peracunan

POISONING

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FLl2YzNPsD8/U3LXMJsnsEI/AAAAAAABAVs/n0QQNlH73w4/s1600/Amanita+muscaria+fly+agaric+%25281%2529.JPG
 DEFINISI UMUM
Keracunan bisa
didefinisikan sebagai
interaksi antara
bahan kimia asing (toksin)
GENERAL dan sistem biologis
yang mengakibatkan kerusakan
DEFINITION pada organisme hidup

Poisoning can be
defined as an
interaction between a
foreign chemical (toxin)
and a biological system
that results in damage
to a living organism

Clinical Biochemistry:
Metabolic and Clinical
Aspects, James W.Dear,
2014
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780702051401/clinical-biochemistry-metabolic-and-clinical-aspects
zat yang menghasilkan efek biologis yang merugikan dalam bentuk apa pun, mungkin
bersifat kimia atau fisik, efeknya dapat dari berbagai jenis (akut, kronis, dll)

protein spesifik yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup (toksin jamur atau toksin tetanus)

racun yang menyebabkan kematian atau penyakit langsung ketika dialami dalam jumlah
yang sangat kecil
 General View
more concerned with the acute
effects of toxins... but chronic
effects of toxins have much more
importance on a global scale
Pandangan umum
lebih peduli dengan efek akut racun... tetapi efek kronis racun jauh lebih penting dalam skala global
 Chronical Effect
• Alcohol-related liver disease, myopathy,
hypertriglyceridaemia and cancers are all effects
of chronic alcohol abuse and together, cause far
more deaths than the acute effects of alcohol
• Other types of delayed effects of toxins include
mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity.
• For example, many cases of bronchogenic
carcinoma are aEfekdirect
kronis: result of exposure to
- Alkohol, penyakit hati terkait, miopati, hipertrigliseridemia dan kanker adalah
cigarette smokeefek penyalahgunaan alkohol kronis dan bersama-sama menyebabkan jauh lebih
banyak kematian dapidapa efek akut alkohol
- jenis lain dari efek toksin yang tertunda termasuk: mutagenisitas,
karsinogenisitas dan teratogenisitas
- misalnya, banyak kasus bronkogenik karsinoma adalah akibat langsung dari
paparan asap rokok

toksiko-dinamika
- sifat interaksi di situs jaringan
- gangguan metabolisme
- gangguan fungsional
toksiko-kinetik
- penyerapan: dosis, waktu
- distribusi: tingkat, tingkat
- metabolisme: aktif, tidak aktif
- ekskresi: rebal, non-ginjal
 SOURCES
• CHEMICAL kimia

• BIOLOGICAL biologi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699236/
 GENERAL PREVENTION
Increasing concerns about environmental
contamination by chemicals ...... such as
pesticide residues, preservatives, food coloring
agent, pest controlling agent, gas emition
polutant, waste inceneration polutant, may be
found in small amounts in the general
population, who do not appear to be suffering
PENCEGAHAN UMUM
any
Meningkatnya kepedulian terhadap lingkungan
kontaminasi oleh bahan kimia ...... seperti
direct ill effects
residu pestisida, pengawet, pewarna makanan
agen, agen pengendalian hama, emisi gas
pencemar, pencemar limbah pencemar, mungkin
ditemukan dalam jumlah kecil pada umumnya
populasi, yang tampaknya tidak menderita
efek sakit langsung apa pun
kontaminasi silang
- penanganan bahan baku
- bantuan pemrosesan
- pencemaran udara
- kemasan
- kerja ulang
- peralatan bersama
- pembersihan
- rantai pasokan
-penyimpanan
-mengangkut
-lainnya
contoh kontaminan kimia adalah
- bahan kimia industri
- kimia pertanian
logam beracun
- pengawet
- racun alami
ada banyak jenis pengawet
DAFTAR BERBAHAYA
JENIS BAHAN PENGAWET
Type of mycotoxins Fungi Source of foods
Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus and nuts, spices, and
A. parasiticus figs and produced during storage
under hot and humid conditions

Ochratoxin Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium spp wheat, corn, soybeans, oats,

barley, coffee beans, meats and
cheese
Fumonosins Fusarium verticillioides, F. Corns, tomatoes, asparagus, and
proliferatum, and F. nygamai. F. garlic
verticillioides

Tricothecenes Fusarium, Trichoderma, Myrothecium, cereal products, meat and dairy

Stachybotrys, products
Tricothecium

Patulin Penicillium clariform, P. expansum, P. Bread, sausage, fruits (apricots,

patulum grapes, peaches,
and by Aspergillus spp pears, and apples), and apple
juice
Penicillic acid Penicillium puberulum, and A. Wheat, oats, cheese, and coffee
ochraceus beans
Zearalenone Fusarium graminearum Corn, wheat, oats, and barley
 FOOD PRODUCTION CONTROL
• Good agricultural practices (GAP) and good
manufacturing practices (GMP) to control molds in
preharvest and postharvest crops (include soil testing,
crop rotation, irrigation, antifungal treatments,
appropriate harvesting conditions, drying, and storage)
• Traditionally mold control:KONTROL
by controlling
PRODUKSI MAKANAN the
• Praktik pertanian yang baik (GAP) dan praktik manufaktur
temperature, pH and moister levels
yang baik of mengendalikan
(GMP) untuk the stored jamur pada tanaman
prapanen dan pascapanen (termasuk pengujian tanah, rotasi
grains, cereals and fruits. tanaman, irigasi, perawatan antijamur,
kondisi panen yang sesuai, pengeringan, dan penyimpanan)
• In modern day HACCP: improved analytical techniques
• Kontrol jamur secara tradisional: dengan mengontrol suhu,
pH, dan tingkat kelembapan dari biji-bijian, sereal, dan
for sensitive detection of mycotoxins and stringent
buah-buahan yang disimpan.
• Dalam HACCP modern: teknik analisis yang ditingkatkan
regulatory standards to exclude products
untuk deteksi for
sensitif mikotoksin dan human
standar peraturan yang
ketat untuk mengecualikan produk untuk konsumsi manusia
consumption that contain yangmycotoxin
mengandung kadar
diizinkan
levels over
mikotoksin melebihithe
batas yang

allowable limits
 POISONOUS MUSHROOM

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FLl2YzNPsD8/U3LXMJsnsEI/AAAAAAABAVs/n0QQNlH73w4/s1600/Amanita+muscaria+fly+agaric+%25281%2529.JPG
 INTRODUCTION
• Poisonous mushroom 3% (Eren et al., 2010)
• Some are fatal ...becareful of wild mushroom
• Cases per year in US ...more than 7 thousands
per year [mild], less than 50 [serious], less tan
5 death (Brandenburg & Ward, 2018)
• Iran case post spring (2018), mushroom
poisoning in 10 provinces [more than 800
• Jamur beracun 3% (Eren et al., 2010)
cases]...10-20 death •• Beberapa berakibat fatal..hati-hati dengan jamur liar
Kasus per tahun di AS ...lebih dari 7 ribu
per tahun [ringan], kurang dari 50 [serius], kurang tan
5 kematian (Brandenburg & Ward, 2018)
• Kasus Iran pasca musim semi (2018), keracunan jamur di 10
provinsi [lebih dari 800 kasus]...10-20 kematian
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44194078
 Jamur Beracun “Antar” 14 Warga ke
Rumah Sakit
• 08 September 2012 | 21:54
 Januari, 2014 (Palembang)

https://palembang.tribunnews.com/2014/01/20/sampel-makanan-dikirim-ke-laboratorium
 Maret, 2015 (Pekalongan)

https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2015/03/27/sekeluarga-di-pekalongan-keracunan-jamur-satu-orang-tewas
 Februari, 2016 (Karangasem Bali)

https://bali.tribunnews.com/2016/02/08/astaga-jamur-ini-bikin-rahma-dan-tiga-anaknya-keracunan-di-karangasem
26 Karyawan keracunan jamur
April 2016

April, 2016 (Indramayu)

Kamis, 28 Juli 2016 (Bungo)
Editor: Wahid Nurdin

https://cdn2.tstatic.net/tribunnews/foto/bank/images/20121204_Jamur_Raksasa_2892.jpg
 Juli, 2017 (Muaraenim)

https://breakingnews.co.id/read/satu-keluarga-keracunan-setelah-makan-jamur-yang-dipetik-
dari-kebun
Juli, 2017 (Banyumas)

https://radarbanyumas.co.id/empat-warga-rejasari-keracunan-jamur/
Desember, 2017 (Lebak)

https://faktabanten.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/KERACUNAN-JAMUR.jpg
 Februari, 2018 (Purwakarta)

https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2018/02/27/warga-keracunan-jamur-hal-biasa-yang-terjadi-di-
purwakarta
 Februari, 2018 (Pekalongan)

Selasa (27/02/2018), satu keluarga warga Dukuh

Gutomo, Desa Gutomo Kecamatan Karanganyar, Kab
Pekalongan , Jateng
https://www.wajibbaca.com/2018/03/satu-keluarga-keracunan-jamur-1-orang.html
 April, 2018 (Banjarmasin)
https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/04/06/waspada-konsumsi-jamur-crispy-satu-keluarga-di-bangka-
ini-keracunan-hingga-masuk-rs
November, 2018 (Kudus)

https://www.murianews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Keracunan.jpg
Januari, 2019 (Jombang)

https://i0.wp.com/kabarjatim.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Jamur-Jombang-
2.jpg?fit=600%2C400&ssl=1
 Desember, 2019 (Grobogan)

https://www.metropos.id/2019/12/11/tiga-keluarga-di-bandungsari-ngaringan-keracunan-
jamur/
 Desember, 2019 (Garut)

https://beritapriangan.com/dua-keluarga-di-garut-keracunan-usai-makan-jamur-liar/
 Januari, 2020 (Lampung)

https://www.lampost.co/upload/satu-keluarga-di-palas-keracunan-usai-konsumsi-jamur-
sawit.jpg
Maret, 2020 (Ciamis)
https://www.koranmadura.com/2020/03/4-warga-ciamis-keracunan-usai-santap-jamur-liar/
FATAL MUSHROOM TOXINS
• CAUSING DEATH

• Amanitin
• Gyromitrin (Monomethylhydrazine)
• Orellanine Toksin JAMUR FATAL
• MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN

•
• Amanit
Phalloidin • Gyromitrin (Monomethylhydrazine)
• Orelanin
• Phalloidin
OTHER MUSHROOM TOXINS
• Muscarin RACUN JAMUR LAINNYA
• Muscarin
• Muscimol
• Muscimol • Asam akromelat
• Koprin
• Asam ibotenat
• Acromelic acids • Pantherin
• Psilocybin

• Coprine
• Ibotenic acid
• Pantherin
• Psilocybin
 Coprine
Become toxic when hydrolysed by alcohol
inky cap group Koprin
Menjadi beracun ketika dihidrolisis oleh alkohol
grup topi bertinta
• Coprinus atrametarius
• Varietas Coprinus

• Coprinus atramentarius
• Coprinus variegates

https://www.wildernesscollege.com/poisonous-mushrooms.html
 Gastrointestinal Irritants
• Flat-topped Agaricus (Agaricus praeclaresquamosus)
• Yellow Stainer (Agaricus xanthodermus)
• Mock Meadow Mushroom (Agaricus californicus)
• Felt-ringed Agaricus (Agaricus hondensis)
• Satan's Boletus (Boletus satanas)
• Red-pored boletus (Boletus pulcherrimus)
• Slender red-pored Boletus (Boletus erythropus)
• Green-spored Parasol (Chlorophyllum molybdites)
• Emetic russula (Russula emetic)
• Fragrant russula (Russula fragrantissima)
• False Chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca)
• Sulfur Tuft (Hypholoma fasciculare)

https://www.wildernesscollege.com/poisonous-mushrooms.html
 EFFECT OF TOXIN
1. Cause fatal cell damage and death (amanitin,
orellanine, monomethylhydrazine)
2. Influence in negative way the otonomic
nerveous system (muscarine, coprine)
3. Influence in negative way the central
nerveous system(Ibotenic acid [muscimol],
psilocybin)
EFEK Toksin
1. Menyebabkan kerusakan sel yang fatal dan kematian (amanitin,
orellanine, monomethylhydrazine)
2. Pengaruh negatif otonomik
sistem saraf (muscarine, coprine)
3. Mempengaruhi secara negatif pusat
sistem saraf (asam Ibotenic [muscimol],
psilocybin)
 SYMPTOMS
GEJALA • Halucination
• Halusinasi
• Bingung • Confused
• Mual
• Diare • Nausea
• Kram
• Pincang
• Diarrhea
•
• Takikardia [denyut jantung tinggi] Cramps
• Hiperpireksia [suhu tinggi]
• Menggigil [gemetar] • Limp
• Muntah
• Dissy
• Tachycardia [high heart rate]
• Fint • Hyperpyrexia [high temperature]
• koma
• Mati • Chills [trembling]
• Vomit
• Dissy
• Fint
• Comma
• Dead
• 1. Tahap awal 6-24 jam pasca konsumsi
(demam, mual, muntah, kram perut, diare)
(mungkin dengan darah);

STAGES
• 2. Masa laten 2-3 hari setelah konsumsi.
Pereda gejala, proses pemulihan (saat dirawat
dengan baik)
• 3. Perkembangan ireversibel (mempengaruhi hati dan
ginjal, pembekuan darah, penyakit kuning,
hepatomegali, gangguan berkemih, kejang, koma,
• I. Early stage 6-24 hours pasca after consumption
perkembangan cepat ke kondisi terburuk, mati)

(fever, nausea,vomit,stomach cramp, diarrhea

(possibly with blood);
• II. Latent period 2-3 days after consumption.
Symptom relief, recovery process (when treated
properly)
• III. Irreversible development (affect liver and
kidney, blood coagulation, jaundice,
hepatomegaly, urinary disorder, seizure, comma,
quick development into worst condition, dead)
 TREATMENT
1. Drink a lot elctrolyte liquid PERLAKUAN
1. Minum banyak cairan elctrolyte
2. Drink milk 2. Minum susu
3. Minum teh pekat
3. Drink concentrated tea 4. Minum karbon aktif (Norit)
5. Minum teh Ganoderma
4. Drink active carbon (Norit) 6. Penanganan rumah sakit
7. Buat muntah
5. Drink Ganoderma tea 8. Mendorong buang air besar
9. Penisilin (oral/intravena)
6. Hospital handling 10. Silymarin (Silibinin) (oral/intravena)
11. Atropin (oral/intravena)
7. Induce vomiting
8. Induce defecating
9. Penicillin (oral/intravena)
10. Silymarin (Silibinin) (oral/intravena)
11. Atropine (oral/intravena)
 HOW TO KNOW POISONOUS
MUSHROOM
1. NO MAGIC BULLET
2. The only way is to identify the species
3. Some miss conseptions
– Bright color BAGAIMANA MENGETAHUI BERACUN
JAMUR
1. TIDAK ADA PELURU AJAIB
– With annulus (ring) 2.3. Satu-satunya cara adalah mengidentifikasi spesies
Beberapa konsepsi yang meleset

– With bowl (volva) - Dengan anulus (cincin)

- Warna cerah

– Dengan mangkuk (volva)

– Silver blackening –– Perak menghitam
Sulit untuk dikupas

– Hard to peal
 beberapa warna cerah tapi bisa dimakan

Some bright colour but

EDIBLE
Pleurotus flabellatus
Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Lactarius indigo
Amanita jaksonii
Amanita caesaria
 Beberapa dengan anulus tapi bisa dimakan

SOME WITH
ANNULUS BUT EDIBLE
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus brunnescens
Agaricus blazei
Lepiota procera
 dengan volva tetapi bisa dimakan

WITH VOLVA BUT EDIBLE

Volvariella volvacea
 aturan umum

GENERAL RULE
 MANY FATAL MUSHROOM
BELONG TO AMANITA GROUP

1. Volva and ring appear together

2. White to brown color
3. Grow on soil
BANYAK JAMUR FATAL
MASUK KE GRUP AMANITA
1. Volva dan cincin muncul bersamaan
2. Warna putih hingga coklat
3. Tumbuh di tanah
 Amanita phalloides

http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/large/Amanita_phalloides(fs-08).jpg
 Amanita ocreata

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amanita_ocreata_79782.jpg/12
00px-Amanita_ocreata_79782.jpg
 Amanita verna

http://antropocene.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Amanita_verna.jpg
 Amanita virosa

https://i0.wp.com/morelmushroomhunting.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/11/92c4aeefe34dcbdeee622f34ed78147c.jpg?resize=771%2C600&ssl=1
 spesies mematikan lainnya non-amanita

OTHER LETHAL SPECIES

NON-AMANITA
 Lepiota helveola

Synonym Lepiota josserandii

Produce Amatoxin (fatal)

http://www.fichasmicologicas.com/?micos=1&alf=L&art=342
 Conocybe filaris

Synonym : Pholiotina rugosa

Produce Amatoxin (fatal)

https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/94/180794-050-AAD9AE56.jpg
 Galerina autumnalis

Synonym : Galerina marginata

Produce Amatoxin (fatal)

http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Galerina_marginata.html
 Cortinarius rubellus

http://www.mykoweb.com/TFWNA/graphics/Cortinarius_rubellus(FFC).jpg
 spesies non lethal

NON-LETHAL SPECIES
Amanita muscaria
Amanita pantherina
 Agaricus meleagris

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/552/flashcards/36552/jpg/2010-08-
07_agaricus_campestris_cropped1336349301390.jpg
 Armillaria melea

http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/large/Armillaria_mellea(fs-07).jpg
 Boletus satanas

https://www.jardineriaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Boletus-satanas-o-boleto-de-
satan%C3%A1s.jpg
 Chlorophyllum molibdites

http://www.nachhaltigleben.ch/images/gallery/30/medium/Pilze_Sammeln_Chlorophyllum_mo
lybdites.jpg
 Clitocybe dealbata

Produce Muscarine

http://www.funghiitaliani.it/uploads/monthly_10_2012/post-2286-0-18799900-1351464674.jpg
Coprinus
 Cortinarius orellanus

http://www.champignons77.org/album/Cortinarius/slides/Cortinarius%20orellanus.jpg
 Entoloma sinuatum

https://www.cestaysetas.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Entoloma-lividum-.jpg
 Lactarius torminosus

https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/images/russulaceae/lactarius-torminosus7.jpg
Panaeolus cyanescens

https://images.mushroomobserver.org/960/163206.jpg
 Psilocybe cubensis

http://www.sott.net/image/s9/185714/full/2008_01_31_Psilocybe_cubensis_.jpg
 Russula emetica

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Russula_emetica_in_Poland.jpg
/1200px-Russula_emetica_in_Poland.jpg
 Scleroderma aurantium

http://www.pharmanatur.com/Mycologie/Scleroderma%20citrinum%203.jpg
 Tricholoma pardinum

http://cestadesetas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Tricholoma-pardinum2.jpg