Bab-Iii Matriks
Bab-Iii Matriks
A. Definisi Matriks :
[ ] [ ]
−2 0 3 0 1 −3
[ A ] =[ 4 x 3 ]= 4 5 7 [ B ] =[ 4 x 3 ] = 2 −2 5
−1 2 6 3 −3 4
8 −5 9 5 7 6
[ ][ ]
(−2+0 ) ( 0+1 ) ( 3−3 ) −2 1 0
[ A ] + [ B ] = ( 4+ 2 ) (5−2 ) ( 7+ 5 )
=
6 3 12
(−1+3 ) ( 2−3 ) ( 6+ 4 ) 2 −1 10
( 8+5 ) (−5+7 ) ( 9+ 6 ) 13 2 15
(a).
III-1
[ ][ ]
(−6−0 ) ( 0−2 ) ( 6+6 ) −6 −2 12
( 12−4 ) ( 15+4 ) (21−10 )
3 [ A ] −2 [ B ] = = 8 19 11
(−3+6 ) ( 6+6 ) ( 18−8 ) 3 12 10
( 24−10 ) (−15−14 ) ( 27−12 ) 14 −29 15
(b).
C. Operasi Perkalian
Contoh :
[ ][ ] [ ]
1 0 2 −2 3 2 −1
1 3 0 −1
[ A ] = 2 −3 2 1 , [ B ]= 0 4 5
, [ C ] = −2 2 4 5
−2 5 −1 4 2 −3 3
−3 3 5 6
4 4 3 0 1 6 7
(a).
[ ][ ]
a1 a2 a3 5 −16 −9
b1 b2 b3 11 −8 −4
= =
c1 c2 c3 −4 46 52
d1 d2 d3 18 15 25
¿ a 1= (1 x 3 ) + ( 0 x 0 )+ ( 2 x 2 )+ (−2 x 1 )=5
III-2
¿ a 2=( 1 x 2 )+ ( 0 x 4 ) + ( 2 x−3 ) + (−2 x 6 )=−16
¿ b 1= ( 2 x 3 ) + (−3 x 0 )+ (2 x 2 )+ ( 1 x 1 )=11
¿ d 1=( 4 x 3 )+ ( 4 x 0 ) + ( 3 x 2 ) + ( 0 x 1 )=18
(b).
D. Matriks Invers
[ A ] . [ I ] =[ I ] . [ A−1 ]
[ A−1 ]= matriks invers
[ I ] = matriks elemen yang disesuaikan orde matriks A
III-3
Proses untuk menentukan matriks invers adalah dengan menggunakan
metoda OBE (operasi baris elementer).
Contoh ke-1 :
[ ]
2 1 3
[ A ]= 3 0 4
−5 −2 3
[ ][ ] [ ]
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 0 4 . 0 1 0 =. 0 1 0 . [ A ]
−1
−5 −2 3 0 0 1 0 0 1
®OBE-2 : B1 – B2
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
3 0 4 0 1 0 1 −1 1 −1 1 0
= 2 1 3 .1 0 0 2 1 3 . 1 0 0
−5 −2 3 0 0 1 =
−5 −2 3 0 0 1
[ ][ ]
1 −1 1 −1 1 0
=0 3 1 . 3 −2 0
0 −7 8 −5 5 1
[ ][ ][ ][ ]
1 −1 1 −1 1 0 1 0 −9 −2 0 −1
= 0 3 1 . 3 −2 0 0 1 21 . 5 0 2
0 −1 10 1 1 1 = 0 −1 10 1 1 1
III-4
®OBE-6: B3 +B2
[ ][ ]
1 0 −9 −2 0 −1
0 1 21 . 5 0 2
=
0 0 31 6 1 3 =
[ ][ ]
31 0 0 −8 9 −4
0 31 0 . 29 −21 −1
0 0 31 6 1 3
[ ]
−8 9 −4
1
[ A ]= 29 −21 −1
−1
31
6 1 3
[ ][ ] [ ]
2 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 4 . 0 1 0 =[ A ] . 0 1 0
−1
3
−5 −2 3 0 0 1 0 0 1
[ ][ ]
1 −1 1 −1 1 0
3 0 4 . 0 1 0 =
=
1 −2 11 0 2 1
III-5
®OBE-2: (1). B2 -3B1 ; (2). B3 –B1 ®OBE-3: (1). B1 – B3 ; (2). B2 + 2B3
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 −1 1 −1 1 0 1 0 −9 −2 0 −1
= 0 3 1 . 3 −2 0 = 0 1 21 . 5 0 2 =
0 −1 10 1 1 1 0 −1 10 1 1 1
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 0 −9 −2 0 −1 31 0 0 −8 9 −4
= 0 1 21 . 5 0 2 = 0 31 0 . 29 −21 −1
0 0 31 6 1 3 0 0 31 6 1 3
[ ]
−8 9 −4
1
[ A ]= 29 −21 −1
−1
31
6 1 3
Contoh ke-2 :
[ ]
5 0 2 −2
[ A ] = 2 −3 2 1
−2 5 −1 4
4 4 3 0
[ A ] . [ I ] =[ A−1 ] . [ I ]
[ ][ ] [ ]
5 0 2 −2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 −3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 −1
. =. .[A ]
−2 5 −1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
4 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
III-6
®Proses OBE (cara ke-1 ):
[ ][ ]
1 6 −2 −4 1 −2 0 0
2 −3 2 1 0 1 0 0
= .
0 2 1 5 0 1 1 0
0 10 −1 −2 0 −2 0 1
OBE-2: B2 – 2B1
[ ][ ]
1 6 −2 −4 1 −2 0 0
0 −15 6 9 . −2 5 0 0
0 2 1 5 0 1 1 0
= 0 10 −1 −2 0 −2 0 1
[ ][ ]
1 0 −5 −19 1 −5 −3 0
0 1 14 49 −2 13 8 0
.
0 2 1 5 0 1 1 0
=0 0 −6 −27 0 −7 −5 1
OBE-4: B3 – 2B2
[ ][ ]
1 0 −5 −19 1 −5 −3 0
0 1 14 49 . −2 13 8 0
0 0 −27 −93 4 −25 −15 0
=0 0 −6 −27 0 −7 −5 1
[ ][ ]
1 0 1 8 1 2 2 −1
0 1 2 −5 −2 −1 −2 2
.
0 0 −3 15 4 3 5 −4
=
0 0 −6 −27 0 −7 −5 1
III-7
OBE-6: (1). B2 + B3 ; (2). B4 – 2B3
[ ][ ]
1 0 1 8 1 2 2 −1
0 1 −1 10 2 2 3 −2
.
0 0 −3 15 4 3 5 −4
=
0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
[ ][ ]
3 0 0 39 7 9 11 −7
0 3 0 15 2 3 4 −2
.
0 0 −3 15 4 3 5 −4
=
0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
OBE-8: (1). 57B1 + 39B4 ; (2). 57B2 + 15B4 ; (3). 57B3 + 15B4
[ ][ ]
171 0 0 0 87 6 42 −48
0 171 0 0 −6 −24 3 21
.
0 0 −171 0 108 −24 60 −93
0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
[ ][ ]
171 0 0 0 87 6 42 −48
0 171 0 0 . −6 −24 3 21
0 0 171 0 −108 24 −60 93
0 0 0 171 24 39 45 −27
III-8
[ ]
87 6 42 −48
[ A−1 ]= 1 −6 −24 3 21
171 −108 24 −60 93
24 39 45 −27
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
5 0 2 −2 1 0 0 0 1 −4 −1 −2 1 0 0 −1
2 −3 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 −3 2 1 0 1 0 0
. =. . =.
−2 5 −1 4 0 0 1 0 −2 5 −1 4 0 0 1 0
4 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 3 0 0 0 0 1
[ ][ ]
1 −4 −1 −2 1 0 0 −1
0 5 4 5 −2 1 0 2
. =.
0 −3 −3 0 2 0 1 −2
0 20 7 8 −4 0 0 5
=
OBE-3: (1). B1 – B3 ; (2). B2 + 2B3 ; (3). B4 + 7B3
[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 −1 0 −1 1
0 −1 −2 5 . 2 1 2 −2 =.
0 −3 −3 0 2 0 1 −2
0 −1 −14 8 10 0 7 −9
OBE-4: B2 x -1
III-9
[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 −1 0 −1 1
0 1 2 −5 −2 −1 −2 2
. =.
0 −3 −3 0 2 0 1 −2
0 −1 −14 8 10 0 7 −9
[ ][ ]
1 0 4 −7 −3 −1 −3 3
0 1 2 −5 −2 −1 −2 2
. =.
0 0 3 −15 −4 −3 −5 4
0 0 −12 3 8 −1 5 −7
[ ][ ]
1 0 1 8 1 2 2 −1
0 1 −1 10 2 2 3 −2
. =.
0 0 3 −15 −4 −3 −5 4
0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
III-10
[ ][ ]
3 0 0 39 7 9 11 −7
0 3 0 15 2 3 4 −2
.
0 0 −3 15 4 3 5 −4
0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
=
OBE-8: (1). 57B1 + 39B4 ; (2). 57B2 + 15B4 ; (3). 57B3 + 15B4
[ ][ ]
171 0 0 0 87 6 42 −48
0 171 0 0 −6 −24 3 21
.
0 0 −171 0 108 −24 60 −93
= 0 0 0 −57 −8 −13 −15 9
[ ][ ]
171 0 0 0 87 6 42 −48
0 171 0 0 −6 −24 3 21
.
0 0 171 0 −108 24 −60 93
0 0 0 171 24 39 45 −27
[ ]
87 6 42 −48
[ A−1 ]= 1 −6 −24 3 21
171 −108 24 −60 93
24 39 45 −27
E. Matriks Transfose
Adalah matriks yang dilakukan pertukaran B menjadi K atau K
menjadi B.
III-11
Contoh :
[ ] [ ]
5 0 2 −2 5 2 −2 4
[ A ] = 2 −3 2 1 ⇒ [ AT ]= 0 −3 5 4
−2 5 −1 4 2 2 −1 3
4 4 3 0 −2 1 4 0
F. Determinan
Adalah kumpulan bilangan/elemen yang disusun berdasarkan jumlah
baris (B) dan kolom (K) yang sama. Jumlah B dan K yang sama ini dikenal
sebagai ordo.
+ − + − + . .. . ..
− + − + − . .. . ..
+ − + − + . .. . ..
|− + − + − . .. . .. |
+ − + − + . .. . ..
. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
III-12
Contoh-Contoh :
1 2
|A|=| |=( 1x 3 )− (2 x 4 )=3−8=−5
1. 4 3
1 2 3
|A|=|4 7 6 |=+1|7 6|−2|4 6 |+3|4 7 |
8 5 9 5 9 8
2. 9 8 5
=+1 ( ( 7 x 5 )−( 6 x 8 ) )−2 ( ( 4 x 5 )−( 6 x 9 ) ) +3 ( ( 4 x 8 ) −( 7 x 9 ))
0 4 6
5 7 5 −2
¿|K|=|5 −2 7 |=0−4| |+6| |=0−4 (15−14 )+6 ( 25+4 )=170
2 3 2 5
2 5 3
3 4 6
−2 7 −2 7 −2 −2
¿|L|=|−2 −2 7 |=+3| |−4| |+6| |
5 3 −1 3 −1 5
−1 5 3
=+3 (−6−35 ) −4 (−6+7 ) +6 (−10−2 )=−199
3 0 6
7 |−0+6|−2 5|=3 ( 15−14 )−0+6 (−4+5 )=9
¿|M|=|−2 5 7 |=+3|5
2 3 −1 2
−1 2 3
3 0 4
5 −2 −2 5
¿|N|=|−2 5 −2|=+3| |−0+4| |=3 ( 25+4 )−0+4 (−4+5 )=91
2 5 −1 2
−1 2 5
III-13
⇔|A|=2 x170−(−199)+3x 9−5x 91=111
Ilustrasi:
2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |=+ 111
−2 5 −2 7
−1 2 5 3
−2 5 −2 7
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |=−111
2 1 3 5
−1 2 5 3
2 3 1 5
3 4 0 6
|A|=| |=−111
−2 −2 5 7
−1 5 2 3
2. Nilai suatu determinan tidak berubah apabila suatu B/K dilakukan operasi
aljabar terhadap B/K yang lainnya.
Ilustrasi :
III-14
2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |=+ 111
−2 5 −2 7
−1 2 5 3
(a). Misalkan : B2 – B1
2 1 3 5 2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6 1 −1 1 1
|A|=| |= | |=+ 111
−2 5 −2 7 −2 5 −2 7
−1 2 5 3 −1 2 5 3
2 1 3 5 2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6 0 6 19 15
|A|=| |= | |=+ 111
−2 5 −2 7 0 1 −12 1
−1 2 5 3 −1 2 5 3
2 1 3 5 0 1 0 0
3 0 4 6 3 0 4 6
|A|=| |= | |=+ 111
−2 5 −2 7 −12 5 −17 −18
−1 2 5 3 −5 2 −1 −12
3. Apabila nilai-nilai elemen dalam suatu B/K dapat dibuka suatu faktor
kelipatan, maka faktor kelipatan tersebut merupakan faktor pengali dari
determinan tersebut.
Contoh ke-1:
III-15
1 3
|A|=| |=9−15=−6
5 9
Perhatikan bahwa K2 dapat dibuka faktor kelipatan 3
Contoh ke-2 :
1 3
|A|=| |=8−12=−4
4 8
Perhatikan bahwa B2 dapat dibuka faktor kelipatan 4
1 3 1 3
|A|=| |=4| |=4 ( 2−3 )=−4
4 8 1 2
III-16
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
|A|=|c 1 c2 c3 c4 c 5|
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
e1 e2 e3 e4 e5
Proses solusi :
(1). Lakukan proses OBKE sehingga kolom ke-1 (K1) menjadi (1; 0; 0; 0; 0)
b11 b12 b 13 b 14
c c 12 c 13 c14
=| 11 |
d 11 d 12 d 13 d 14
e11 e 12 e13 e14
1 b 31 b 32 b 33
0 c 31 c32 c33
=| |
0 d 31 d 32 d 33
0 e 31 e32 e33
III-17
(4). Laplace dan determinan menjadi orde 3
c 31 c 32 c 33
=|d 31 d 32 d 33|
e31 e 32 e 33
1 c 41 c 42
=|0 d 41 d 42|
0 e 41 e 42
d d
=| 41 42|=(d 411 xe 42 )−( d 42 xe 41 )
e41 e 42
2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |=.. .. ?
−2 5 −2 7
−1 2 5 3
Cara ke-1 :
®K1 ⇔ K2
III-18
2 1 3 5 1 2 3 5
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |= |0 3 4 6
|=
−2 5 −2 7 5 −2 −2 7
−1 2 5 3 - 2 −1 5 3
® (1). B3 – 5B1 ; (2). B4 – 2B1
1 2 3 5
0 3 4 6
| |=
0 −12 −17 −18
=- 0 −5 −1 −7
= - (-9-102) = 111
Cara ke-2 :
2 1 3 5
3 0 4 6
|A|=| |=....?
−2 5 −2 7
−1 2 5 3
III-19
1 3 8 8
0 6 19 15
=| |
0 1 −12 1
−1 2 5 3
1 3 8 8
0 6 19 15 6 19 15 1 −12 1
=| | |1 −12 1 | |
0 1 −12 1 6 19 15|
0 5 13 11 = 5 13 11 = - 5 13 11
1 −12 1
91 9
=−|0 91 9| =−| |=−( 546−657 )=111
73 6
0 73 6
Soal-soal Latihan :
1. Tentukan matriks invers dibawah ini :
[ ] [ ]
4 1 −3 0 −2 −3 5 2 −2 2
3 2 −3 2 0 2 1 −3 2 1
[ B ] = 2 2 1 1 −3 [ B ] = −2 2 1 0 −1
−2 0 2 −1 1 4 −3 −2 1 0
(a). −3 −2 5 2 2 (b).
3 −3 0 2 2
III-20
7 2 3 −3 −3 −3 0 4 −2 1
2 1 −1 −1 −2 −5 2 3 0 3
|A|=| 2 −5 1 2 2 |=.....? |A|=| 2 1 2 −5 2 |=.. . .. ?
−3 −2 0 1 4 2 −1 −2 1 −1
(a). −5 0 2 3 3 (b). 7 3 −3 2 −3
Jawaban :
1(a).
[ ]
4 1 −3 0 −2
3 2 −3 2 0
[ B ]= 2 2 1 1 −3
−2 0 2 −1 1
−3 −2 5 2 2
[ B ] [ I ] =[ I ] [ B−1 ]
[ ][ ]
4 1 −3 0 −2 1 0 0 0 0
3 2 −3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 2 1 1 −3 0 0 1 0 0
−2 0 2 −1 1 0 0 0 1 0
−3 −2 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 1
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 −1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1
0 2 3 0 −2 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 0 −2 0 0 1 1 0
−2 0 2 −1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 −2 6 3 1 2 0 0 1 2
= −3 −2 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 = 0 −5 11 8 2 3 0 0 0 4
[ ][ ]
1 0 −15 −6 2 −2 0 −2 −2 −3
0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1
= 0 1 20 8 −4 3 0 3 3 4
0 0 9 3 −1 2 0 1 2 2
0 −1 17 8 −2 3 0 2 2 4
®B2 ⇔ B3
[ ][ ]
1 0 −15 −6 2 −2 0 −2 −2 −3
0 1 20 8 −4 3 0 3 3 4
=0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1 =
0 0 9 3 −1 2 0 1 2 2
0 −1 17 8 −2 3 0 2 2 4
®B5+B2
[ ][ ]
1 0 −15 −6 2 −2 0 −2 −2 −3
0 1 20 8 −4 3 0 3 3 4
0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 9 3 −1 2 0 1 2 2
0 0 37 16 −6 6 0 5 5 8
III-22
®(1).B1+7B3 ;(2).B2-10B3 ;(3).B4-4B3 ;(4).B5-18B3
[ ][ ]
1 0 −1 22 16 −2 7 −2 −2 4
0 1 0 −32 −24 3 −10 3 3 −6
0 0 2 4 2 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 −13 −9 2 −4 1 2 −2
=0 0 1 −56 −42 6 −18 5 5 −10
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 9 7 0 3 −1 0 2
0 1 0 −32 −24 3 −10 3 3 −6
=0 0 1 17 11 −2 5 −1 −2 3
0 0 1 −13 −9 2 −4 1 2 −2
0 0 0 −43 −33 4 −14 4 3 −8
®B4-B3
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 9 7 0 3 −1 0 2
0 1 0 −32 −24 3 −10 3 3 −6
=0 0 1 17 11 −2 5 −1 −2 3
0 0 0 −30 −20 4 −9 2 4 −5
0 0 0 −43 −33 4 −14 4 3 −8
®(1). B2-B4 ;(2).B3+B4; (4).B5-B4
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 9 7 0 3 −1 0 2
0 1 0 −2 −4 −1 −1 1 −1 −1
=0 0 1 −13 −9 2 −4 1 2 −2
0 0 0 −30 −20 4 −9 2 4 −5
0 0 0 −13 −13 0 −5 2 −1 −3
®(1). B1+B5; (2).B3-B5; (4).B4-2B5
III-23
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 −4 −6 0 −2 1 −1 −1
0 1 0 −2 −4 −1 −1 1 −1 −1
=0 0 1 0 4 2 1 −1 3 1
0 0 0 −4 6 4 1 −2 6 1
0 0 0 −13 −13 0 −5 2 −1 −3
®(1). B1-B4 ; (2). B5-3B4
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0 −12 −4 −3 3 −7 −2
0 1 0 −2 −4 −1 −1 1 −1 −1
=0 0 1 0 4 2 1 −1 3 1
0 0 0 −4 6 4 1 −2 6 1
0 0 0 −1 −31 −12 −8 8 −19 −6
®(1). B2-2B5 ; (2). B4-5B5
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0 −12 −4 −3 3 −7 −2
0 1 0 0 58 23 15 −15 37 11
=0 0 1 0 4 2 1 −1 3 1
0 0 0 1 161 64 41 −42 101 31
0 0 0 −1 −31 −12 −8 8 −19 −6
®B5 + B4
[ ][ ]
1 0 0 0 −12 −4 −3 3 −7 −2
0 1 0 0 58 23 15 −15 37 11
=0 0 1 0 4 2 1 −1 3 1
0 0 0 1 161 64 41 −42 101 31
0 0 0 0 130 52 33 −34 82 25
° (1). 130B1+12B5 ;(2). 130B2 – 58B5 ; (3). 130B3 – 4B5 ; (4). 130B4-161B5
[ ][ ]
130 0 0 0 0 104 6 −18 74 40
0 130 0 0 0 −26 36 22 54 −20
0 0 130 0 0 52 −2 6 62 30
0 0 0 130 0 −52 17 14 −72 5
= 0 0 0 0 130 52 33 −34 82 25
III-24
[ ]
104 6 −18 74 40
−26 36 22 54 −20
1
[ B ]= 52
−1
−2 6 62 30
130
−52 17 14 −72 5
52 33 −34 82 25
2(a).
7 2 3 −3 −3
2 1 −1 −1 −2
|A|=| 2 −5 1 2 2 |=.....?
−3 −2 0 1 4
−5 0 2 3 3
1 2 2
1 4 0 4 0 1
|P1|=|0 1 4 |=| |−2| |+2| |=( 3−12 ) −2 ( 0−8 )+2 ( 0−2 )=3
3 3 2 3 2 3
® 2 3 3
−5 2 2
1 4 −2 4 −2 1
|P2|=|−2 1 4 |=−5| |−2| |+2| |=−5 ( 3−12 )−2 (−6−0 ) +2 (−6−0 )=45
3 3 0 3 0 3
® 0 3 3
−5 1 2
0 4 −2 4 −2 0
|P3|=|−2 0 4 |=−5| |−| |+2| |=−5 ( 0−8 )− (−6−0 ) +2 (− 4−0 ) =38
2 3 0 3 0 2
® 0 2 3
−5 1 2
0 1 −2 1 −2 0
|P 4|=|−2 0 1|=−5| |−| |−2| |=−5 ( 0−2 ) −(−6−0 ) +2 (−4−0 )=8
2 3 0 3 0 2
® 0 2 3
|P|=3+45−38+16=26
2 −1 −1 −2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 1 2 2
|Q|=| |=2|0 1 4 |+|−3 1 4 |−|−3 0 4 |+2|−3 0 1|
−3 0 1 4
2 3 3 −5 3 3 −5 2 3 −5 2 3
−5 2 3 3
|Q|=2|Q1|+|Q2|−|Q3|+2|Q4|
1 2 2
1 4 0 4 0 1
|Q1|=|0 1 4|=| |−2| |+2| |=( 3−12 ) −2 ( 0−8 )+2 ( 0−2 )=3
3 3 2 3 2 3
® 2 3 3
2 2 2
|Q2|=|−3 1 4 |=2|1 4 |−2|−3 4 |+2|−3 1 |=2 ( 3−12 )−2 (−9+20 )+2 (−9+5 )=−48
3 3 −5 3 −5 3
® −5 3 3
III-26
2 1 2
0 4 −3 4 −3 0
|Q3|=|−3 0 4 |=2| |−| |+2| |=2 ( 0−8 )− (− 9+20 ) +2 (−6−0 )=−39
2 3 −5 3 −5 2
® −5 2 3
2 1 2
0 1 −3 1 −3 0
|Q 4|=|−3 0 1 |=2| |−| |+2| |=2 ( 0−2 )−(−9+5 ) +2 (−6−0 )=−12
2 3 −5 3 −5 2
® −5 2 3
®|Q|=6−48+39−24=−27
2 1 −1 −2
−5 2 2 2 2 2 2 −5 2 2 −5 2
2 −5 2 2
|R|=| |=2|−2 1 4 |−|−3 1 4 |−|−3 −2 4 |+2|−3 −2 1 |
−3 −2 1 4
0 3 3 −5 3 3 −5 0 3 −5 0 3
−5 0 3 3
®
|R|=2|R1|−|R 2|−|R 3|+2|R 4|
−5 2 2
1 4 −2 4 −2 1
|R1|=|−2 1 4 |=−5| |−2| |+2| |=−5 ( 3−12 )−2 (−6−0 ) +2 (−6−0 )=45
3 3 0 3 0 3
® 0 3 3
2 2 2
1 4 −3 4 −3 1
|R 2|=|−3 1 4 |=2| |−2| |+2| |=−18−22−8=−48
3 3 −5 3 −5 3
® −5 3 3
2 −5 2
|R3|=|−3 −2 4 |=2|−2 4 |+5|−3 4 |+2|−3 −2 |=−12+55−20=23
0 3 −5 3 −5 0
® −5 0 3
2 −5 2
−2 1 −3 1 −3 −2
|R 4|=|−3 −2 1 |=2| |+5| |+2| |=−12−20−20=−52
0 3 −5 3 −5 0
® −5 0 3
⇔|R|=90+48−23−104=11
III-27
2 1 −1 −2
−5 1 2 2 1 2 2 −5 2 2 −5 1
2 −5 1 2
|S|=| |=2|−2 0 4 |−|−3 0 4 |−|−3 −2 4 |+2|−3 −2 0|
−3 −2 0 4
0 2 3 −5 2 3 −5 0 3 −5 0 2
−5 0 2 3
=2|S1|−|S 2|−|S3|+2|S 4|
−5 1 2
|S1|=|−2 0 4 |=−5|0 4 |−|−2 4 |+2|−2 0|=40+6−8=38
2 3 0 3 0 2
® 0 2 3
2 1 2
0 4 −3 4 −3 0
|S2|=|−3 0 4 |=2| |−| |+2| |=−16−11−12=−39
2 3 −5 3 −5 2
® −5 2 3
2 −5 2
−2 4 −3 4 −3 −2
|S3|=|−3 −2 4 |=2| |+5| |+2| |=−12+55−20=23
0 3 −5 3 −5 0
® −5 0 3
2 −5 1
|S 4|=|−3 −2 0 |=2|−2 0|+5|−3 0 |+|−3 −2|=−8−30−10=−48
0 2 −5 2 −5 0
® −5 0 2
⇔|S|=76+ 39−23−96=−4
2 1 −1 −1
−5 1 2 2 1 2 2 −5 2 2 −5 1
2 −5 1 2
|T|=| |=2|−2 0 1 |−|−3 0 1 −3 −2 1 −3 −2 0|
|−| |+|
−3 −2 0 1
0 2 3 −5 2 3 −5 0 3 −5 0 2
−5 0 2 3
|T |= 2|T 1|−|T 2|−|T 3|+|T 4|
−5 1 2
0 1 −2 1 −2 0
|T 1|=|−2 0 1|=−5| |−| |+2| |=10+6−8=8
2 3 0 3 0 2
® 0 2 3
2 1 2
0 1 −3 1 −3 0
|T 2|=|−3 0 1|=2| |−| |+2| |=−4+4−12=−12
2 3 −5 3 −5 2
® −5 2 3
III-28
2 −5 2
−2 1 −3 1 −3 −2
|T 3|=|−3 −2 1|=2| |+5| |+2| |=−12−20−20=−52
0 3 −5 3 −5 0
® −5 0 3
2 −5 1
−2 0 −3 0 −3 −2
|T 4|=|−3 −2 0|=2| |+5| |+| |=−8−30−10=−48
0 2 −5 2 −5 0
® −5 0 2
⇔|T|=16+12+52−48=32
∴|A|=7|P|−2|Q|+ 3|R|+3|S|−3|T|=
= 7(26)-2(-27)+3(11)+3(-4)-3(32)= 161
Metoda Laplace :
7 2 3 −3 −3
2 1 −1 −1 −2
|A|=| 2 −5 1 2 2 |=.. . .. ?
−3 −2 0 1 4
−5 0 2 3 3
III-29
1 −1 6 0 3
3 −13 −1 −8
0 3 −13 −1 −8
=|0 −6 2 3 4| =|−6 2 3 4|
−2 5 0 5
0 −2 5 0 5
1 6 1 2
0 1 6 1 2
III-30