830 June 11, 2015
(received at B3 from B4). Received signals are saturated
severely by strong ambient noises.

(b) p_cor.m
This program is used to obtain the correlation waveform one by one
from the correlation data. An example of correlation waveform
“36111830-4.dat”, receivedat B3 from B4 is shown below:.
>>p_cor
Input file name: 36111830-4

34
 Fig. 3.9Example of correlation waveform obtained at 0830 June
11, 2015 (received at B3 from B4)The red circle shows the
largest arrival peak.

(c)cor_alldata.m
This program is used in the conversion from all the raw datain the
same folder to the correlation data.The C-code program “corr_new.exe”
must be stored in the same holder as “cor_alldata.m” to execute this
conversion. The commands with an underline should be keyed in.
>>cor_alldata
please input code number (0-15):4
please input expected travel time (ms):2910
please input travel time width (ms):300

(d)stack_all.m
This program stacks all correlation waveforms upward with increasing
transmission time.
>>stack_all

35
 Fig. 3.10 Stack plot of the correlation waveforms obtained during
July 10-13, 2015. These data were obtained at B3 from B4The
largest peaks are indicated with red circles

2).Two-peak and two-station with 30-min summation

(a) p_cor_2p.m
An example of summed correlation waveform “36111830-4.dat”,
receivedat B3 released from B4 is shown below:
>>p_cor_2p
Input file name: 36111830-4

36
 Fig. 3.11Example of summed correlation waveform obtained at
0830 June 11, 2015 (received at B3 from B4) The red and
green circles show the first (largest)and second arrival peaks,
respectivel y.

(b) stack_2p_sum30_snr5_5.m
The correlation waveforms are summed up over 30-min(11
sequential data) to increase the signal-noise-ratio (SNR). This
program stacks all summed correlation waveforms upward with
increasing transmission time. The first arrival peak is identified
as the largest peak and the second arrival peak is identified in the
range of (1-10) ms elapsed after the first arrival peak. The stack
diagrams must be determined for both B3 and B4. The SNR
threshold is set to 5 for the first and second peaks.
>>stack_2p_sum30_snr5_5

.
Fig. 3.12 Stack plot of the correlation waveforms obtained during
July 10-13, 2015. These data were obtained at B3 from B4
Thefirst (largest)and second arrival peaks are indicated
with red and green circles, respectively.

(c) v_t_2p_sum_30m.m

37
This program produces the time plot of path-averaged temperature and
current for the first and second arrival peaks.
<<v_t_2p_sum_30m

(a) Temperature

(b) Current
Fig. 3.13 Time plots of the path-averaged (a) temperature
and(b)current for the first and second arrival peak,
respectivel y. The hourly and daily mean data are indicated at
upper and lower of each figure, respectively.

38
(d)vac_t_1h_1d_2p_sum30_3inv.m
Three kinds of inversion calculations; simple, generalized and
regularized inversions are performed for 2-ray and 5-layer vertical
section.

(a) Simple inversion

(b) Generalized inversion

39
 (c) Regularized inversion
Fig. 3.14Time plots of the 5-layer hourly mean reconstructed
current and temperature for three-kind of inverse methods.

Fig. 3.15Time plots of the volume transport through the Bali Strait
The hourly mean and daily mean transports are indicated with the
blue and red solid lines, respectively. The green horizontal broken
line shows the 2-day mean transport. The red and black horizontal
broken lines are uncertainty for the hourly and daily mean data,

40
 respectivel y.

3). Two-peak and three-station case

The data, obtained along two transmission lines B2B4and B3B4in the
Bali Strait experiment during 1830-2057 July 12, 2015 (Bali Local Time
8 hours ahead of UTC), are here used as a good example of two-peak and
three-station case. The 30-min summation data are used here.

(a) stack_2p_sum_30.m
This program is operated toidentify the travel time data for all three
stations (B2, B3 and B4). The travel times are determined at the largest
correlation peak.

(b) v_t_2p_sum_30m.m
By this program, the path-averaged currentfor two arrival peaks are
calculated for both B2B4 and B3B4.

(a) V24

41
 (b) V34
Fig. 3.16 Time plots of the path-averaged current, calculated for two
arrival peaks along B2B4 and B3B4

(c) vn_ve_2p_sum_b2b4_b3b4_12jun.m
The currents (V24, V34)measured alongB2B4 and B3B4 for two
arrival peaks are converted to the east and north components (Ve, Vn) of
current.

42
 Fig. 3.17 Time plots of the (eastward, northward) currents
forthe mean of 2p-current

Fig. 3.18 Time plots of the (upper) amplitude and (lower) direction
forthe mean of 2p-current

43
 Fig. 3.19 Time plots of the (upper) observed along-line (Voal) and
along-channel (Voac, Vpac) currents and (lower) correction
angle. The predicted value (Vpac) of Vacis calculated from the
observed (Voal)of Val, using the mean correctionangle of
about 63 (red broken line in lower of the figure).

4). One-peak and 7-station case (Horizontal plane inversion)

1) Function expansion method for velocity
draw_current.m
This matlab program is used for mapping the reconstructed current
structures.

Readcfg_inv.m
Prepare the configuration file“inv1.cfg”, used in the
experiment.
dt_avi.mat, dt_eg.mat
The differential travel time data are prepared in this MATLAB file.
External functions:

44
 onsoku.m
The sound speed formula is given in this external function.
svdksb.m
The expected solution is obtained, using the damped least
squares method in this external function.
draw_cur.avi.m
This matlab programs used for making the animation of the
reconstructed current structures.

3.5 Ray simulation

Ray simulation is performed by solving numerically the following first
order ordinary derivative equations:

= {C ( x, z ) + u • n}cos θ
dx
dt (3.11)
dz
= C ( x, z ) sin θ
dt (3.12)
dθ ∂C ( x, z )
=− cos θ
dt ∂z (3.13)

The initial condition is given at the source

x = 0, z = z0 , θ = θ 0( 3 . 1 4 )
This coupled ordinary derivative equationis numerically solved by the
fourth order Runge-Kutta method.
Ray simulation is done, using the CTD data obtained at C2 in Bali
Strait on March 19, 2014 and running the MATLAB program:
ray_bali_mar19_2014.m
together with the CTD data
ctd_bali_c2_mar19_2014.txt
and the bottom topography data
topo_bali.txt

45