BIOKIMIA
ACARA I
KARBOHIDRAT
DISUSUN OLEH :
AFANSYAH ARRAHMAN
G1C019003
A. PELAKSANAAN PRAKTIKUM
1. Tujuan Praktikum
a. Mengetahui cara isolasi amilum dari umbu-umbian dan biji-bijian.
b. Melakukan identifikasi karbohidrat (monosakarida, disakarida, dan
polisakarida) berdasarkan reaksi-reaksi dan perubahan warnanya.
2. Waktu Praktikum
Rabu, 13 Oktober 2021
3. Tempat Praktikum
Lantai II, Laboratorium Kimia Fisika dan Anorganik, Fakultas
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Mataram.
B. LANDASAN TEORI
Karbohidrat adalah kelompok senyawa yang mengandung C, H, dan
O. Senyawa-senyawa karbohidrat memiliki sifat pereduksi karena adanya
gugus karbonil dalam bentuk aldehid atau keton. Senyawa-senyawa
karbohidrat yang memiliki tiga sampai sembilan atom karbon disebut
monosakarida. Dalam disakarida terdapat satu ikatan glikosida yang
menghubungkan dua monosakarida (Ngili, 2013: 69).
Unit pembangun semua karbohidrat adalah monosakarida.
Monosakarida dapat diartikan sebuah (mono-) unit gula (saccharide).
Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat paling sederhana karena monosakarida
tidak dapat lagi dihidrolisis menjadi gula yang lebih sederhana. Sifat
monosakarida adalah larut di dalam air, berwarna putih, padat kristalin, dan
berasa manis. Kebanyakan monosakarida disintesis dari senyawa sederhana
pada proses yang dinamakan glukoneogenesis. Monosakarida lainnya
dihasilkan melalui fotosintesis pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan bakteri tertentu.
Contoh monosakarida adalah glukosa, fruktosa, galaktosa, dan ribosa.
Fruktosa dikenal juga sebagai gula buah dan merupakan gula yang paling
manis, sedangkan glukosa merupakan gula yang paling penting dalam
tubuh manusia. Glukosa merupakan sumber energi utama otak dan sistem
saraf dan dapat digunakan oleh jaringan lainnya (Azhar, 2016 : 74).
Gula, seperti glukosa, galaktosa, manosa, dan fruktosa, yang
memiliki struktur berbeda, tetapi memiliki rumus kimia yang sama,
C6H12O6, disebut isomer. Gula yang berbeda konfigurasinya di sekitar
hanya satu atom karbon disebut epimer, seperti D-glukosa dan D-mannosa,
yang strukturnya bervariasi di sekitar C-2. Sepasang enansiomer adalah
jenis isomerisme khusus di mana dua anggota pasangan adalah bayangan
cermin satu sama lain dan ditetapkan sebagai struktur D- atau L- (yaitu, D-
glukosa atau L-glukosa), tergantung pada posisi gugus –OH terkait dengan
karbon asimetris terjauh dari gugus karbonil (Navarro dkk., 2019).
1. Alat-alat Praktikum
a. Batang pengaduk
b. Blender
c. Corong Buchner
d. Filter flask
e. Gelas arloji
f. Gelas kimia 600 mL
g. Gelas ukur 100 mL
h. Kain lap
i. Kertas saring whatmann
j. Penjepit kayu
k. Pipet tetes
l. Pipet ukur 5 mL
m. Pisau
n. Pompa vakum
o. Rak tabung reaksi
p. Rubber bulb
q. Tabung reaksi
r. Timbangan analitik
s. Water bath
2. Bahan-bahan Praktikum
a. Amilum (C6H10O5(aq)) encer 2%
b. Asam klorida (HCl(aq)) 0,5 M encer
c. Asam sulfat (H2SO4(aq)) pekat
d. Aquades (H2O(l))
e. Etanol (C2H5OH(aq)) 96%
f. Fruktosa (C6H12O6(aq)) 1%
g. Glukosa (C6H12O6(aq)) 1%
h. Larutan iodine (I2(aq))
i. Reagen molisch
j. Reagen benedict
k. Reagen saliwanoff
l. Ubi kayu atau singkong
D. SKEMA KERJA
Ubi Kayu
Dikupas
Dicuci
Dipotong kecil-kecil
Ditimbang sebanyak 100 gram
+ 200 mL aquades
Blender sampai halus
Disaring dengan kain lap
Endapan Filtrat
Diendapkan 20 menit
Didekantasi
Endapan Filtrat
+ 100 mL aquades
Didiamkan selama 10
menit
Didekantasi
Endapan Filtrat
Pati Filtrat
Dikeringkan
Ditimbang
Hasil
Tabung
reaksi
+ 2 mL larutan glukosa
+ 2 tetes larutan alfa naftol
10%
Larutan
Hasi
l
b. Reaksi Benedict
Glukosa
Tabung
reaksi
+ 2 mL reagen Benedict
+ 4 tetes larutan glukosa
Larutan
∆ selama 5 menit
Hasi
l
Fruktosa
Tabung reaksi
Larutan
∆ selama 5 menit
Hasi
l
E. HASIL PENGAMATAN
1. Isolasi Amilum dari Umbi/Biji-bijian
Perlakuan Hasil Pengamatan
Singkong dikupas, Warna singkong = putih tulang
dipotong kecil-kecil, Massa ubi kayu = 100 gram
ditimbang.
100 gram ubi kayu + 200 Terbentuk larutan berwarna putih.
mL aquades lalu diblender
hingga halus
Singkong yang sudah Filtrat berwarna putih keruh,
halus disaring dengan kain endapan berwarna putih dan tertahan
lap pada kain lap.
Filtrat + 20 mL aquades Terbentuk endapan berwarna putih
dikocok dan diendapkan pada dasar gelas kimia
20 menit kemudian filtrat berupa larutan berwarna putih
didekantasi keruh.
Endapan + 20 mL Terbentuk endapan berwarna putih
aquades, dikocok dan tulang pada dasar gelas kimia
diendapkan 10 menit filtrat berupa larutan berwarna putih
kemudian didekantasi keruh.
Endapan + 100 mL etanol Warna awal etanol bening.
96% Warna larutan campuran putih
tulang.
Larutan campuran disaring Filtrat berwarna putih keruh
dengan corong Buchner endapan (pati) berwarna krem.
Pati dikeringkan dan Berat kertas saring kosong = 0,30
ditimbang gram
Berat kertas saring + pati = 7,30
gram
Berat pati = 7 gram
2. Uji Kualitatif Karbohidrat
a. Reaksi Molisch
Perlakuan Hasil Pengamatan
2 ml larutan glukosa + Warna awal larutan glukosa
2 tetes larutan α-naftol bening, warna awal larutan α-
10% naftol berwarna coklat.
Setelah dicampurkan kedua
larutan tersebut tidak berubah.
+ 2 mL larutan H2SO4 Larutan H2SO4 pekat berwarna
pekat bening
Setelah ditambahkan tidak
terbentuk cincin berwarna ungu.
b. Reaksi Benedict
Perlakuan Hasil Pengamatan
4 tetes larutan glukosa Warna awal larutan glukosa
+ 2 mL reagen bening.
benedict warna awal reagen benedict
biru.
Setelah dicampurkan larutan
menjadi biru
Δ dalam penangan air Tidak terjadi perubahan.
selama 5 menit
2,5 ml larutan fruktosa Warna awal larutan fruktosa
+ 2,5 mL reagen bening.
benedict warna awal reagen benedict
birut.
Setelah dicampurkan larutan
menjadi biru.
Δ dalam penangan air Larutan terbentuk 2 lapisan,
selama 5 menit lapisan atas berwarna hijau dan
lapisan bawah berwarna biru.
F. ANALISIS DATA
1. Perhitungan
Diketahui :
Massa singkong = 100 gram
Massa kertas saring kosong = 0,30 gram
Massa kertas saring + pati = 7,30 gram
Massa pati = 7 gram
Ditanya :
Kadar amilum dalam 100 gram ubi kayu ?
Penyelesaian :
massa amilum kering
% Amilum = ×100 %
massa ubi kayu
7
= ×100 %
100
=7%
2. Persamaan reaksi
Uji kualitatif
a. Uji Molisch
OH OH OH H H
HOH2C C C C C O + H2SO4 O+
H H H C
O
Pentosa furfural OH
alfa naftol
OH OH OH H H
SO3H
O
OH
H3C
b. Uji Benedict
OH OH
O H O H
H H
H
H -
OH H + (CuSO4,Na Sitrat,Na2CO3) Cu2O(s) + OH H
OH OH
OH OH
H OH
H OH
OH OH
OH OH
O O
H OH - Cu2O(s) + H OH
+ (CuSO4,Na Sitrat,Na2CO3)
H H
OH H OH H OH
OH
O R
2+ -
R C OH + Cu + 2OH O CH + Cu2O endapan merah bata
G. PEMBAHASAN
H. KESIMPULAN
Adnan, J., Mohamed, M., Omar, M. N., Shaiful, A. I. M., Lazim, A. M., dan
Amini, M. H. M. (2020). Study Of Furfural Production From Natural
Resource. 7(18), 2354-2356.
Afandi, F., Wijaya, C., Faridah, D., dan Suyatma, N. 2019. Hubungan antara
Kandungan Karbohidrat dan Indeks Glikemik pada Pangan Tinggi
Karbohidrat. 28(2), 145-160.
Azhar, M. (2016). Biomolekul Sel Karbohidrat, Protein, dan Enzim. Padang :
UNP Press.
Fadhila, N. U. H., dan Sulistiyawati, S. (2019). Testing Carbohydrate Substance
as Flash Based Flipbook Learning Media. Proceeding International
Conference on Science and Engineering. 2, 327-330.
Juwita, L. (2019). Perbedaan Kadar Glukosa Nasi yang Dimasak dengan Rice Cooker dan
Mengukus, Jurnal Kesehatan Primer, 5(1), 101-107.
Navarro, D. M., Abelilla, J. J., dan Stein, H. H. (2019). Structures and
Characteristics of Carbohydrates in Diets Fed to Pigs: A Review. Journal
of animal science and biotechnology, 10(1), 1-17.
Ngili, Y. (2013). Biokimia Dasar Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Rekayasa Sains.
LAMPIRAN
L
I. PENDAHULUAN
penyakit pembunuh ncxnor 3 di ln&rwsia
ndorlesia mwiru mw»Iah tarkag penyakit (Kemenkas, 2014). Jrenlah pendefita diabetes
diabetes kaena penyakit tastes merjadi di In&rwsia pada tahun 2D17 mencapai 10,3
STUDY OF FURFURAL PRODUCTION FROM
NATURAL RESOURCE
In re:cut years n-cingo pccts e'as used as n f’tirfural her ausc ii is a naiural resources knm Dec dstuck.
abundant agricultund waste rind cnvirotiiicntal friendly. Piir n last derrk the usage of agricultural caste bavc
been tied tu produce n etc &caI substances and rmre f’orus oa lignuccIuIos< maicriaL To the best of’ our
knou'Iedgc. nn inspeitñn rind sttaly nd the Ftxfural flu made Drum mango by•produci. The productiun of
dictum serf irnpurtaa as it will be tiscd and dc*'elopcd in mug industries. as exampks. biuilinsel rcGncry.
clv rrucal sulvcnt. flni'unng in f’uod industry and many more. Thr pierces was corviniii• by atid hjxlrolysis.
the mango peels were hydrolyzed with bydrochlurk acid solution ihai converted ltte pe0tusan inf› pcntose.
and the sokiiiun wire ñi<illr•1 by using the disriflarinn set. Then, tfin Fourier•iiate*Fortn Infrared Spcttrte«mpy
(FTIR was used to scan the functional gmups thai prr sent in the f’urfural and thr Moliu:b tesi was conducts
d to eonfirtn the pmstnt uf’ caibvrhydratc in ilc furfural.
Xevwor&: Lig0ocrllulosr Maierial. Fouiicr•Tranxfurm lnfriireñ Stnxuusropy (FTlR L
FurfuralLignix:eIulosc Mai‹aiat Fourier•Tnindnrm lnFrarr d Spectroux›py (mm). fiirfiral
0 202ff by Ad varice scieniirrt Research. This is an open•ivxrss article ucz4cr the CC BY liecce<
IMTROwUCMON
Nnwadayv the pctrokum basrd rnaiwial commonly brag used in the ctcrDfi at substam:c and it cauwd
iou'ards increasing covirunrnwit:it *nun ii. The overde pcndencr of pctruleum Rd cause tn dm:n•a:iog in
f’nssil f’url rmcrvcs (Luo ei at.. 2019 . Thus tn incxt ase an auarrness io bcttct cnviroanmnC there are
pruduciioa Our Furfural f’rurn bronzes tLnc rt at.. 2(l1bp Thu cinntries th:it currently prudtieong FurfuraJ arc
Thin:i, Suufh Afrira. and Domnirun Rcpublé. The appliratioas of Sta-funil bas'e t›ero umd widely in
ebcmical induslri.w rich as. pharmaceutical, agriculiire. and pctrokum industries :ind the usage of’ Furfural
surb as a udttnc biudicscl rrfui . reef :ind odier f’uran•based pruductiuo (Bizni ei :il.. 20f 9: Yusuf’ ci at. 20f
0 j.
The production of f’urfuial can br carried out by using hiomass materials as a raw maiwials or Fecdstm:k.
The Furfural can be prod in:cd by utifizn d of *artery of agricultural sources as Fig as they remain of
pentosan or pcntosc spar sucb as super xc bagaxsc, curncob and mango petty Bai6usa (20f 4 j bas <aind
lhat thr highest yield of f’urfuial production can be obiakrcd frum the uiitzaiion uf sugarnanoc bagassc and
coreob is a se<und highest The prod ix-ñon of f’urfuml depends on the pentnsan cnr4c ni in the f’nedsv-re
k wbere thr bighm tic
2354
ISSN-2394-5125
p nlocan in rpw materials, Ihe kigher th yield. of” Lurt”ural pralixlion. The cor<entraion of” Ihe pentose plfio
intlixncc Ihe eLficicm Y of Lur£ur8l conversion. Th conversion of furtural eLtici<nc y increase with Ihe decrease
of” rhe pentose cowenrrolion. In this utilization of‘ ñx tural prc<ess. mango peels were used as lhe row materials
fNik Yusut”et al., 30 l6).
In this study, th njgngo peek w8fi obtair<d From th 8gricullurot w8ste. The ch8rocieristics oL f‘uj tjJral can be
‹:aeg‹a”ize into physical and cl<niicat properties. The physical propcrli ore inclrxling th olor ol° ltle furLurol
is almond-like und it is colorless oil. The rrmlecul ar tiarniul a for furfiiral is C I tO› arxi it has feierocyclic
compound. F fus, it i* tow sof ubility in wnier sofuuon. iueonwhiie. ihe chemical properues ot ltje turturoi are
tow to ñc and tlamnuble. The color ot turtural will quickly change imo yellow iben ii will rum dailt after king
exposed to air.
Problem Statement
To redixe ihe mage ol° er<rgy consumption and utili zcd Ihe biorrafis waste. th furfur0l from lie agriculrurgl
waste w8s ptxxluad to overcome dependence to peuoleurn b0sed. high energy consumption arid cost
production. Feedstock uuid energy consumption aze basic necessities in daily litt lhrLfi rrodem und a1var<ed
ck velopment arrl utilization of” the biomass is required. Based on Ihe Fcod 8rrl Agricnlturc UrganiEation
(FAU) ouf at tla global f‘oa1 waste, 40a - 5€I‘X' arises From fruits, root crops and vegctpbI<s. Many iJnuficd
8rrl abundant oF by-products From IU ogricnlMre waste Ihot can be recycled gmt utilized. TI<reFare. to
overcorr< cnvirorlrnemal concern is by pfalucing t”urt”urol and otf<f chemical substance by utilizing tfa
agriculture waste. The Usage of” t”urt”ur8l in various tiekls nigkes th production of Furt¥iral bccomefi gn
opportunity For material echrology people. Purfiural csn be produced by using various raw m8lcri8ls six:h &fi
b0g&fi s, comcarbs 8nd m8ngo peels gs Ihey contain pentos8n. V azioufi studies h8ve been done in producing
furfurgl dne to low ca.st. rd u‹:e high-energy m8nuFa turing and eco-Friendly (Zang et gl., 2O2f)).
A Few researches have been carried out for pro4ixlion oL Lurfural by hydrolysis oL lignaellulosic residue
mareriuls with ihe presence of” nil rural acid as a caolyst. The mir<ral acids which usually rLsed arc hydrochloric
aid ( HCI), sulphuric acid ( HMSO ), phosphoric aid (H.BPO ) and nitric acid (MNO.\). The HCI. HMSO and
H PD give Ihe higher yield oF tjJrfurgl production while nialc acid is not ef'feclive in production of” turt”ur8l. Th
higher lhe concenlT ation of” mir<rgl acids. ltle higl<r th Furfurgl prodix:tion 8rrl Lrom their research. Ihe HMI
prodixefi higAe st yield of” Lurfural compare to ohm mineral acid IB ianco et ol.. 2014 . This is due to the
preserve of th high hydrogen ions coix:entr8tion in HCI solutions. Tip using of” lie dilYezent rype of aid which
is hydrocNoric aci4 as lhe catalyst gbles to prodixe 8pproxizrtaicly 654 at Furt”ix8l yield urxler th temperature
oL i 7fl°C.
Lafitly, pentoutn was hydfolyfied 8rxI cazrie4 out with hi/ih rrolarit y oL hydrocNofic aciJ is used 8s a ca at ysi.
The aqueous solutions of hJrñzrql reed to he distill8 • in order to obtain fuzt”ural wilh high purity. Lopez Ond Nlonin
(20 la) stated tha th preserve of” acid is 8 c Italy st u. imprortBnt to insure lie pentosgn can be convened into
t”urturoI. The seoond slap which i's dehydration oF pcntose ifi carried out to obutin lIx• tinql Lur fural product.
In Ihis sndy, 0 mango peel from ggriculrural was ie w8s used to obtui n furfurgl. Furtziral can be produced by scid catol
ysed I\ydroly st of” agricultural by-products containing I\emi-cellulose or pentosan. The c0laly st will provide lie
eLFect oF enh0r<erncnt to cl<mical bonding, rearrange tie t”urfural slnicturc and it ifi bcner selccli ve For foot” t”urfural
pcrtonuorX:e (Luo et al., 2U IB). Mungo peel mgrlcr oonsis\s of carbohydrates, oIJD of which are *gors and acidfi I
Kumar, 2012). Fourier T ranfiI°arm infrared Speclzoscopy lFTtR) whce to idenli fy rhe pre sense oL certain fumtionol
groups in 0 molecule ant Malis h Inst thot ir<IicaIcs preserve ot”cozbohydroIcs.
2355
ISGN- 2394•5125
This production of” ñxiural from mango peels ceally a challenging due to time properties and chemical propertie s
fbat. bio—based is dilYer thau the symhetic and peaoleum based chemical. Howe ver, usage of biomass wnste to
aeate the f rfttral will be an economical value also cceate an awareness to bena aud Healtfi envizonrrx•nt.
Therefore, the reduce dependent oi petroleum based and rr one etticiem sol vent can be created from tkis study
while saving arxl nurture rhe en vrronment low et al., GUI b .
conclusion
In conclusion, Ilx' ñirhzr al was consiclered as a step to create ari eco- endly products and create an alternaive
way lo prepare a furfural. Ii is cons idered lhai mango peels was a suitable material lo & used and generate the
idea of wasle lo wealilt The source o‘t an abundant and negligible source c an be as a be mical substance. It is
cost etYective, low ezx'rgy consumption and en vizonmemal frierxlly.
A CKROWLEIHiMKNT
We wish lo eogre s s our grminide lo Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (IJMK) and lJniversitiPertahanan Nasioiul
Malaysia (UPNM) for supposing this ie search .
i. B izzi, C. A., Santos, D., Sieben, T. C., Mona, G. Y., Mello, P. A., & Flares, E. M. (2O i0). Fur fural
prodixtion from lignocellulasic biomass by ultrasourxl-assisted acid hydrolysis. Ultrasonic sSouocIx•mistry,
'i i , 332—331.
2. Lee, Y. C., Mazim, M., Amini, M., Suleiman, N. S., MazlaJi, M., & Boon, J. G. (20i b). Batcfi adsorption
and isot ermic studies of malacliite green dye adsorption using Leucaenaleucocepkala biomass as potential
adsarbent in water aeatment. Songklanakar io Journal of Science and Technology, 40(3), 563—'i69.
3. Lim, T., Li, Z., Li, X., Liu, X., Can, J., Clark. J. H., & Hu, C. (2019). The production of furtiiral directly
from h•mice1lulose in ligeocellulosic biomass: A ie New. Catalysis Today, 319. 14—24.
4. Lopez, G. M., & Manin, A. O. (2018). Furtiiral: Pninl of Lignocellulose in Biorefineries io
Produce Renewable Chemicals, Polymers, and Biolels. Singapore: World Scientitic.
Nik Tuser, N.A.A., Rosly, E.S., Mriha—d, M., Abu Bakar, M.B ., Yusoff, M., Sulaiman, M.A., Ahmad,
M.I. 2Oi 6). Waste banana peel arxl its potentialization in agricultural applications: Morphology over view.
Materials Science Forum, b4O, 394-398.
6. Ski, J. Y., Li, J. X., & Lu, H. M. (20 I6). Predicting exi sting targets for new drugs base on slzategies for
missing inter a•lions. BMC B ioinfonuatic s, i7(4), I 8'i—I'?U.
7. Warikasi, D., & Naidoo, E. B. (ROI 2). Furñzral production from the epicrap of wild rnnngo (irvingia
species} fruits by acid catalysed hydcoly sis. Arrx•ricau Journal of Food aud Munition, 2(2), 47-TO.
6. Zang: G., Shah, A., & Wen, C. (2020). Techixi-economic analysis of an integrated biaetinery soategy
based on OMf-@OI biomass hationation and f rhJral production. Journal of Cleaix'r Production, 260, I —10.
9. Yusuf, lv. x. A. n.. Ka din. S. K.. Abdullah. N.. Abdmm ii. ii., si u, s., met». u.( 2tll9). An
Overview of Simul ai ion of Biodiesel Product ion using Reactive Oistillation Lkportmenl of Energy,
Minnals and Materials Technology, Universili Malaysia Kelantan. International Journal of Advanced Scieme
arid Technology, 28( 16), 417—425.
Testing Carbohydrate Substance as Flash Baxed Flipbooh
Learning Media
AbstzecL This eudy aim to prrxhxe a Ilasb-based Itzp£ook xsd food rna che gully of fish-based I6pbrx›k prodixs ‹Inc are
adobte Fc< use as s p‹aNzng Icaaing nedia. Tbc s\udy cazâsrod of /veIamâsu res‹arcb m cbz form of carbob \e \est practlm»
coruatmg of barfoed rat. hem&ct leer arm iod ''' lu8ol test The resulB of the xtudy were developed into Cob•bmed ftgbmk using
niacrnnedin itch md uiicrmofl word 2010 through the data airy siage to the dcvebper sofimc prepaafin of laymss md provisiiai of
atisitiex m f2asb• ba •d flipbook. The flat prodini iii the form of llgbmk is lfas •boed Floh•6aaed lfiphwk we ••-••0 by 1
riutuinl expos 1 in div eipen. I serene teacher. 3 peer reviexrerx. nd texted on 10 juts high schml xtudmtx. The results of ihe
evalimtion' of f1ash• based itipbmk according io imtnâl expub more 90.87•'« IYery grids wdia exp‹vts 88.10•s f Yery goud $ per
reviewzrx 93.39•ñ (Yery cdi biology irachns 75 tD•:i fG-d› . md 8S 6•a f Yery gmdi student rest arise. Based on tfiis amssmutc
ter ltmh•6med llijf›ooh tha was developed is »wihy of being used o a source of learning bfibgy.
In the frst pham of the rmcarcb, lfie dcs'etopmeni nnñvaie srudenis io learn. Based on the os'erall
planning siage. This des'etopmeni phase as dimussion thai has been descñbeA thai 8asfibook
ivlacromedia Flasb and Mic msofi Word 2010 based on carbohydrate iesi maimai has futfilkil the
developer sofiware. The second stage is the equirements as a reaching maiwial for srience
carbobydraie rest praciicum in the laboratory.
learning.
Aliernaiive sources of carbohydrates used are
avocado seeds. durian seeds and jmkfniii seeds whir
b are seeds that are ofien found in everyday tile. bui
apparently siodems do nor know thai the seeds
contain carbob draies. 1. The ikrelopmeni of flasb-based flipbook tundra
regarding carbobydrate stiboance zsiing meets the
triicria of hood media quality successfully
dm'eloped throu b tbe main wages of
carbohydrate test pr 'tk'um, product dcs’eioprocot
aod tesân .
2. Tbc renJIIs of” Ibc assessnx'ot of rbc dcsel-
opa›eot of flasb&sed flipbook based on lbe
assesnt of experts. peer reviewers are mcluded
In lbc very
REFER[uECES
Tbc as<ssmeot result provided by material expms
aod media expcns sbowed rhat flasb-based liipbook
bas s’cry good quality wirb percentages of 90.87Y+
aod
„ RE V I E W Open Access
The current paper ra’ievvs the content and variation of fider fracfions in feeJ ingredients comrranly useJ in
swine Jiets. Carbohydrates serve as the main source of eneray in diets fed to pigs. Carbohydrates rray Le
alas sified accordina ro rheir degree of polymerization monosaccharides. diwmharides, oligowcharides. and pslysa
charities. Digesribl=. carbo!r,'drates include s ugars. digestible srarcN and olycoger that may' de digested Q e 'mes
secreted in rhe sastroint=. sinal rract of rhe pis. Nor'-JiaestibJe carbohydrates. alsc kncwn as fiber. may be
ferm=nted dy microbial gogulatio rs along tf\e gastrointesinal tract ro g'nthesize shorts hair. fatty' acids that
may be absorbed and metaLolized b\' the pig. These non-digestible carbohydra °* include two dsaccharides,
oligosaccharides. resistant starch. and r›on-starch polysaccharides The concentration a nd stfozrure of non
ciigestidJe carbo/'drates in diets fed to pigs depend on the type of feed ingredients thar are incJu•ded in
rhe mixed dieL C.=1IuIose. arabiroxylans, ard mixed linked #-(i 3t (i,4\zalvans are the main cdl was
po1ysacharides in cer=aI eains. but vary in popartion an4 srr ucture dependino on the= grain and tissue
within the grain. Cell walls of oilseeds. oilseed meals. aM pulse crops contain cellulose. pecric pop
wcharid=s. lignin. and xy1ogIr<ans. Pulse rope and boumes also contain significant quarriries of gaIacto-
oligosaccharides including raffinose. steh\ose. a nd v.°rbascose. Overall. understanding the strvture.
characteristics and measurable c hemical praperties cf fiber in feed Ingredient s may resulr in mere accurate
diet form.elation*, re sulking in an impra'ement in the utiI'eation of erx°rgy from Yes* expensive high-
fiDer iraredients and a reduction in reliance or‹ eneray from rrore astl\' cereal grains.
Keywords: Carbohydrate*. Carbohydrate composirio Chemical srructu<e. Feed ingredients. Fiber. Pigs
Carbohydrates which are made up of caution, hydrcigen, hydrato imfiide monosacc aiides, chsaccharides, staxck
and oxygen are organic compounds Hut serve as a arid glycogen. Onto monomccharides can be absorbed
sourre of energy for animals and hunmns [1]. The main from the call mtestiw, but g{ycosidic linkages in dñ•
the body, or synthesized hmri the carbon skeleton of these enzymes show high specificity to their target sugar
amino Eds, hctnte, glycerol, err propionate via gfiico• nuts, which cnnsequerfily results in only a limited
neogenesis t2{. The brain preferentially us giucuse as »ur»ber of caibo mcs in the léed txt ‹-an be
digested its main source of orgy, aial glucose is the required by the animal [2]. hon -ditiestbié carbohydrate
that energy source for red brood cells and other eels w0h reach the Paige inmtsne may be digested by
microbial
The fate of mgested carbohydmtes in an animal is glycnide hydrol ses and polysarcharide lyaw tlvit
deterrnimd by the m k cmnjmsñion of the carbon humans. arid pigs do not express } 4].
hydmte, the tapes of wages among ira›nomers, aial the Non- d:igestib1e carbohydmtes include or omcchariW,
resistant starch, and non -staxch p ty ccharides and are
colbcâve@knounnzs6ber |1[ Thehrge
cb&emmcesm
dephyeodpmpemksofcm6ehydrflesmzke8dixuiC
BMC
›s glyceraldehyde, ›is send C mucus atiMd. in mclude consiamis of non-dgenibb pol charidu of
fern different gnnips, giving th• abihty for this C to have
plards and argue, such ax D•g}m:merge acid, D•ga1acturcuiic
acid, D-mannurunic acid, and r -guhironic acids [2].
exist in both the D- and the i- forms ]2]. Chir I mrhon
Sugar frmn ihe activated form of gJucuionic acid is
atoms have each of their k›ur ietrahedraJ bon&. I SO SQ U AT -
corrected to a dKBmut coup [ 3] ’be chbxla of sugos mab, and zaduronzt aid Is srrAhe:ued fruon
and AA aze oo4aazzxofl¿ d grated by tM Div System andzs o•g]u- turcmzc ate after z1 has been
namnerf
znourpmated into the c:ubo dmte cluin |3)
Disacchnñ&•s
Two monosaccJuride units joined by an acetaJ or ketaJ
The most common monosaccharides are the 6•C linFnge is referred lo as a disacciuride { l$]. A gJycosidic
al3ohexeiw, which imhide the aidulv•xose o-glucose, ar›d bed QTS 2 M DM B DNfi Rd 11 4.1
are usually presenl in their ring structures ca0ed a
an n -glycosidic lx›nd if the anmnerm hydrcixyl gmup of
pyianose ring rather than in open •clmin statutes (f'-id, I )
th• sugar is in th• n conf@uintion or a §-gJycosidic l>-Grid
{II }. hi oligo• arid polysa ch:iri6rv aJdoperitoses can ocfur ñ ii is un the § con£guration {3}. A g)ycosidic bond is
as a S-C ring strm4ure krmwit as a fuianose ring 11{. n-
named according in the position of ihr carbon atom
Goose, considering ali of its combined k›rms', is ih• rrnsi being linked for emmpb, an e-glycxisi‹fic bond connec-
aburalani monwmaride rim natmaily ams
in nature ] l3]. The rruist abundant Letase is D •ai a•
birio•hexuJuse, kncmm mime cum monly by lx lrivial name, (F@ 2) {17}. 7’he three most common disaccharides are
D-I:m‹-u›Sf [2]. The three trioses include ketose maitme, 1aca›se aial xorose {l I}. Maitnse is a reW-irig
dihydnixy- acetoi*• arid both enaraiornerk k›rms of sugar tlul is a product of the hydrolysis of starch by th•
glyceraidehyde enzyme n •amy1ase } l3]. Lactose is a red ring xugar th:il
|l't]. £rythrose and threose are examples of letroses, at cansâts ad a a-g}ucusyI zznzt md zn a-D- gzdacfiap asassfi
QHMW USA H, DM RJM , B 0@M 2 . um ân£ed|v a §-(1,4)gI Micbo»dand â
gesen‹in
mdk aruf milk pradats such as skim mid and whey {l7].
Sucrose is im‹fe up of a give:ose at a fruclose linked by
an a •(1 glycosidic bond {l7]. Contrary to tl*• general
head -to-tail linkage (anmneric carlx›n ainm io carlxin
atom tmaaining a hydruxjd grouP) in ice structure of
BIOMOLEKUL SEL
Karbolzldrat, Protein, dan Enztm
ISBN: 97$-b02- 11?$-1 2-b
L Prin llmiali 2.teori dnii Tvrnpnit
L UNP Press Pndniig
BIOMOLEKUL SEL
Rarbohidrat, Protein, dan Enzim
Hak Cipta dilindungi oleh undanp-undang pada penulis
Hak penecbitan pada UNP from
Penyusun: Dr. Min‹to Arbor, M.Si
Editor isi : Dr. Yi‹›w A/i‹Yn, /\4.Si.
Editor Bahasa: Dru. Elula Siit»iu. M. P‹I
L«vui‹f & Desain Sampul Nasbahry Cuut‹› A Kkairul
hidrolisis selulosa. Kitin merupakan kOITtpOIlRn utama arthopoda
dan rangka luar dari serangga, kepiting, kulit udang. Pada bab ini
juga dibahas polisakarida R temglycan seperti peptidoglikan.
Kadar
glukosa normal di dalam darah kita adalah 100-120 mg/100 mL
darah. Galaktosa terikat glukosa membentuk laktosa. Laktosa
adalah disakarida yang terdapat pada susu.
Secara struktur kimia, inonosakarida adalah polihidioksi
aldehid ataa polihidroksi keton. Monosakarida dapat dikelompok-
kan berdasarkan tipe gugus karbonilnya dam jumlah atom
kmbonnya. Jika gugus karbonil monosakarida sebuah aldehid maka
dinamakan aldoaa. Jika gugus karbonil monosakarida sebuah keton,
maka dinamakan ketosa. Aldosa dengan tiga, empat, lima, enam
dan tujuh atom karbon berturut-turut dinamakan aldotfiosa,
aldotetrosa, aldopentosa, aldohexosa dan aldoheptosa. Ketosa
dengan tiga, empat, lima, enarn dan tujuh atom karbon berturut-
turut dinamakan ketotriosa, ketotetrosa, ketopentosa, ketohexosa
dan ketoheptosa. Monosakarida paling sederhana mengandung tiga-
karbon. Gliseraldehid adalah sebuah aldotriosa, sedangkan
diJydmxyaceton adalah sebuah ketotriosa. Gula dengan lima
karbon
74 aloMoLnxvL :szL